Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs

Year 2023, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 1085 - 1095, 28.06.2025

Islamudin Ahmad Kurnya Kurnya Iswahyudi Iswahyudi Hajrah Suhardi Baso Didik Hikwaman Amal Rezka Putra Marissa Angelina Abdul Mun’im

Abstract

The advantages of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for bioactive extraction to create formulations for nutraceuticals and cosmetics include biodegradability, biocompatibility, secondary metabolite extractability, and food grade. This study aims to design the optimum condition of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined lactic acid-sucrose (LA-Suc)-based NADES on polyphenolic enrichment from the bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. using response surface methodology. In the present study, the condition of MAE-combined LA-Suc-based NADES parameters, including NADES (LA-Suc) ratio, microwave irradiation time, solid-liquid ratio, and microwave irradiation power, had been involved. RSM with four factors and three levels (Box-Behnken Design) was applied to design a predictive model and optimize the MAE-combined LA-Suc-based NADES condition. The response surface was calculated using the total polyphenols content (TPC) value as the dependent variable. According to the result, the optimum condition of MAE combined LA-Suc based NADES was recommended according to RSM analysis as follows: NADES (LA-Suc) ratio of 4:1 g/g, irradiation time of 10 min, the solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 g/mL, and irradiation power of 360 Watts. The scale-up confirmation test using a 50 g sample (ten times the number of the sample) was observed to be 82.43±6.23 mg GAE/g sample.

Keywords

Eleutherin bulbosa Mill. Urb. Box-Behnken Design natural deep eutectic solvent response surface methodology

