Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Radicalization Driven by Cross-Border Migration: Risks and Strategies for Management

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 884 - 911, 29.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1624652

Abstract

The relationship between border-crossing mass migration and radicalization has increasingly become a significant area of attention in academic circles and political fields. This relationship makes it essential for countries, particularly those receiving immense migration flows, to govern migration and promote social integration. Yet, this study relies on the idea that migration does not necessarily lead to radicalization linearly and inevitably, but it might carry potential risks, unless governed effectively. At the end of the day, this study aims to explore how these potential risks can be identified and removed with the help of a theoretical framework, field practices, and relevant examples. Besides, this article uses a comparative case study method and focuses on Canada and Germany to identify similarities and differences in terms of mass migration governance. These examples are specifically selected to enrich the overall discussion for the reason that they come from different continents, involve different migrant groups, and depend on different governance philosophies. Overall, this study shows that in the governance of the migration-radicalization relationship, the emphasis is placed on generating alternative solutions for risk groups through central policy-making and local implementations and increasing actor diversity in this process. In other words, instead of a single, universally applicable policy and program, the priority is given to developing different programs tailored to local needs regarding de/radicalization processes, balancing financial support of the state for these programs, promoting civil society participation and winning public support in the fight against radicalization, collecting accurate field data, and measuring results with scientific methods.

