12.-13. Yüzyıllarda Sampson (Priene) ve Çevresinde Bizanslı Toprak Sahipleri ve Kentsel Mekâna Etkileri
Abstract
Aşağı Menderes Vadisi’nde, özellikle Priene çevresinde 12. yüzyıldan itibaren mülk sahibi ailelerin yükselişi belirgin bir şekilde gözlemlenmektedir. Bu dönemde, Priene Geç Bizans Dönemi kayıtlarında “Sampson Episkepsisi” olarak anılmaktadır. Bu terim, imparatorluk hanedanlarıyla bağlantılı ya da yüksek rütbeli aristokratlar tarafından yönetilen, bağımsız idari birimleri tanımlamak için kullanılmıştır. Priene, Sampson Episkepsisinin merkezi olarak belirlenmiştir ve bu dönemde Arete Doukiana gibi yüksek rütbeli toprak sahipleri, bölge üzerindeki etkilerini artırmıştır. Özellikle, Sabas Asidenos’un Haçlıların Konstantinopolis’i almasının ardından Sampson kasabasını yönetmesiyle, yerel aristokratların önemi daha da artmıştır. Bölge, 7. yüzyılda Arap akınlarının etkisiyle olumsuz bir şekilde etkilenmiştir. Bu durum, kentteki arkeolojik ve yazılı kayıtların eksikliğiyle kendini göstermektedir. Kent merkezinin bu dönemde terk edildiği ve nüfusun daha korunaklı olan yüksek bölgelere, özellikle akropole yöneldiği anlaşılmaktadır. 10. yüzyıldan itibaren imparatorluk ve bölge genelinde tekrar bir toparlanma dönemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak 1071 sonrasında, Türklerin Anadolu'ya yerleşip Batı Anadolu kıyılarına kadar ilerledikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Bu dönemde, Batı Anadolu'nun birçok kenti Türk yöneticilerinin hakimiyeti altına girmiştir. Ancak, Priene ve çevresi bu süreçten etkilenmemiştir. Toprak sahiplerinin himayesi altında, 12. ve 13. yüzyıllarda Priene ve çevresinde gerçekleştirilen inşa ve onarım faaliyetleri ile kilise yapılarının sürekliliği gibi unsurlar, Priene'nin yeniden gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Bu süreç aynı zamanda, bölgedeki nüfus artışını da tetiklemiştir. Menderes Vadisi’nin verimli tarımsal alanları hem Bizans İmparatorluğu hem de yerel toprak sahipleri için stratejik bir öneme sahipti. Bu dönemdeki yerleşim faaliyetleri, yerel aristokratların kentsel süreklilikteki rollerini pekiştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Menderes Vadisi'nin tarihsel gelişimi, bölgedeki yerel güç dengelerinin ve sosyoekonomik ilişkilerin bir yansıması olarak değerlendirilebilir.
References
- Angold, M. (1975). A Byzantine government in exile: Government and society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204-1261). London: Oxford University Press.
- Arel, A. (1999). Une famille de notables de la région d'Aydın: les Cihanoğlu et l'architecture. Anatolia Moderna-Yeni Anadolu, 8, 239-274.
- Arthur, P. (2006). Bizans ve Türk döneminde Hierapolis. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
- Baykaral Tok, E. (2004). Mykale (Samson) dağında Çınarlı Kilise adını verdiğimiz bir manastır kilisesi. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 13 (2), 1-18.
- Carile, A. (1965). Partitio terrarium imperii Romanie. Studi Veneziani, 7, 125-305.
- Cheynet, C. J. (1990). Pouvoir et contestations a` Byzance. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
- Filduth, J. (2017). Das Byzantinische Priene stadt und umland. Berlin : Dr Ludwig Reichert.
- Foss, C. (1977). Archeology and the "Twenty Cities" of Byzantine Asia. American Journal of Archeology, 81, 469-486.
- Hoffmann, J. (1974). Rudimente von terrtorialstaaten im Byzantinischen reich (1071-1210) unterschungen über unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen und ihr verhältnis zu kaiser und reich Miscellanea Byzantiner Monacensia 17. Köln: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität.