References

  • [1] Ramadhan R, Phuwapraisirisan P, Kusuma IW, Amirta R. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of selected east kalimantan flora for diabetes therapy: The isolation of lupane triterpenoids as α-glucosidase inhibitors from Ceriops tagal (perr) c.b.robb. Rasayan J Chem. 2020;13(3):1727-1734. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2020.1335559
  • [2] Ramadhan R, Phuwapraisirisan P, Amirta R, Darmawan MFB, Ul-Haq K, Kusuma IW, Suwito H, Abdulgani N, Mukhdlor A, Saparwadi. The potency of selected ethnomedicinal plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia as antidiabetic agents and free-radical scavengers. Biodiversitas. 2022;23(4):2225-2230. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230458
  • [3] Li AN, Li S, Zhang YJ, Xu XR, Chen YM, Li HB. Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):6020-6047. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6126020
  • [4] Azmir J, Zaidul ISM, Rahman MM, Sharif KM, Mohamed A, Sahena F, Jahurul MHA, Ghafoor K, Norulaini NAN, Omar AKM. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. J Food Eng. 2013;117(4):426-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014
  • [5] Chemat F, Rombaut N, Meullemiestre A, Turk M, Perino S, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Abert-Vian M. Review of green food processing techniques. Preservation, transformation, and extraction. Innov Food Sci Emerging Technol. 2017;41:357- 377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.04.016
  • [6] Florindo C, Lima F, Ribeiro BD, Marrucho IM. Deep eutectic solvents: overcoming 21st century challenges. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem. 2019;18:31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.12.003
  • [7] Bubalo MC, Vidović S, Redovniković IR, Jokić S. Green solvents for green technologies. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2015;90(9):1631-1639. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4668
  • [8] Ahmad I, Pertiwi AS, Kembaren YH, Rahman A, Mun’im A. Application of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic assisted extraction of total polyphenolic and caffeine content from coffe beans (Coffea Beans L.) for instant food products. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2018;8(8):138-143. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2018.8819
  • [9] Bakirtzi C, Triantafyllidou K, Makris DP. Novel lactic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents: Efficiency in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from common native Greek medicinal plants. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2016;3(3):120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.03.003
  • [10] Suresh PS, Singh PP, Anmol, Kapoor S, Padwad YS, Sharma U. Lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent: An efficient green media for the selective extraction of steroidal saponins from Trillium govanianum. Sep Purif Technol. 2022;294:121105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121105
  • [11] Macchioni V, Carbone K, Cataldo A, Fraschini R, Bellucci S. Lactic acid-based deep natural eutectic solvents for the extraction of bioactive metabolites of Humulus lupulus L.: Supramolecular organization, phytochemical profiling and biological activity. Sep Purif Technol. 2021;264:118039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118039
  • [12] Chemat F, Vian MA, Cravotto G. Green extraction of natural products: Concept and principles. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):8615-8627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078615
  • [13] Chemat F, Vian MA. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology: Alternative Solvents for Natural Products Extraction. Springer US; 2014.
  • [14] Ahmad I, Yanuar A, Mulia K, Mun’im A. Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Fast and green extraction method of secondary metabolites on medicinal plant. Pharmacogn Rev. 2018;12(23):20-26. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_40_17
  • [15] Yolmeh M, Jafari SM. Applications of response surface methodology in the food industry processes. Food Bioproc Technol. 2017;10(3):413-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-016-1855-2
  • [16] Riswanto FDO, Rohman A, Pramono S, Martono S. Application of response surface methodology as mathematical and statistical tools in natural product research. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2019;9(10):125-133. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.91018
  • [17] Naspiah N, Iskandar Y, Moelyono MW. Review article: Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana Merr.), multifunction plant. Indo J Applied Sci. 2014;4(2):18-30.
  • [18] Kuntorini EM, Dewi M, Misrina M. Anatomical structure and antioxidant activity of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana) on different plant age. Biodiversitas. 2016;17(1):229-233. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170133
  • [19] Insanu M, Kusmardiyani S, Hartati R. Recent studies on phytochemicals and pharmacological effects of Eleutherine americana Merr. Procedia Chem. 2014;13:221-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.032
  • [20] Ahmad I, Arifuddin M, Rijai L. The effect of extraction methods of bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. MERR) against TLC profiles and sunscreen activities. Inter J PharmTech Res. 2016;9(9):428-436.
  • [21] Ahmad I, Ambarwati NSS, Indriyanti N, Sastyarina Y, Rijai L, Mun’im A. Oral glucose tolerance activity of bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) bulbs extract based on the use of different extraction method. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(1). :49-54. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.1.10
  • [22] Kamarudin AA, Mohd. Esa N, Saad N, Sayuti NH, Razak NAA. Heat assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) bulb and its bioactive profiles using response surface methodology. Ind Crops Prod. 2020;144:112064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112064
  • [23] Yusuf B, Astati SJ, Ardana M, Herman H, Ibrahim A, Rijai L, Nainu F, Ahmad I. Optimizing natural deep eutectic solvent citric acid-glucose based microwave-assisted extraction of total polyphenols content from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) bulb. Indo J Chem. 2021;21(4):797-805. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.58467
  • [24] Bubalo MC, Ćurko N, Tomašević M, Ganić KK, Redovnikovic IR. Green extraction of grape skin phenolics by using deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem. 2016;200:159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.040
  • [25] Lu W, Alam MdA, Pan Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Yuan Z. A new approach of microalgal biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents for enhanced lipid recovery for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol. 2016;218:123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.120
  • [26] Fernández MdLA, Espino M, Gomez FJV, Silva MF. Novel approaches mediated by tailor-made green solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds from agro-food industrial by-products. Food Chem. 2018;239:671-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.150
  • [27] Wang H, Ma X, Cheng Q, Wang L, Zhang L. Deep eutectic solvent-based ultrahigh pressure extraction of Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Molecules. 2018;23(12):3233. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123233
  • [28] Gu H, Chen F, Zhang Q, Zang J. Application of ionic liquids in vacuum microwave-assisted extraction followed by macroporous resin isolation of three flavonoids rutin, hyperoside and hesperidin from Sorbus tianschanica leaves. J Chromatograp B. 2016;1014:45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.045
  • [29] Ahmad I, Yanuar A, Mulia K, Mun’im A. Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth using response surface methodology. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(7):660-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.06.010
  • [30] de Gryze S, Langhans I, Vendebroek M. Using the correct interval for prediction: A tutorial on tolerance intervals for ordinary least-squares regression. Chemometr Intell Lab Systems. 2007;87(2):147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2007.03.002
  • [31] Rao VK, Murthy PBGSN. Modeling and optimization of tool vibration and surface roughness in boring of steel using RSM, ANN and SVM. J Intell Manuf. 2018;29(7):1533-1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-016-1197-y
  • [32] Raissi S, Farsani RE. Statistical process optimization Through multi-response surface methodology. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 2009;39(3):280-284. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1083451
  • [33] Munaeni W, Widanarni W, Yuhana M, Setiawati M, Wahyudi A. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activities of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2019;9(9):397-404. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.267669
  • [34] Shi P, Du W, Wang Y, Teng X, Chen X, Ye L. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of bulbs, leaves, and flowers made from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;7(1):148-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.834
  • [35] Souza OA, da Silva Ramalhão VG, de Melo Trentin L, Funari CS, Carneiro RL, da Silva Bolzani V, Rinaldo D. Combining natural deep eutectic solvent and microwave irradiation towards the eco-friendly and optimized extraction of bioactive phenolics from Eugenia uniflora L. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2022;26:100618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100618
  • [36] Gómez AV, Tadini CC, Biswas A, Buttrum M, Kim S, Boddu VM, Cheng HN. Microwave-assisted extraction of soluble sugars from banana puree with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2019;107:79- 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.052
  • [37] Xie Y, Liu H, Lin L, Zhao M, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wu Y. Application of natural deep eutectic solvents to extract ferulic acid from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort with microwave assistance. RSC Adv. 2019;9(39):22677-22684. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02665g
  • [38] Ainsworth EA, Gillespie KM. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(4):875-877. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102
  • [39] Bobo-García G, Davidov-Pardo G, Arroqui C, Vírseda P, Marín-Arroyo MR, Navarro M. Intra-laboratory validation of microplate methods for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity on polyphenolic extracts, and comparison with conventional spectrophotometric methods. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;95(1):204-209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6706
  • [40] Sanchez-Rangel JC, Benavides J, Heredia JB, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Jacobo-Velazquez DA. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay revisited: improvement of its specificity for total phenolic content determination. Anal Methods. 2013;5(21):5990- 5999. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41125g
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacognosy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Islamudin Ahmad 0000-0002-7429-9215

