Abstract
Bu çalışmada Kütahya ili Tavşanlı ilçesinde bulunan Tavşanlı Höyük’ün 2021 ve 2022 yılı kazı sezonlarında Tunç Çağı tabakalarından ele geçen 1361 hayvan kemiği zooarkeolojik açıdan incelenmiştir. Evcil hayvanların kesilme yaşına göre toplumların hayvan yetiştiriciliği ile sağladıkları ürünler yani geçim ekonomileri anlaşılabilmektedir. Koyun, keçi, sığır ve domuz için diş aşınma derecelerine bakarak yaşlandırma yapılmıştır. Elde edilen yaşlandırma sonucuna göre, Tunç Çağı’nın tüm dönemlerinde üretim amaçlarının koyun/keçilerde yün ve kıl, sığırların ileri yaşlara kadar kullanımı, domuzların ise etinden faydalanıldığı anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan diğer bir yöntem ise Logaritmik Boyut Endisi (Logarithmic Size Index) analizidir. LSI hesaplaması, logaritma 10 tabanında arkeolojik metrik veriler ve standart ölçüm değerlerinin farkı elde edilerek yapılmaktadır. Koyun, keçi, sığır ve domuzların uzun kemiklerinden alınan ölçüm değerleri, Tavşanlı Höyük ile çağdaş olan ve aynı bölgede bulunan arkeolojik alanlardan alınan metrik veriler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Koyun, keçi ve sığırlar için boyut analizine göre, genellikle evcil dişi hayvanların varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Sürünün devamlılığı için erkek bireylerin tutulduğu ama sayıca dişilerden daha az olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Evcil erkek sığırlar ise hem sürünün devamlılığı hem de tarım ve yük çekme gibi iş gücü gerektiren aktivitelerde aktif şekilde kullanılmış olabilir. Domuzlar için boy hesaplamasına göre, aktif domuz yetiştiriciliğinin yanı sıra oldukça sınırlı da olsa yaban domuzu avcılığından bahsedebiliriz. Ek olarak faunada geyik gibi yabani hayvanların bulunması, aktif olmamakla beraber avcılık faaliyetlerinin sürdürüldüğünü düşündürmektedir.
References
- Arbuckle, B. S. (2009). Chalcolithic caprines, Dark Age dairy, and Byzantine beef: A first look at animal exploitation at Middle and Late Holocene Çadır Höyük, North Central Turkey. Anatolica XXXV, 179–224.
- Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). The rise of cattle cultures in Bronze Age Anatolia. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies, 2 (4), 277-297. DOİ: 10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.2.4.0277
- Emlük, E. (2021). Arkeozoolojık buluntular ışığında Küllüoba İlk Tunç III çukurları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/)
- Fidan, E., Sarı, D., Türkteki, M. (2014). An overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology, 18 (1), 60–89. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000070
- Fidan, E. (2019). Eskişehir ve Kütahya İlleri tarihöncesi dönem yüzey araştırması. 2018-02.BŞEÜ.04-01. T.C. Bilecik Şehy Edebali Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, 1-38. https://ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/01-MustafaErkanFidan.pdf
- Fidan, E. (2021a). Yüzey araştırmalarında disiplinlerarası bir çalışma: Tavşanlı Höyük. Arkeoloji Bilimleri Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 1, 66-78.
- Fidan, E. (2021b).Geo-archaeological and geophysical investigation on the Early Bronze Age layers of Tavşanlı Höyük (inland Western Anatolia). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 21 (2), 211-225.
- Fidan, E., Uncu L., Karakoca E. (2021). Bronze Age survey on Tavşanlı Höyük (Kütahya, Turkey): preliminary results. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi/The Journal pf İnternational Social Research, 14, 28-35.