References

  • Abadan Unat, N. (2017). Bitmeyen göç: Konuk işçilikten ulus ötesi yurttaşlığa. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Ager, A., Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies 21(2), 166–191.
  • Ahmad, F. (2020). The securitization of Muslim civil society in Canada (115-133). D. Silva, M. Deflem (ed.) Radicalization and counter-radicalization, Emerald Publishing.
  • Altan, H. N., Budak, M. M. (2023). İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Almanya göç politikalarının dönüşümü. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 1409-1423.
  • Andrews, S. (2022). Gendered perspectives on preventing violent extremism: Women and ‘prevent’. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
  • Ashour, O. (2011). Online de-radicalization? Countering violent extremist narratives: Messages, messenger and media strategy. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4 (6), 15-19.
  • Banting, K. (2022). Multiculturalism policy in Canada. E. A. Lindquist, A. S. B. Hryniuk, & P. G. Smith (Eds.), Policy success in Canada (pp. 183-205). Oxford University Press.
  • Bayraklı, E., Keskin, K. (2017). Avrupa’nın mülteci krizi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 12(2), 115-136.
  • Bélanger, J., Moyano, M., Muhammad, H., Richardson, L., Lafrenière, M. A., Mccaffery, P., Framand, K., Nociti, N. (2019). Radicalization leading to violence: A test of the 3N model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-12.
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 46(1), 5-68.
  • Bilginer, O. (2018). Direniş siyaseti: Direnme hakkı ve siyasal direniş. Toplum ve Bilim, 143 (1), 93-124.
  • Bilginer, O. (2023). Göçmenler, demokratik yurttaşlık ve insan hakları. İnsan Hareketliliği Uluslararası Dergisi, 3(1), 50-65.
  • Briggs, R., Feve, S. (2013). Review of programs to counter narratives of violent extremism. Londra: Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
  • Buzan, B. Waever, O., de Wilde, J. (1997). Security: A new framework for analysis. Londra: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Calgary Police Service. (2025). ReDirect. https://www.calgary.ca/cps/youth-programs-and-resources/youth-intervention/redirect.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Canada’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy (2013). Building resilience against terrorism https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rslnc-gnst-trrrsm/rslnc-gnst-trrrsm-eng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2025).
  • Caplan, G (1964). Principles of preventive psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
  • Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the field. Home Office Online Report 29/03. Londra: Home Office.
  • Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence (CPRLV). (2023). Annual report. https://info-radical.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CPRMNV_RA23_ENG_1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence (CPRLV). (2025). https://info-radical.org/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • CityNews Toronto. (2022, March 19). Pepper spray used in attack on mosque in Mississauga. CityNews Toronto. https://toronto.citynews.ca/2022/03/19/mississauga-mosque-pepper-spray/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Clinton, W. J. (1995). Remarks to the Canadian Parliament in Ottowa. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-canadian-parliament-ottawa (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Clubb, G., Koehler, D., Schewe, J., O’Connor, R. (2021). Selling de-radicalisation: Managing the media framing of countering violent extremism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Dawson, L. (2014). How does a Canadian teen turn into a terrorist?. University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/state-of-the-university/2014/accessible/research/global-security/how-does-a-canadian-teen-turn-into-a-terrorist.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Demir, C. K. (2017). Sebeplerinden mücadele yöntemlerine etnik ayrılıkçı terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Demireva, N. (2021). Briefing: Immigration, diversity and social cohesion. The Migration Observatory. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Briefing-Immigration-Diversity-and-Social-Cohesion.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 30.08.2022).
  • Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F.M., Kruglanski, A.W., de Wolf, A., Mann, L. Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79-84.
  • Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S. (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships. American Psychologist, 72 (3), 289-300.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2021). Suriyeliler barometresi: Suriyelilerle uyum içinde yaşamın çerçevesi (SB-2020). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
  • Fergusson, J., Ahmed, K. (2017). Canada’s national counterterrorism strategy and challenges of community based intervention in countering radicalization. S. N. Romaniuk, F.Grice, D.Irrera, S.Webb (ed.), The Palgrave handbook of global counterterrorism policy (195-222). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fischer, P., Haslam, S. A., Smith, L. (2010). “If you wrong us, shall we not revenge?” Social identity salience moderates support for retaliation in response to collective threat. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(2), 143–150.
  • Focus Canada. (2024). Canadian public opinion about immigration and refugees. Environics Institute. https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/final-report94fae631-0284-4ba5-b06a-e0aeeab5daf3.pdf?sfvrsn=9f47b717_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • Global News. (2023, January 18). Ottawa terrorism arrest involves minor. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10174666/ottawa-terrorism-arrest-minor/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2025).