Kurnya Kurnya 0000-0003-3851-574X

Iswahyudi Iswahyudi

Hajrah Suhardi 0000-0002-3477-4990

Baso Didik Hikwaman 0000-0001-7127-1893

Amal Rezka Putra 0000-0002-4214-2563

Marissa Angelina 0000-0003-4367-522X

Abdul Mun’im 0000-0002-6681-9196

Publication Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 27 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ahmad, I., Kurnya, K., Iswahyudi, I., Suhardi, H., et al. (2025). The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(3), 1085-1095.
AMA Ahmad I, Kurnya K, Iswahyudi I, Suhardi H, Hikwaman BD, Putra AR, Angelina M, Mun’im A. The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs. J. Res. Pharm. June 2025;27(3):1085-1095.
Chicago Ahmad, Islamudin, Kurnya Kurnya, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, Hajrah Suhardi, Baso Didik Hikwaman, Amal Rezka Putra, Marissa Angelina, and Abdul Mun’im. “The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine Bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, no. 3 (June 2025): 1085-95.
EndNote Ahmad I, Kurnya K, Iswahyudi I, Suhardi H, Hikwaman BD, Putra AR, Angelina M, Mun’im A (June 1, 2025) The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 3 1085–1095.
IEEE I. Ahmad, K. Kurnya, I. Iswahyudi, H. Suhardi, B. D. Hikwaman, A. R. Putra, M. Angelina, and A. Mun’im, “The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1085–1095, 2025.
ISNAD Ahmad, Islamudin et al. “The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine Bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/3 (June 2025), 1085-1095.
JAMA Ahmad I, Kurnya K, Iswahyudi I, Suhardi H, Hikwaman BD, Putra AR, Angelina M, Mun’im A. The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:1085–1095.
MLA Ahmad, Islamudin et al. “The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine Bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 27, no. 3, 2025, pp. 1085-9.
Vancouver Ahmad I, Kurnya K, Iswahyudi I, Suhardi H, Hikwaman BD, Putra AR, Angelina M, Mun’im A. The Optimum Condition Design of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined Lactic Acid-Sucrose Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Polyphenols Enrichment from Eleutherine bulbosa Mill. Urb. Bulbs. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(3):1085-9.