- Kahzdan, A. (1991 ). The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Knackfuss, H. (1941). Didyma die baubeschreibung in deri banden von H. Knackfuss I. textband. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
- Laurent, V. (1972). Arete Doukiana, la Kralaina. femme du pretending hongois Boris et mere des Kalamanoi mediatises. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 65, 35-39.
- Lohmann, H. (2007). Forschungen und ausgrabungen in der Mykale 2001-2006. Istanbuler Miteilugen, 57, 5-178.
- Müller, J., Miklosich, F. (1871). Acta et diplomata Graeca medii devi sacra et profana IV. Acta et diplomata monasteriorum et ecclesiarum Orintes I. Wien: Vindobonea.
- Müller Weiner, W. (1961). Mittelalterliche befestigungen im südlichen Joinen. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 11, 5-122.
- Macrides, R. (2007). George Akropolites. The history introduction, translation and commentary. Oxford: Oxford Studies in Byzantium.
- Niewöhner, P. (2007). Hagios Antonios eine reiche mittelbyzantinische stiftung. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 57, 125-129.
- Nystazopoulou Pelekidou, M. (1980). Engrapha Patmu II Βυζαντινά έγγραφα της μονής Πάτμου ΙΙ. Δημόσιων Λειτουργών. Athen: Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών.
- Orgels, P. (1935). Sabas Asidenos, dynaste de Sampson. Byzantion, 10, 67-80.
- Polemis, D. I. (1968). The Doukai a contribution to Byzantine prosopography. London: University of London Historical Studies.
- Raggia, E. (2007). The inscription of Didyma (Hieron) and the families of Phokas and Karantinos in Western Asia Minor (12th-13th C.). Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 100, 133-146.
- Ragia, E. (2008 ). Λάτρος. Ένα άγνωστο μοναστικόκέντρο στη δυτική Μικρά Ασία. Με λεπτομερή σχολιασμό των εγγράφων του αρχείου της μονής Θεοτόκου του Στύλου. Thessaloniki: Ηρόδοτος.
- Reinsch, D., Kambylis, A. (2001). Annea Comnenae Alexias: Pars prior: Prolegomena et textus. Pars altera: Indices. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
- Thonemann, P. (2011). The Maeander Valley a historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vronouse, E. L. (1980). Enagrapha Patmu I Βυζαντινά έγγραφα της μονής Πάτμου 1. Αυτοκρατορικά . Athen: Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών.
- Westphalen, S. (1998). Die basilika von Priene architektur und liturgische ausstattung. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 48, 279-340.
- Wiegand, T., Schrader, H. (1904 ). Priene ergebnisse der ausgrabungen und unterschungen in den jahren 1895-1898. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
- Wilson, N., Darrouzes, J. (1968). Reste du cartulaire de Hiera-Xerochoraphion. Revue des Etudes Byzantines, 26, 5-47.
12th-13th Century Byzantine Landowners in Sampson (Priene) and its Surrounding and Their Impact on Urban Space
Abstract
From the 12th century onwards, the rise of landowning families in the Lower Menderes Valley, particularly around Priene, became increasingly evident. During this period, Priene is referred to as the "Sampson Episkepsis" in Late Byzantine records. This term describes independent administrative units governed by high-ranking aristocrats or those associated with imperial families. Priene was established as the center of the Sampson Episkepsis, with influential landowners such as Arete Doukiana strengthening their control over the region. The significance of local aristocrats increased particularly after Sabas Asidenos governed the town of Sampson following the Crusader capture of Constantinople. In the 7th century, the region was adversely affected by Arab invasions, as evidenced by the lack of archaeological and written records from this period. It is believed that the city center was abandoned, and the population sought refuge in more secure elevated areas, particularly the acropolis. However, from the 10th century, there was a period of recovery across the empire and the region. After 1071, the Turks began settling in Anatolia and expanding into Western Anatolia, where many cities fell under Turkish control. Priene and its surroundings, however, were not affected by this shift.Under the patronage of landowners, construction and repair activities in the 12th and 13th centuries, along with the continuity of church buildings, contributed significantly to Priene’s revival. This process also stimulated population growth. The fertile agricultural land of the Menderes Valley was of strategic importance for both the Byzantine Empire and local landowners. These settlement activities reinforced the role of local aristocrats in urban continuity. The historical development of the region can thus be seen as a reflection of local power dynamics and socio-economic relationships.
