Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 29.07.2025

Yiğit Kaçar , Arif Çiloğlu , Levent Aydın , Hasan Batmaz , Abdullah İnci , Mehmet Özüiçli , Gamze Yetişmiş

https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1623282

Abstract

References

  • Fang LQ, Liu K, Li XL, et al. Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(12):1467- 1479. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00177-2
  • Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, et al. A novel zoonotic Anaplasma species is prevalent in small ruminants: potential pub- lic health implications. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):264. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2182-9
  • Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):437-446. doi:10.1016/j. pt.2012.07.003
  • Seo MG, Kwon OD, Kwag D. Genotypic analysis of piroplasms and associated pathogens from ticks infest- ing cattle in Korea. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):728. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050728
  • Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, et al. Human infection with a novel tick-borne Anaplasma species in China: a sur- veillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):663-670. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70051-4
  • Peng Y, Wang K, Zhao S, et al. Detection and phy- logenetic characterization of Anaplasma capra: an emerging pathogen in sheep and goats in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:283. doi:10.3389/ fcimb.2018.00283
  • Chocklakis D, Ioannou I, Tselentis Y, Psaroulaki A. Human anaplasmosis and Anaplasma ovis variant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(6):1031-1032. doi:10.3201/ eid1606.090175
  • Rar V, Golovljova I. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and “Can- didatus Neoehrlichia” bacteria: pathogenicity, bio- diversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(8):1842-1861. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.019
  • Maggi RG, Mascarelli PE, Havenga LN, Naidoo V, Breitschwerdt EB. Co-infection with Anaplasma plat- ys, Bartonella henselae and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:103. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-103
  • Kadkhoda K, Gretchen A. Retrospective study investi- gating the seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytoph- ilum in Manitoba, Canada: 2011–2014. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw199. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw199
  • Battilani M, De Arcangeli S, Balboni A, Dondi F. Ge- netic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplas- ma. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;49:195-211. doi:10.1016/j. meegid.2017.01.021
  • Amer S, Kim S, Yun Y, Na KJ. Novel variants of the newly emerged Anaplasma capra from Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in South Korea. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):365. doi:10.1186/s13071- 019-3622-5
  • Parola P, Roux V, Camicas JL, et al. Detection of eh- rlichiae in African ticks by polymerase chain reac- tion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(6):707-708. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90243-8
  • Inokuma H, Raoult D, Brouqui P. Detection of Ehrli- chia platys DNA in brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Okinawa Island, Japan. J Clin Microbi- ol. 2000;38(11):4219-4221.
  • Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolu- tionary rate of base substitutions through compar- ative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111-120.
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547- 1549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096
  • Smith MC, Sherman DM. Goat Medicine. 2nd ed. Wi- ley-Blackwell; 2009:287-288.
  • Karatepe M, Karatepe B. Anaplasmosis. In: Özcel MA, ed. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları. Cilt 2. Türkiye; 2013:812-815.
  • Shabana II, Alhadlag NM, Zaraket H. Diagnostic tools of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis: a direct compara- tive study. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):165. doi:10.1186/ s12917-018-1489-x
  • Yousefi A, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Sadeghi-dehkordi Z, Bahonar A. Molecular detection of Anaplasma mar- ginale and Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goats in west highland pasture of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(5):455-459. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.017
  • Da Silva NB, Taus NS, Johnson WC, et al. First report of Anaplasma marginale infection in goats, Brazil. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202140. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0202140
  • Yang J, Han R, Niu Q, et al. Occurrence of four Anaplas- ma species with veterinary and public health signifi- cance in sheep, northwestern China. Ticks Tick-Borne Kaçar et al. 2025 Seo HJ, Jin BC, Kim KH, et al. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma spp. in Ko- rean Native Goats from Ulsan Metropolitan City, Ko- rea. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019;19(10):773-776. doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2374
  • Jouglin M, Blanc B, de la Cotte N, et al. First de- tection and molecular identification of the zoo- notic Anaplasma capra in deer in France. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219184. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0219184
  • Peng Y, Zhao S, Wang K, et al. A Multiplex PCR Detec- tion Assay for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Anaplasma Species in Field Blood Samples. Front Mi- crobiol. 2020;11:606. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00606
  • Lin ZT, Ye RZ, Liu JY, et al. Epidemiological and phylogenetic characteristics of emerging Anaplasma capra: A systematic review with modeling analysis. In- fect Genet Evol. 2023;115:105510. doi:10.1016/j.mee- gid.2023.105510
  • Alekseev AN, Dubinina HV, Semenov AV, Bolsha- kov CV. Evidence of ehrlichiosis agents found in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from migratory birds. J Med Entomol. 2001;38(4):471-474. doi:10.1603/0022- 2585-38.4.471
  • Stuen S, Granquist EG, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phago- cytophilum–a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:31. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031
  • Aydın L. Güney Marmara Bölgesi ruminantlarında görülen kene türleri ve yayılışları. T Parazitol Derg. 2000;24(1):194-200.
  • Stuen S, Longbottom D. Treatment and Control of Chlamydial and Rickettsial Infections in Sheep and Goats. Vet Clin N Am-Food Anim. 2011;27(1):213- 233. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.017
  • Facury-Filho EJ, de Carvalho AÚ, Ferreira PM, et al. Effectiveness of enrofloxacin for the treatment of ex- perimentally-induced bovine anaplasmosis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012;21(1):32-36. doi:10.1590/s1984- 29612012000100007
  • Singh ST, Randhawa SS, Kaur S, et al. Therapeutic ef- ficacy of long acting enrofloxacin in anaplasmosis in cattle. Indian Vet J. 2015;92(3):80-81.
  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD. Efficacy of enrofloxacin against severe experimental Anaplasma marginale infections in splenectomized calves. Vet Ther. 2006;7(3):319-328.
  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM. Comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin, imidocarb, and oxytetracy- cline for clearance of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. Vet Ther. 2006;7(4):347-360.
  • Zakaria AM, Al-Daek T, Elmeligy E, et al. Effect of dif- ferent post-partum therapeutic protocols with intra- uterine oxytetracycline, oxytocin and/or GnRH injec- tion in post-kidding goats on oxytetracyclines residues in goat milk and postpartum ovarian resumption with referring to clinical and haematological pictures. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19:139. doi:10.1186/s12917-023-03706- 0
  • Quintanilla P, Beltrán MC, Molina MP, Escriche I. Enrofloxacin treatment on dairy goats: Presence of antibiotic in milk and impact of residue on techno- logical process and characteristics of mature cheese. Food Control. 2021;112:107762. doi:10.1016/j.food- cont.2020.107762

Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches

Year 2025, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 29.07.2025

Yiğit Kaçar , Arif Çiloğlu , Levent Aydın , Hasan Batmaz , Abdullah İnci , Mehmet Özüiçli , Gamze Yetişmiş

https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1623282

Abstract

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease affecting domestic and wild animals, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Over the years, several species of Anaplasma have been identified; however, limited information is available in the literature regarding the parasitic characteristics, prevalence, and effective treatment options for anaplasmosis. This study aimed to identify Anaplasma species using both microscopic and molecular diagnostic techniques. A treatment regimen consisting of oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin was administered to infected goats. Following the implementation of this protocol, a significant reduction in mortality within the herd was observed, leading to the cessation of deaths in a relatively short period. This study underscores the effectiveness of the proposed treatment and contributes to the understanding of anaplasmosis management in goats.

Keywords

Anaplasmosis Goat Oxytetracycline Enrofloxacin Anemia

Ethical Statement

This research was conducted with the ethical approval of the Committee of Animal Experimentation of Bursa Uludag University-2020-06/90

References

  • Fang LQ, Liu K, Li XL, et al. Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(12):1467- 1479. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00177-2
  • Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, et al. A novel zoonotic Anaplasma species is prevalent in small ruminants: potential pub- lic health implications. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):264. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2182-9
  • Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):437-446. doi:10.1016/j. pt.2012.07.003
  • Seo MG, Kwon OD, Kwag D. Genotypic analysis of piroplasms and associated pathogens from ticks infest- ing cattle in Korea. Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):728. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8050728
  • Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, et al. Human infection with a novel tick-borne Anaplasma species in China: a sur- veillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(6):663-670. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70051-4
  • Peng Y, Wang K, Zhao S, et al. Detection and phy- logenetic characterization of Anaplasma capra: an emerging pathogen in sheep and goats in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:283. doi:10.3389/ fcimb.2018.00283
  • Chocklakis D, Ioannou I, Tselentis Y, Psaroulaki A. Human anaplasmosis and Anaplasma ovis variant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(6):1031-1032. doi:10.3201/ eid1606.090175
  • Rar V, Golovljova I. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and “Can- didatus Neoehrlichia” bacteria: pathogenicity, bio- diversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(8):1842-1861. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.019
  • Maggi RG, Mascarelli PE, Havenga LN, Naidoo V, Breitschwerdt EB. Co-infection with Anaplasma plat- ys, Bartonella henselae and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:103. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-103
  • Kadkhoda K, Gretchen A. Retrospective study investi- gating the seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytoph- ilum in Manitoba, Canada: 2011–2014. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw199. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw199
  • Battilani M, De Arcangeli S, Balboni A, Dondi F. Ge- netic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplas- ma. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;49:195-211. doi:10.1016/j. meegid.2017.01.021
  • Amer S, Kim S, Yun Y, Na KJ. Novel variants of the newly emerged Anaplasma capra from Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in South Korea. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):365. doi:10.1186/s13071- 019-3622-5
  • Parola P, Roux V, Camicas JL, et al. Detection of eh- rlichiae in African ticks by polymerase chain reac- tion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(6):707-708. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90243-8
  • Inokuma H, Raoult D, Brouqui P. Detection of Ehrli- chia platys DNA in brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Okinawa Island, Japan. J Clin Microbi- ol. 2000;38(11):4219-4221.
  • Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolu- tionary rate of base substitutions through compar- ative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111-120.