  • Goga, C. I. (2019). Is migration a risk factor for radicalization? Social and legal instruments for identifying and combating radicalization. Sociology and Social Work Review, 1, 39-47.
  • Government of Canada. (2018). National strategy on countering radicalization to violence. Public Safety Canada. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-strtg-cntrng-rdclztn-vlnc/ntnl-strtg-cntrng-rdclztn-vlnc-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Government of Canada. (2024). Government of Canada announces funding to help counter ideologically motivated violent extremism. Public Safety Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2024/03/government-of-canada-announces-funding-to-help-counter-ideologically-motivated-violent-extremism0.html.(Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2025). Uyum hakkında. https://www.goc.gov.tr/uyum-hakkinda (Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2025).
  • Hafez, M., Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958-975.
  • Harris, K. (2020, March). Canada shares expertise with Germany on successfully integrating immigrants. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mendocino-immigration-settlement-services-1.5484192 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Hof, T. (2018). From extremism to terrorism: The radicalisation of the far right in Italy and West Germany. Contemporary European History, 27(3), 412–431.
  • House of Commons. (June 2022). The rise of ideologically motivated violent extremism in Canada: Report of the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/parl/xc76-1/XC76-1-1-441-6-eng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Hynie, M. (2018). Refugee integration: Research and policy. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(3), 265-276.
  • Ihlamur-Öner, S. G. (2019). Delinking the migration-terrorism nexus: Strategies for the de-securitization of migration. Perceptions, 24 (2-3), 195-224.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2024). Migration and migrants: A global overview. In M. McAuliffe & L.A. Oucho (Eds.), World Migration Report 2024 (pp. 1-45). IOM.
  • Kelley, N., Trebilcock, M. (2010). The making of the mosaic: A history of Canadian immigration policy. University of Toronto Press.
  • Koehler, D. (2017). Understanding deradicalization: Methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism. New York: Routledge.
  • Koehler, D. (2021). Deradicalisation in Germany: Preventing and countering violent extremism. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 128, 59-78.
  • Koehler, D., Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing what to do: Academic and practitioner understanding of how to counter violent radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13 (3), 44-62.
  • Koller, S. (2019). Reintegration of returnees from Syria and Iraq. German Council on Foreign Relations. https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/reintegration-returnees-syria-and-iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2024).
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand. M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., Gunaratna, R. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: how significance quest impacts violent extremism. Advances in Political Psychology, 35, 69-93.
  • Leger. (2023). Immigration plan: Survey of Canadians. https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Leger-X-CP_Immigration-Plan.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2025). Lenos, S. Haanstra,W., Keltjens, M., Van de Donk, M. (2017). RAN polarisation management manual. RAN Centre of Excellence. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/pages/page/ran-polarisation-management-manual-amsterdam-06-july-2017_en (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20 (3), 415-433.
  • McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model, American Psychologist, 72 (3), 205-216.
  • McGuinness, D. (2024, December 11). Germany's one million Syrians at centre of fierce debate over their future. BBC News in Berlin. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7kxn6p878o (Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2024).
  • Nanos Research. (2024). Two in three Canadians say Canada should accept fewer immigrants in 2025 than in 2024. https://nanos.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-2670-CTV-Aug-Populated-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Neitzert, A., Miguel Müller, N. Lux, C. (2024). Gibt es einen Nexus zwischen Migration und Radikalisierung? Eine wissenschaftliche Spurensuche. Nürnberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ).
  • Neumann, P. R. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs, 89 (4), 873-893.
  • Norris, F.H., Stevens, S.P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K.F., Pfefferbaum, R.L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127-150.
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2022). Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Pastuovic, M. H. Wylie, G. (2024). Challenging the youth assumptions behind P/CVE: Acknowledging older extremists. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2024.2380547.
  • Perspektif. (2024, 17 Aralık). ‘BAMF: ‘Radikalleşme ve Göç Kökenlilik Arasında Bir Bağlantı Yok’. Perspektif. https://perspektif.eu/2024/12/17/bamf-radikallesme-ve-goc-kokenlilik-arasinda-bir-baglanti-yok/ (Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2024).
  • Public Safety Canada. (2018). Kanishka Project. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/r-nd-flght-182/knshk/index-en.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN) (2017). RAN Handbook on CVE/PVE training programmes. Guidance for trainers and policy-makers. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/913c709f-9673-467f-96c9-fc5426afb602_en?filename=ran_wb_vrwe_skopje_28-29062022_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 11. 11. 2024).
  • Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) (2024). National and regional networks focusing on P/CVE across the EU. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b70fc126-5856-498b-a5c6-abb5d88299b3_en?filename=ran_national_regional_networks_focusing_on_P-CVE_across_EU_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2024).
  • Reuters. (2024, February 2). Trudeau condemns mosque attack, says Islamophobia has no place in Canada. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trudeau-condemns-mosque-attack-says-islamophobia-has-no-place-canada-2024-02-02/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2025).
  • Said, B. T., Fouad H. (2018). Countering Islamist radicalisation in Germany: A guide to Germany’s growing prevention infrastructure. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague. https://icct.nl/publication/countering-islamist-radicalisation-germany-guide-germanys-growing-prevention (Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2024)
  • Schmeidl, S. 2002. (Human) security dilemmas: Long-term implications of the Afghan refugee crisis. Third World Quarterly, 23(1), 7-29.
  • Schmid, A. P. (2016). Links between terrorism and migration. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. https://icct.nl/app/uploads/2016/05/Alex-P.-Schmid-Links-between-Terrorism-and-Migration-1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (2024a). Population: Migration and integration. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/_node.html. (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024).
  • Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (2024b). Migration and Integration: Foreign population by selected citizenships and years. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/foreigner-citizenship-time-serie.html. (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024)
  • Stephens, W., Sieckelinck, S. (2020). Being resilient to radicalisation in PVE policy: A critical examination. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 13(1), 142-165.
  • Sude, C., Stebbins, D., Weilant S. (2015). Lessening the risk of refugee radicalization: Lessons for the Middle East from the past crises. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE166.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Şimşek, D. (2018). Mülteci entegrasyonu, göç politikaları ve sosyal sınıf: Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteciler örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 40(2), 367-392.
  • The Economist. (October 2016). Liberty moves north. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2016/10/29/liberty-moves-north (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • The Federal Government (2016). The federal government strategy to prevent extremism and promote democracy. https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/115448/cc142d640b37b7dd76e48b8fd9178cc5/strategie-der-bundesregierung-zur-extremismuspraevention-und-demokratiefoerderung-englisch-data.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2025).
  • Trebilcock, M. (2019). The puzzle of Canadian exceptionalism in contemporary immigration policy. International Migration & Integration, 20(4), 823–849.
  • Triadafilopoulos, T. (2004). Building walls, bounding nations: Migration and exclusion in Canada and Germany, 1870–1939. Journal of Historical Sociology, 17, 385-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00238.x
  • Triadafilopoulos, T. (2012). Becoming multicultural: Immigration and the politics of membership in Canada and Germany. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2024). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2024).
  • U.S. Department of Justice (2015). Radicalization and violent extremism: Lessons learned from Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249947.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Vardar, N. (2015, 8 Eylül). Mülteci, göçmen, sığınmacı arasındaki farklar? Bianet. https://bianet.org/yazi/multeci-gocmen-siginmaci-arasindaki-farklar-167434 (Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2022).
  • Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., Ilbahar, E., Barton, G. (2018). “The three Ps of radicalization: Push, pull, and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalization into violent extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(10), 1-32.
  • von Lautz, Y., Bösing, E., Kart, M., Stein, M. (2024). Influences of discrimination and stigmatization on secondary and tertiary level P/CVE efforts. Journal for Deradicalization, 38, 122-164.
  • Walkenhorst, D., Ruf, M. (2021). Violent ego-centered sovereignism as a global threat? The case of the German “Reichsbürger” and implications for P/CVE research. In F. Atamuradova ve S. Zeiger (Eds), Researching the evolution of countering violent extremism (pp. 223-241). https://hedayah.com/app/uploads/2021/09/Full-Edited-Volume-RC2019.pdf
  • Wallace, R., Tolley, E., Vonk, M. (2021). Multicuturalism policy index: Immigrant minority policies. Kingston: The Multiculturalism Policy Index Project, Queen’s University. https://www.queensu.ca/mcp/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213–220.
  • Weiner, M. (1992/93). Security, stability, and international migration. International Security, 17(3), 91-126.
  • Williams, M. J. (2021). Preventing and countering violent extremism: Designing and evaluating evidence-based programs. Londra, New York: Routledge.
  • Younes, A. E. (2014). A chronicle of a disappearance: Mapping the figure of the Muslim in Berlin’s verfassungsshutz reports (2002-2009). Islamophobia Studies Journal, 2(2), 114-142.
  • Zeiger, S. (2019). International and national frameworks for women, peace and security (WPS). In S. Zeiger, R. Alonso, J. Herrera, L. El Sayed (Eds.) Enhancing women’s roles in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) (pp. 9-21). Amsterdam, Berlin, Washington: IOS Press.