- Fı̇dan, E., Karatak, A., Seçer Fı̇dan, S., Kocabaş, M. A. (2023). Tavşanlı Höyük Kazısı 2021 yılı çalışmaları (ı̇lk sezon). Özme, A. (Ed.), 42. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (2. Cilt, s. 245-254). Ankara:Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
- Grant, A. (1982). The use of tooth wear as aguide to the age of domestic ungulates. Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites. Wilson, B., Grigson, C. and Payne, S. (Ed.), Oxford, British archaeological reports, 109, (s.91-108). United Kingdom: Oxfordshire.
- Gündem, C. Y. (2003). Die funde von wild- und haussäugetieren aus dem bronzezeitlichen Küllüoba (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/)
- Gündem, C., Y. (2009). Animal based economy in Troy and The Troas during the maritime troy culture (C. 3000-2200 BC.) and a general summary for West Anatolia (Doktora Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ )
- Hammer, E. L., Arbuckle, B. S. (2017). 10,000 years of pastoralism in Anatolia: A review of evidence for variability in pastoral lifeways. Nomadıc Peoples, 20, 214–267. DOİ: 10.3197/np.2017.210204
- Helmer, D., Vigne, J. D. (2004). La gestion des cheptels de caprinés au Néolithique dans le Midi de la France. Bodu P. and Constantın C. (Ed.), Approches fonctionnelles en Préhistoire (s. 397-407). Paris: Actes XXVe Congr. Préhist.
- Helmer, D., Vigne, J. D. (2007). Was milk a “secondary product” in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats. Anthropozoologica, 42 (2), 9-40.
- Hillson, S. (2005). Teeth. Cambridge University press, New York.
- Hongo, H. (1996). Patterns of animal husbandry in central Anatolia from the second millennium BC through the middle ages: Faunal remains from Kaman-Kalehoyuk, Turkey. (PhD Thesis). The Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H. (2000). Faunal remains from Prepottery Neolithic levels at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A preliminary report focusing on pig (Sus sp.). Buithenius, H., Mashkour, M. and Choyke, A. L. (Ed.), Archaeozoology of the Near East IVA (s. 121-140), Groningen: ARC Publications
- Hesse, B., Wapnish P. (1998). Pig use and abuse in the Ancient Levant: Ethnoreligious boundary- building with swine. Nelson, S. (Ed.), In Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in Prehistory, (Vol. 15, s.123–135). MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology. Philadelphia: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
- Irvinea, B., Erdal, Y. S., Richards M. P. (2019). Dietary habits in the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) of Anatolia: A multi-isotopic approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 24, 253–263. DOİ: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.01.015
- Kinzelbach, R. K., Roth, G. (1984) Patterns of distribution of some freshwater molluscs of the Levant region. Folia historico-naturalia Musei Matraensis, 9, 115-128.
- Matsui, A. (2007). Fundamentals of zooarcheology in Japan and East Asia. Kansai process, Japan.
- Meadow, R. H. (1981). Early animal domestication in South Asia: A first report of the faunal remains from Mehrgarh, Pakistan. Hartel, H. (Ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1979 (s. 143-179). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- Payne, S. (1973). Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: The mandibles from Avşan Kale. Anatolian Studies, 22, 281-303.
- Payne, S. (1985). Morphological distinction between mandibular cheek teeth of young sheep, ovis and goats, capra. Journal of Archaoeological Science, 12,139-147.
- Silibolatlaz, D. (2019). Zooarkeolojide çalışma metotları. Çoban, O., Erbaşı, A., Karakoç, E. Ve Karasioğlu, F. (Ed.), Sosyal, Beşeri Ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Araştırma Ve Değerlendirmeler, (Cilt 2, s.385-403). Ankara: Çankaya.
- Schmid, E. (1972). Atlas of animal bones for prehistorians, archaeologist and quaternary geologists. Amsterdam: Elsevier publishing company.
- Slim, F. G., Çakırlar, C., Roosevelt, C. H. (2020). Pigs in sight: Late Bronze Age pig husbandries in the Aegean and Anatolia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 45 (5), 315-333. DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2020.1754081
- Uerpmann, H. P. (1979). Probleme der Neolithisierung des Mittelmeerraums. Wiesbaden-Germany: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
- Von Den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the meausurement of animal bones form archaeological sites: as developed by the Instut für paleoanatomie. domestikationsforschung und geschichte der tiermedizin of the University of Munich, 1, Peabody museum press.