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547- 1549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096
  • Smith MC, Sherman DM. Goat Medicine. 2nd ed. Wi- ley-Blackwell; 2009:287-288.
  • Karatepe M, Karatepe B. Anaplasmosis. In: Özcel MA, ed. Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları. Cilt 2. Türkiye; 2013:812-815.
  • Shabana II, Alhadlag NM, Zaraket H. Diagnostic tools of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis: a direct compara- tive study. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):165. doi:10.1186/ s12917-018-1489-x
  • Yousefi A, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Sadeghi-dehkordi Z, Bahonar A. Molecular detection of Anaplasma mar- ginale and Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goats in west highland pasture of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(5):455-459. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.017
  • Da Silva NB, Taus NS, Johnson WC, et al. First report of Anaplasma marginale infection in goats, Brazil. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202140. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0202140
  • Yang J, Han R, Niu Q, et al. Occurrence of four Anaplas- ma species with veterinary and public health signifi- cance in sheep, northwestern China. Ticks Tick-Borne Kaçar et al. 2025 Seo HJ, Jin BC, Kim KH, et al. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma spp. in Ko- rean Native Goats from Ulsan Metropolitan City, Ko- rea. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2019;19(10):773-776. doi:10.1089/vbz.2018.2374
  • Jouglin M, Blanc B, de la Cotte N, et al. First de- tection and molecular identification of the zoo- notic Anaplasma capra in deer in France. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219184. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0219184
  • Peng Y, Zhao S, Wang K, et al. A Multiplex PCR Detec- tion Assay for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Anaplasma Species in Field Blood Samples. Front Mi- crobiol. 2020;11:606. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00606
  • Lin ZT, Ye RZ, Liu JY, et al. Epidemiological and phylogenetic characteristics of emerging Anaplasma capra: A systematic review with modeling analysis. In- fect Genet Evol. 2023;115:105510. doi:10.1016/j.mee- gid.2023.105510
  • Alekseev AN, Dubinina HV, Semenov AV, Bolsha- kov CV. Evidence of ehrlichiosis agents found in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from migratory birds. J Med Entomol. 2001;38(4):471-474. doi:10.1603/0022- 2585-38.4.471
  • Stuen S, Granquist EG, Silaghi C. Anaplasma phago- cytophilum–a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:31. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031
  • Aydın L. Güney Marmara Bölgesi ruminantlarında görülen kene türleri ve yayılışları. T Parazitol Derg. 2000;24(1):194-200.
  • Stuen S, Longbottom D. Treatment and Control of Chlamydial and Rickettsial Infections in Sheep and Goats. Vet Clin N Am-Food Anim. 2011;27(1):213- 233. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.017
  • Facury-Filho EJ, de Carvalho AÚ, Ferreira PM, et al. Effectiveness of enrofloxacin for the treatment of ex- perimentally-induced bovine anaplasmosis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012;21(1):32-36. doi:10.1590/s1984- 29612012000100007
  • Singh ST, Randhawa SS, Kaur S, et al. Therapeutic ef- ficacy of long acting enrofloxacin in anaplasmosis in cattle. Indian Vet J. 2015;92(3):80-81.
  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD. Efficacy of enrofloxacin against severe experimental Anaplasma marginale infections in splenectomized calves. Vet Ther. 2006;7(3):319-328.
  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM. Comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin, imidocarb, and oxytetracy- cline for clearance of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. Vet Ther. 2006;7(4):347-360.
  • Zakaria AM, Al-Daek T, Elmeligy E, et al. Effect of dif- ferent post-partum therapeutic protocols with intra- uterine oxytetracycline, oxytocin and/or GnRH injec- tion in post-kidding goats on oxytetracyclines residues in goat milk and postpartum ovarian resumption with referring to clinical and haematological pictures. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19:139. doi:10.1186/s12917-023-03706- 0
  • Quintanilla P, Beltrán MC, Molina MP, Escriche I. Enrofloxacin treatment on dairy goats: Presence of antibiotic in milk and impact of residue on techno- logical process and characteristics of mature cheese. Food Control. 2021;112:107762. doi:10.1016/j.food- cont.2020.107762
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yiğit Kaçar 0000-0002-8389-4833