Sınıraşan Göç Kaynaklı Radikalleşme: Riskler ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Stratejiler

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 884 - 911, 29.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1624652

Abstract

Sınıraşan kitlesel göç ve radikalleşme ilişkisi akademik çevrelerde ve siyaset alanında artan bir şekilde dikkat çeken bir alan hâline gelmiştir. Bu ilişki göçün yönetilmesi ve sosyal uyum çabalarının geliştirilmesini özellikle yoğun göç akımlarından nasibini alan ülkeler için zorunlu hâle getirmektedir. Öte yandan, bu çalışma, göçün radikalleşmeye yol açabileceği gibi doğrusal ve zorunlu bir ilişkinin kabulünden değil, yönetilemediği takdirde potansiyel riskler barındırdığı varsayımı üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Nihayetinde çalışmanın amacı, potansiyel risklerin nasıl yönetilebileceğini kuramsal bir çerçeve, saha uygulamaları ve örnekleriyle birlikte ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu çalışmada karşılaştırmalı vaka çalışması yöntemi kullanılarak Kanada ve Almanya örnekleri incelenmiş ve çalışmanın konusu bağlamında benzerlik ve farklılıklar ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu örnekler, farklı kıtalarda bulunmaları, farklı göç grupları ve farklı yönetim felsefeleriyle tartışmanın derinliğini sağlamak amacıyla çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Göç ve radikalleşme ilişkisinin yönetilmesi kapsamında, merkezi politika ve yerel uygulamalar ile risk gruplarına yönelik alternatif çözümler üretilmesi ve bu süreçte aktör çeşitliliğinin artırılması ön plana çıkmaktadır. Başka bir deyişle, öncelikler listesinin başında her durumda uygulanabilir tek bir politika ve programdan ziyade radikalleşme süreçlerine yönelik yerel ihtiyaçlara odaklanan farklı programların geliştirilmesi, bunların devlet tarafından dengeli ve istikrarlı biçimde finanse edilmesi, radikalleşmeyle mücadelede sivil toplumun katılım ve desteğinin sağlanması, sahadan doğru verilerin toplanması ve sonuçların bilimsel yöntemlerle ölçülmesi gibi unsurlar yer almaktadır.