- Zeder, M. A., Lapham, H. A. (2010). Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, ovis and goats, capra, JASc, 37, 225-242.
Abstract
In this study, 1361 animal bones recovered from the Bronze Age layers of Tavşanlı Höyük in Tavşanlı district of Kütahya province during the excavation seasons of 2021 and 2022 were examined zooarchaeological. According to the slaughter age of domestic animals, the products that societies provide with animal husbandry, in other words, their livelihood economies can be understood. Sheep, goats, cattle and pigs were aged based on the degree of tooth wear. According to the aging results obtained, it was understood that the production purposes in all periods of the Bronze Age were wool and hair in sheep/goats, the use of cattle until advanced ages, and the meat of pigs. Another method used in the study is theLogarithmic Size Index (LSI) analysis. The LSI calculation is made by obtaining the difference between archaeological metric data and standard measurement values based on logarithm 10. Measurements of the long bones of sheep, goats, cattle and pigs were compared with metric data from archaeological sites in the same region and contemporary with the Tavşanlı mound. According to the size analysis for sheep, goats and cattle, it was determined that there were mostly domestic females. Males were kept for the continuity of the herd, but in smaller numbers than females. Domestic male cattle may have been actively used both for herd continuity and for labor-intensive activities such as agriculture and load pulling. According to the length calculation for pigs, we can talk about active pig breeding as well as wild boar hunting, albeit very limited. In addition, the presence of wild animals such as deer in the fauna suggests that hunting activities were carried out, albeit inactive.
Thanks
T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü’ne
References
- Arbuckle, B. S. (2009). Chalcolithic caprines, Dark Age dairy, and Byzantine beef: A first look at animal exploitation at Middle and Late Holocene Çadır Höyük, North Central Turkey. Anatolica XXXV, 179–224.
- Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). The rise of cattle cultures in Bronze Age Anatolia. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies, 2 (4), 277-297. DOİ: 10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.2.4.0277
- Emlük, E. (2021). Arkeozoolojık buluntular ışığında Küllüoba İlk Tunç III çukurları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/)
- Fidan, E., Sarı, D., Türkteki, M. (2014). An overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology, 18 (1), 60–89. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000070
- Fidan, E. (2019). Eskişehir ve Kütahya İlleri tarihöncesi dönem yüzey araştırması. 2018-02.BŞEÜ.04-01. T.C. Bilecik Şehy Edebali Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, 1-38. https://ttk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/01-MustafaErkanFidan.pdf
- Fidan, E. (2021a). Yüzey araştırmalarında disiplinlerarası bir çalışma: Tavşanlı Höyük. Arkeoloji Bilimleri Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 1, 66-78.
- Fidan, E. (2021b).Geo-archaeological and geophysical investigation on the Early Bronze Age layers of Tavşanlı Höyük (inland Western Anatolia). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 21 (2), 211-225.
- Fidan, E., Uncu L., Karakoca E. (2021). Bronze Age survey on Tavşanlı Höyük (Kütahya, Turkey): preliminary results. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi/The Journal pf İnternational Social Research, 14, 28-35.
- Fı̇dan, E., Karatak, A., Seçer Fı̇dan, S., Kocabaş, M. A. (2023). Tavşanlı Höyük Kazısı 2021 yılı çalışmaları (ı̇lk sezon). Özme, A. (Ed.), 42. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (2. Cilt, s. 245-254). Ankara:Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
- Grant, A. (1982). The use of tooth wear as aguide to the age of domestic ungulates. Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites. Wilson, B., Grigson, C. and Payne, S. (Ed.), Oxford, British archaeological reports, 109, (s.91-108). United Kingdom: Oxfordshire.