Arif Çiloğlu 0000-0003-2695-7102

Levent Aydın 0000-0002-2875-8003

Hasan Batmaz 0000-0003-1991-8957

Abdullah İnci 0000-0003-1614-0756

Mehmet Özüiçli 0000-0003-3415-2582

Gamze Yetişmiş 0000-0001-5260-3450

Publication Date July 29, 2025
Submission Date January 20, 2025
Acceptance Date March 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 44 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaçar, Y., Çiloğlu, A., Aydın, L., Batmaz, H., et al. (2025). Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, 44(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1623282
AMA Kaçar Y, Çiloğlu A, Aydın L, Batmaz H, İnci A, Özüiçli M, Yetişmiş G. Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches. J Res Vet Med. July 2025;44(1):9-15. doi:10.30782/jrvm.1623282
Chicago Kaçar, Yiğit, Arif Çiloğlu, Levent Aydın, Hasan Batmaz, Abdullah İnci, Mehmet Özüiçli, and Gamze Yetişmiş. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 44, no. 1 (July 2025): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1623282.
EndNote Kaçar Y, Çiloğlu A, Aydın L, Batmaz H, İnci A, Özüiçli M, Yetişmiş G (July 1, 2025) Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 44 1 9–15.
IEEE Y. Kaçar, A. Çiloğlu, L. Aydın, H. Batmaz, A. İnci, M. Özüiçli, and G. Yetişmiş, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches”, J Res Vet Med, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2025, doi: 10.30782/jrvm.1623282.
ISNAD Kaçar, Yiğit et al. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 44/1 (July 2025), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1623282.
JAMA Kaçar Y, Çiloğlu A, Aydın L, Batmaz H, İnci A, Özüiçli M, Yetişmiş G. Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches. J Res Vet Med. 2025;44:9–15.
MLA Kaçar, Yiğit et al. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches”. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, 2025, pp. 9-15, doi:10.30782/jrvm.1623282.
Vancouver Kaçar Y, Çiloğlu A, Aydın L, Batmaz H, İnci A, Özüiçli M, Yetişmiş G. Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplasma Species in Goats: Clinical, Microscopic, and Molecular Approaches. J Res Vet Med. 2025;44(1):9-15.
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