Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 1086 - 1097, 29.04.2025
Abstract
Ticari mutfaklar, ağırlama sektöründe, çalışan devir hızının yüksek olmasının önemli sorun yarattığı departmanlardan biridir. Bu nedenle iş memnuniyetsizliği veya bırakmaya neden olan sebeplerin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu sebeplerden biri olan zorbalık konusu öne çıkan argümanlardan biri olarak alanyazında sıkça bahsedilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı da mutfak stajyerlerinin zorbalığa uğrayıp uğramadığını ve bunun iş tatmini düzeylerini ve işten ayrılma niyetlerini nasıl etkilediğini bulmaktır. Buna ek olarak cinsiyet değişkenine dayalı zorbalığa maruz kalmada farklılıkların olup olmadığı da incelenmiştir. Örneklem, Türkiye'nin İzmir kentindeki 5 farklı kamu ve özel üniversitesinin mutfak sanatları, gastronomi ve/veya aşçılık programları lisans ve önlisans öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, Eylül-Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında 129 mutfak stajyerinden toplanmış; regresyon ve t-testi analizleri için SPSS kullanılmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlar, stajyerler arasında orta düzeyde zorbalığa maruz kalma olduğunu; kadın stajyerlerin mutfakta erkek meslektaşlarından daha fazla zorbalığa maruz kaldığını ve zorbalığın tüm stajyerler arasında işten ayrılma niyetini artırırken iş tatmini düzeylerini düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. Bu çalışma; yiyecek ve içecek işletmelerine stajyerler için iyi planlanmış bir eğitim programı geliştirme ve iş tatminini artırmak ve işgücü devir oranını azaltmak için olumlu bir çalışma ortamı yaratma konusunda yol gösterici olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu, ağırlama sektörü için yeni olmasa da mutfak stajyerleri arasında zorbalık konusunda yapılan az sayıda araştırma olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle özellikle mutfakta zorbalık bağlamında literatüre katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmaktadır.
References
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- Bloisi. (2012). Bullying and negative behaviour in commercial kitchens. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). University of Manchester Institute of Social Sciences, Manchester.
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- Chen, H. T., Wang, C. H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: Moderating effects of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034-2053.
- Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L. (2020). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (3rd Edition, p. 3-53). CRC press.
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- Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 5(2), 185-201.
- Gillen, P. A., Sinclair, M., Kernohan, W. G., Begley, C. M., Luyben, A. G. (2017). Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), 1-59.
- Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: a 6‐month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 255-268.
- Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170.
- Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S. (2011). Role stressors and exposure to workplace bullying: Causes or consequences of what and why? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(5), 610-630.
- Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L., Einarsen, S. V. (2020). Organizational effects of workplace bullying. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (3rd Edition, p. 209-234). CRC Press.
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- Kim, K. H., Roh, E. Y., Kim, Y. J., Spralls, S. A. (2020). Bullying in Korean hotel restaurant kitchens: why is everybody always picking on me? Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43(1), 337-351.
- Lange, S., Burr, H., Conway, P. M., Rose, U. (2019). Workplace bullying among employees in Germany: prevalence estimates and the role of the perpetrator. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 92, 237-247.
- Lapierre, L. M., Spector, P. E., Leck, J. D. (2005). Sexual versus nonsexual workplace aggression and victims' overall job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10 (2), 155–169.
- Mikkelsen, E. G., Hansen, Å. M., Persson, R., Byrgesen, M. F., Hogh, A. (2020). Individual consequences of being exposed to workplace bullying. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, (3rd Edition, p. 163-208). CRC Press.
- Na, T. K., Jeon, I. H. (2010). The effects of workplace bullying on job satisfaction and turnover intention of kitchen employee in family restaurant. Culinary science and hospitality research, 16(5), 37-49.
- Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71-83.
- Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., Magerøy, N. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21(1), 17–24.
- Oflaz, M., Polat, E. (2023). İşyeri zorbalığı ve iş tatmininin iş stresi üzerindeki etkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 258-280.
- Ortega, A., Høgh, A., Pejtersen, J. H., Olsen, O. (2009). Prevalence of workplace bullying and risk groups: A representative population study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82, 417-426.
- Öcel, H. (2011). İşyeri zorbalığı ve fiziksel rahatsızlık belirtileri: Adil dünya inancının düzenleyici rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(68), 76-86.
- Parvin, M. M., Kabir, M. N. (2011). Factors Affecting Employee Job Satisfaction of Pharmaceutical Sector. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research. 1(9): 113-123.
- Rai, A., Agarwal, U. A. (2018). A review of literature on mediators and moderators of workplace bullying: Agenda for future research. Management Research Review, 41(7), 822-859.
- Ramsey, D. (2002). Bullies in the workplace. Supervision, 63(3), 3-5.
- Rosin, H. M., Korabik, K. (1991). Workplace variables, affective responses, and intention to leave among women managers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(4), 317-330.