- Gündem, C. Y. (2003). Die funde von wild- und haussäugetieren aus dem bronzezeitlichen Küllüoba (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/)
- Gündem, C., Y. (2009). Animal based economy in Troy and The Troas during the maritime troy culture (C. 3000-2200 BC.) and a general summary for West Anatolia (Doktora Tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. (https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ )
- Hammer, E. L., Arbuckle, B. S. (2017). 10,000 years of pastoralism in Anatolia: A review of evidence for variability in pastoral lifeways. Nomadıc Peoples, 20, 214–267. DOİ: 10.3197/np.2017.210204
- Helmer, D., Vigne, J. D. (2004). La gestion des cheptels de caprinés au Néolithique dans le Midi de la France. Bodu P. and Constantın C. (Ed.), Approches fonctionnelles en Préhistoire (s. 397-407). Paris: Actes XXVe Congr. Préhist.
- Helmer, D., Vigne, J. D. (2007). Was milk a “secondary product” in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats. Anthropozoologica, 42 (2), 9-40.
- Hillson, S. (2005). Teeth. Cambridge University press, New York.
- Hongo, H. (1996). Patterns of animal husbandry in central Anatolia from the second millennium BC through the middle ages: Faunal remains from Kaman-Kalehoyuk, Turkey. (PhD Thesis). The Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H. (2000). Faunal remains from Prepottery Neolithic levels at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A preliminary report focusing on pig (Sus sp.). Buithenius, H., Mashkour, M. and Choyke, A. L. (Ed.), Archaeozoology of the Near East IVA (s. 121-140), Groningen: ARC Publications
- Hesse, B., Wapnish P. (1998). Pig use and abuse in the Ancient Levant: Ethnoreligious boundary- building with swine. Nelson, S. (Ed.), In Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in Prehistory, (Vol. 15, s.123–135). MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology. Philadelphia: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
- Irvinea, B., Erdal, Y. S., Richards M. P. (2019). Dietary habits in the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) of Anatolia: A multi-isotopic approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 24, 253–263. DOİ: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.01.015
- Kinzelbach, R. K., Roth, G. (1984) Patterns of distribution of some freshwater molluscs of the Levant region. Folia historico-naturalia Musei Matraensis, 9, 115-128.
- Matsui, A. (2007). Fundamentals of zooarcheology in Japan and East Asia. Kansai process, Japan.
- Meadow, R. H. (1981). Early animal domestication in South Asia: A first report of the faunal remains from Mehrgarh, Pakistan. Hartel, H. (Ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1979 (s. 143-179). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- Payne, S. (1973). Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: The mandibles from Avşan Kale. Anatolian Studies, 22, 281-303.
- Payne, S. (1985). Morphological distinction between mandibular cheek teeth of young sheep, ovis and goats, capra. Journal of Archaoeological Science, 12,139-147.
- Silibolatlaz, D. (2019). Zooarkeolojide çalışma metotları. Çoban, O., Erbaşı, A., Karakoç, E. Ve Karasioğlu, F. (Ed.), Sosyal, Beşeri Ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Araştırma Ve Değerlendirmeler, (Cilt 2, s.385-403). Ankara: Çankaya.
- Schmid, E. (1972). Atlas of animal bones for prehistorians, archaeologist and quaternary geologists. Amsterdam: Elsevier publishing company.
- Slim, F. G., Çakırlar, C., Roosevelt, C. H. (2020). Pigs in sight: Late Bronze Age pig husbandries in the Aegean and Anatolia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 45 (5), 315-333. DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2020.1754081
- Uerpmann, H. P. (1979). Probleme der Neolithisierung des Mittelmeerraums. Wiesbaden-Germany: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
- Von Den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the meausurement of animal bones form archaeological sites: as developed by the Instut für paleoanatomie. domestikationsforschung und geschichte der tiermedizin of the University of Munich, 1, Peabody museum press.
- Zeder, M. A., Lapham, H. A. (2010). Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, ovis and goats, capra, JASc, 37, 225-242.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Archaeological Science |
| Journal Section | Archaeology |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | August 30, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | April 7, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: 2 |