References
- Angold, M. (1975). A Byzantine government in exile: Government and society under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204-1261). London: Oxford University Press.
- Arel, A. (1999). Une famille de notables de la région d'Aydın: les Cihanoğlu et l'architecture. Anatolia Moderna-Yeni Anadolu, 8, 239-274.
- Arthur, P. (2006). Bizans ve Türk döneminde Hierapolis. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
- Baykaral Tok, E. (2004). Mykale (Samson) dağında Çınarlı Kilise adını verdiğimiz bir manastır kilisesi. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 13 (2), 1-18.
- Carile, A. (1965). Partitio terrarium imperii Romanie. Studi Veneziani, 7, 125-305.
- Cheynet, C. J. (1990). Pouvoir et contestations a` Byzance. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
- Filduth, J. (2017). Das Byzantinische Priene stadt und umland. Berlin : Dr Ludwig Reichert.
- Foss, C. (1977). Archeology and the "Twenty Cities" of Byzantine Asia. American Journal of Archeology, 81, 469-486.
- Hoffmann, J. (1974). Rudimente von terrtorialstaaten im Byzantinischen reich (1071-1210) unterschungen über unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen und ihr verhältnis zu kaiser und reich Miscellanea Byzantiner Monacensia 17. Köln: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität.
- Kahzdan, A. (1991 ). The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Knackfuss, H. (1941). Didyma die baubeschreibung in deri banden von H. Knackfuss I. textband. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
- Laurent, V. (1972). Arete Doukiana, la Kralaina. femme du pretending hongois Boris et mere des Kalamanoi mediatises. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 65, 35-39.
- Lohmann, H. (2007). Forschungen und ausgrabungen in der Mykale 2001-2006. Istanbuler Miteilugen, 57, 5-178.
- Müller, J., Miklosich, F. (1871). Acta et diplomata Graeca medii devi sacra et profana IV. Acta et diplomata monasteriorum et ecclesiarum Orintes I. Wien: Vindobonea.
- Müller Weiner, W. (1961). Mittelalterliche befestigungen im südlichen Joinen. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 11, 5-122.
- Macrides, R. (2007). George Akropolites. The history introduction, translation and commentary. Oxford: Oxford Studies in Byzantium.
- Niewöhner, P. (2007). Hagios Antonios eine reiche mittelbyzantinische stiftung. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 57, 125-129.
- Nystazopoulou Pelekidou, M. (1980). Engrapha Patmu II Βυζαντινά έγγραφα της μονής Πάτμου ΙΙ. Δημόσιων Λειτουργών. Athen: Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών.
- Orgels, P. (1935). Sabas Asidenos, dynaste de Sampson. Byzantion, 10, 67-80.
- Polemis, D. I. (1968). The Doukai a contribution to Byzantine prosopography. London: University of London Historical Studies.
- Raggia, E. (2007). The inscription of Didyma (Hieron) and the families of Phokas and Karantinos in Western Asia Minor (12th-13th C.). Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 100, 133-146.
- Ragia, E. (2008 ). Λάτρος. Ένα άγνωστο μοναστικόκέντρο στη δυτική Μικρά Ασία. Με λεπτομερή σχολιασμό των εγγράφων του αρχείου της μονής Θεοτόκου του Στύλου. Thessaloniki: Ηρόδοτος.
- Reinsch, D., Kambylis, A. (2001). Annea Comnenae Alexias: Pars prior: Prolegomena et textus. Pars altera: Indices. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
- Thonemann, P. (2011). The Maeander Valley a historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vronouse, E. L. (1980). Enagrapha Patmu I Βυζαντινά έγγραφα της μονής Πάτμου 1. Αυτοκρατορικά . Athen: Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών.
- Westphalen, S. (1998). Die basilika von Priene architektur und liturgische ausstattung. Istanbuler Mitteilugen, 48, 279-340.
- Wiegand, T., Schrader, H. (1904 ). Priene ergebnisse der ausgrabungen und unterschungen in den jahren 1895-1898. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
- Wilson, N., Darrouzes, J. (1968). Reste du cartulaire de Hiera-Xerochoraphion. Revue des Etudes Byzantines, 26, 5-47.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | History of The Byzantine |
| Journal Section | History |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 17, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 7, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: 2 |