- Sansone, R. A., Sansone, L. A. (2015). Workplace bullying: a tale of adverse consequences. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1-2), 32.
- Seyrek, İ. H., İnal, O. (2017). İşten ayrılma niyeti ile ilişkili faktörler: bilgi teknolojisi çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Doğu Anadolu Sosyal Bilimlerde Eğilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 43-62.
- Shehawy, Y. (2022). Current workplace issues and behaviours in tourism and hospitality: Moderating role of empowering leadership. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1627-1648.
- Shukla, N., Singh, S. (2020). Study of Workplace Bullying. OJAS, January-June 2020, 31-37.
- Smith, R. A., Kitterlin-Lynch, M., Pierre, Y., Moreo, A. (2021). Exploration of workplace bullying in the foodservice industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(2), 299-317.
- Şeşen, H. ve Basım, N. (2010). Çalışanların adalet algısının örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışına etkisi: iş tatmininin aracılık rolü. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 37, 171-193.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (7th Edition, p. 497-516). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Taylor, H. (2000). The Difference between Exercisers and Non-exercisers on Workrelated Variables. International Journal of Stress Management, 7 (4), 307-309.
- Tanrıöver, U. (2005). The Effects of Learning Organization Climate and Self Directed Learning on Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment and Intention to Turnover. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., Godderis, L. (2016). The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 61-71.
- Van Der Wal, C., Nisbet, S., Haw, J. (2021). A qualitative exploration of the causes and consequences of workplace bullying in the Australian hospitality industry. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 22(5), 517-538.
- Verkuil, B., Atasayi, S., Molendijk, M. L. (2015). Workplace bullying and mental health: A meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-16.
Year 2025,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 1086 - 1097, 29.04.2025
Abstract
Commercial kitchens are one of the departments in the hospitality industry where high employee turnover creates significant problems. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the reasons that lead to job dissatisfaction or quit. One of these reasons, bullying, has been frequently mentioned in the literature as one of the prominent arguments. The aim of this research is to find out whether kitchen interns are bullied and how this affects their job satisfaction levels and intention to leave their job. In addition, it was examined whether there are differences in exposure to bullying based on gender variable. The sample consisted of associate and undergraduate program students in culinary arts, gastronomy and/or cooking programs of 5 different public and private universities in Izmir, Turkey. Data were collected from 129 kitchen interns between September and December 2023; SPSS was used for regression and t-test analyses. The empirical results show that there is a moderate level of exposure to bullying among the interns; female interns are more likely to be bullied than their male counterparts in the kitchen, and that bullying increases the intention to leave among all interns while decreasing job satisfaction levels. This study aims to guide food and beverage companies in developing a well-planned training program for interns and creating a positive work environment to increase job satisfaction and reduce turnover. Although the subject is not new to the hospitality sector, it is seen that there is little research on bullying among kitchen interns. Therefore, it is aimed to contribute to the literature, especially in the context of bullying in the kitchen.
Ethical Statement
İzmir University of Economics Ethics Committee has validated the study with their ethics approval which was obtained on 06.11.2023 with the reference number B.30.2.İEÜ.0.05.05-020-321
References
- Agervold, M. (2009). The significance of organizational factors for the incidence of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 267–276.
- Avtgis T. A. (2000). Unwillingness to Communicate and Satisfaction in Organizational Relationships. Psychological Reports. 87(1), 82-84
- Avcı Taşkıran, T., Gürbüz, B. (2022). İşyeri zorbalığı ve algılanan stresin örgütsel bağlılığı yordama gücü, Gürbüz, B., Güngörmüş, H. A. (Ed.) 3. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Yönetimi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, (p. 342-343), Manavgat, Antalya.
- Aydın, O., Öcel, H. (2009). İşyeri zorbalığı ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 94-103.
- Baillien, E., Rodriguez-Munoz, A., Van den Broeck, A., De Witte, H. (2011). Do demands and resources affect target's and perpetrators' reports of workplace bullying? A two-wave cross-lagged study. Work & Stress, 25(2), 128-146.
- Bano, S., Malik, S. (2013). Impact of workplace bullying on organizational outcome. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 7(3), 618-627.
- Bloisi. (2012). Bullying and negative behaviour in commercial kitchens. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). University of Manchester Institute of Social Sciences, Manchester.
- Bloisi, W. (2021). Workplace bullying and negative behaviour in the hospitality industry. D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Keashly, L., Tye-Williams, S. (Eds). Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors, (4th Edition, p. 501-528). Singapore: Springer.
- Bohle, P., Knox, A., Noone, J., Mc Namara, M., Rafalski, J., Quinlan, M. (2017). Work organisation, bullying and intention to leave in the hospitality industry. Employee Relations, 39(4), 446-458.
- Chen, H. T., Wang, C. H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: Moderating effects of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034-2053.
- Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L. (2020). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (3rd Edition, p. 3-53). CRC press.
- Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & stress, 23(1), 24-44.
- Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 5(2), 185-201.
- Gillen, P. A., Sinclair, M., Kernohan, W. G., Begley, C. M., Luyben, A. G. (2017). Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), 1-59.
- Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: a 6‐month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 255-268.
- Hackman, J. R., Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170.
- Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S. (2011). Role stressors and exposure to workplace bullying: Causes or consequences of what and why? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(5), 610-630.
- Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L., Einarsen, S. V. (2020). Organizational effects of workplace bullying. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (3rd Edition, p. 209-234). CRC Press.
- IBM Corp. Released (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- Johns, N., Menzel, P. J. (1999). " If you can't stand the heat!"... Kitchen violence and culinary art. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18(2), 99–109.
- Kim, K. H., Roh, E. Y., Kim, Y. J., Spralls, S. A. (2020). Bullying in Korean hotel restaurant kitchens: why is everybody always picking on me? Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43(1), 337-351.
- Lange, S., Burr, H., Conway, P. M., Rose, U. (2019). Workplace bullying among employees in Germany: prevalence estimates and the role of the perpetrator. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 92, 237-247.
- Lapierre, L. M., Spector, P. E., Leck, J. D. (2005). Sexual versus nonsexual workplace aggression and victims' overall job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10 (2), 155–169.
- Mikkelsen, E. G., Hansen, Å. M., Persson, R., Byrgesen, M. F., Hogh, A. (2020). Individual consequences of being exposed to workplace bullying. Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. L (Eds). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, (3rd Edition, p. 163-208). CRC Press.
- Na, T. K., Jeon, I. H. (2010). The effects of workplace bullying on job satisfaction and turnover intention of kitchen employee in family restaurant. Culinary science and hospitality research, 16(5), 37-49.
- Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71-83.
- Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., Magerøy, N. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21(1), 17–24.
- Oflaz, M., Polat, E. (2023). İşyeri zorbalığı ve iş tatmininin iş stresi üzerindeki etkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 258-280.
- Ortega, A., Høgh, A., Pejtersen, J. H., Olsen, O. (2009). Prevalence of workplace bullying and risk groups: A representative population study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82, 417-426.
- Öcel, H. (2011). İşyeri zorbalığı ve fiziksel rahatsızlık belirtileri: Adil dünya inancının düzenleyici rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(68), 76-86.
- Parvin, M. M., Kabir, M. N. (2011). Factors Affecting Employee Job Satisfaction of Pharmaceutical Sector. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research. 1(9): 113-123.
- Rai, A., Agarwal, U. A. (2018). A review of literature on mediators and moderators of workplace bullying: Agenda for future research. Management Research Review, 41(7), 822-859.
- Ramsey, D. (2002). Bullies in the workplace. Supervision, 63(3), 3-5.
- Rosin, H. M., Korabik, K. (1991). Workplace variables, affective responses, and intention to leave among women managers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(4), 317-330.
- Sansone, R. A., Sansone, L. A. (2015). Workplace bullying: a tale of adverse consequences. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1-2), 32.
- Seyrek, İ. H., İnal, O. (2017). İşten ayrılma niyeti ile ilişkili faktörler: bilgi teknolojisi çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Doğu Anadolu Sosyal Bilimlerde Eğilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 43-62.
- Shehawy, Y. (2022). Current workplace issues and behaviours in tourism and hospitality: Moderating role of empowering leadership. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1627-1648.
- Shukla, N., Singh, S. (2020). Study of Workplace Bullying. OJAS, January-June 2020, 31-37.
- Smith, R. A., Kitterlin-Lynch, M., Pierre, Y., Moreo, A. (2021). Exploration of workplace bullying in the foodservice industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(2), 299-317.
- Şeşen, H. ve Basım, N. (2010). Çalışanların adalet algısının örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışına etkisi: iş tatmininin aracılık rolü. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 37, 171-193.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (7th Edition, p. 497-516). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Taylor, H. (2000). The Difference between Exercisers and Non-exercisers on Workrelated Variables. International Journal of Stress Management, 7 (4), 307-309.
- Tanrıöver, U. (2005). The Effects of Learning Organization Climate and Self Directed Learning on Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment and Intention to Turnover. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., Godderis, L. (2016). The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 61-71.
- Van Der Wal, C., Nisbet, S., Haw, J. (2021). A qualitative exploration of the causes and consequences of workplace bullying in the Australian hospitality industry. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 22(5), 517-538.
- Verkuil, B., Atasayi, S., Molendijk, M. L. (2015). Workplace bullying and mental health: A meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. PLoS One, 10(8), 1-16.
There are 46 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Gastronomy |
| Journal Section | Tourism, Hospitality and Sports |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | September 30, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 10, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: 2 |