References

  • Abadan Unat, N. (2017). Bitmeyen göç: Konuk işçilikten ulus ötesi yurttaşlığa. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Ager, A., Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies 21(2), 166–191.
  • Ahmad, F. (2020). The securitization of Muslim civil society in Canada (115-133). D. Silva, M. Deflem (ed.) Radicalization and counter-radicalization, Emerald Publishing.
  • Altan, H. N., Budak, M. M. (2023). İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Almanya göç politikalarının dönüşümü. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 1409-1423.
  • Andrews, S. (2022). Gendered perspectives on preventing violent extremism: Women and ‘prevent’. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
  • Ashour, O. (2011). Online de-radicalization? Countering violent extremist narratives: Messages, messenger and media strategy. Perspectives on Terrorism, 4 (6), 15-19.
  • Banting, K. (2022). Multiculturalism policy in Canada. E. A. Lindquist, A. S. B. Hryniuk, & P. G. Smith (Eds.), Policy success in Canada (pp. 183-205). Oxford University Press.
  • Bayraklı, E., Keskin, K. (2017). Avrupa’nın mülteci krizi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 12(2), 115-136.
  • Bélanger, J., Moyano, M., Muhammad, H., Richardson, L., Lafrenière, M. A., Mccaffery, P., Framand, K., Nociti, N. (2019). Radicalization leading to violence: A test of the 3N model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-12.
  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 46(1), 5-68.
  • Bilginer, O. (2018). Direniş siyaseti: Direnme hakkı ve siyasal direniş. Toplum ve Bilim, 143 (1), 93-124.
  • Bilginer, O. (2023). Göçmenler, demokratik yurttaşlık ve insan hakları. İnsan Hareketliliği Uluslararası Dergisi, 3(1), 50-65.
  • Briggs, R., Feve, S. (2013). Review of programs to counter narratives of violent extremism. Londra: Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
  • Buzan, B. Waever, O., de Wilde, J. (1997). Security: A new framework for analysis. Londra: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Calgary Police Service. (2025). ReDirect. https://www.calgary.ca/cps/youth-programs-and-resources/youth-intervention/redirect.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Canada’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy (2013). Building resilience against terrorism https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rslnc-gnst-trrrsm/rslnc-gnst-trrrsm-eng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2025).
  • Caplan, G (1964). Principles of preventive psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
  • Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the field. Home Office Online Report 29/03. Londra: Home Office.
  • Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence (CPRLV). (2023). Annual report. https://info-radical.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CPRMNV_RA23_ENG_1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence (CPRLV). (2025). https://info-radical.org/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • CityNews Toronto. (2022, March 19). Pepper spray used in attack on mosque in Mississauga. CityNews Toronto. https://toronto.citynews.ca/2022/03/19/mississauga-mosque-pepper-spray/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Clinton, W. J. (1995). Remarks to the Canadian Parliament in Ottowa. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-canadian-parliament-ottawa (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Clubb, G., Koehler, D., Schewe, J., O’Connor, R. (2021). Selling de-radicalisation: Managing the media framing of countering violent extremism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Dawson, L. (2014). How does a Canadian teen turn into a terrorist?. University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/state-of-the-university/2014/accessible/research/global-security/how-does-a-canadian-teen-turn-into-a-terrorist.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Demir, C. K. (2017). Sebeplerinden mücadele yöntemlerine etnik ayrılıkçı terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Demireva, N. (2021). Briefing: Immigration, diversity and social cohesion. The Migration Observatory. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Briefing-Immigration-Diversity-and-Social-Cohesion.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 30.08.2022).
  • Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F.M., Kruglanski, A.W., de Wolf, A., Mann, L. Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79-84.
  • Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S. (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships. American Psychologist, 72 (3), 289-300.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2021). Suriyeliler barometresi: Suriyelilerle uyum içinde yaşamın çerçevesi (SB-2020). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
  • Fergusson, J., Ahmed, K. (2017). Canada’s national counterterrorism strategy and challenges of community based intervention in countering radicalization. S. N. Romaniuk, F.Grice, D.Irrera, S.Webb (ed.), The Palgrave handbook of global counterterrorism policy (195-222). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fischer, P., Haslam, S. A., Smith, L. (2010). “If you wrong us, shall we not revenge?” Social identity salience moderates support for retaliation in response to collective threat. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(2), 143–150.
  • Focus Canada. (2024). Canadian public opinion about immigration and refugees. Environics Institute. https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/final-report94fae631-0284-4ba5-b06a-e0aeeab5daf3.pdf?sfvrsn=9f47b717_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
  • Global News. (2023, January 18). Ottawa terrorism arrest involves minor. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10174666/ottawa-terrorism-arrest-minor/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2025).
  • Goga, C. I. (2019). Is migration a risk factor for radicalization? Social and legal instruments for identifying and combating radicalization. Sociology and Social Work Review, 1, 39-47.
  • Government of Canada. (2018). National strategy on countering radicalization to violence. Public Safety Canada. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-strtg-cntrng-rdclztn-vlnc/ntnl-strtg-cntrng-rdclztn-vlnc-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Government of Canada. (2024). Government of Canada announces funding to help counter ideologically motivated violent extremism. Public Safety Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2024/03/government-of-canada-announces-funding-to-help-counter-ideologically-motivated-violent-extremism0.html.(Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2025). Uyum hakkında. https://www.goc.gov.tr/uyum-hakkinda (Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2025).
  • Hafez, M., Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958-975.
  • Harris, K. (2020, March). Canada shares expertise with Germany on successfully integrating immigrants. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mendocino-immigration-settlement-services-1.5484192 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Hof, T. (2018). From extremism to terrorism: The radicalisation of the far right in Italy and West Germany. Contemporary European History, 27(3), 412–431.
  • House of Commons. (June 2022). The rise of ideologically motivated violent extremism in Canada: Report of the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/parl/xc76-1/XC76-1-1-441-6-eng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Hynie, M. (2018). Refugee integration: Research and policy. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(3), 265-276.
  • Ihlamur-Öner, S. G. (2019). Delinking the migration-terrorism nexus: Strategies for the de-securitization of migration. Perceptions, 24 (2-3), 195-224.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2024). Migration and migrants: A global overview. In M. McAuliffe & L.A. Oucho (Eds.), World Migration Report 2024 (pp. 1-45). IOM.
  • Kelley, N., Trebilcock, M. (2010). The making of the mosaic: A history of Canadian immigration policy. University of Toronto Press.
  • Koehler, D. (2017). Understanding deradicalization: Methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism. New York: Routledge.
  • Koehler, D. (2021). Deradicalisation in Germany: Preventing and countering violent extremism. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 128, 59-78.
  • Koehler, D., Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing what to do: Academic and practitioner understanding of how to counter violent radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13 (3), 44-62.
  • Koller, S. (2019). Reintegration of returnees from Syria and Iraq. German Council on Foreign Relations. https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/reintegration-returnees-syria-and-iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2024).
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand. M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., Gunaratna, R. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: how significance quest impacts violent extremism. Advances in Political Psychology, 35, 69-93.
  • Leger. (2023). Immigration plan: Survey of Canadians. https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Leger-X-CP_Immigration-Plan.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2025). Lenos, S. Haanstra,W., Keltjens, M., Van de Donk, M. (2017). RAN polarisation management manual. RAN Centre of Excellence. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/pages/page/ran-polarisation-management-manual-amsterdam-06-july-2017_en (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20 (3), 415-433.
  • McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model, American Psychologist, 72 (3), 205-216.
  • McGuinness, D. (2024, December 11). Germany's one million Syrians at centre of fierce debate over their future. BBC News in Berlin. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7kxn6p878o (Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2024).
  • Nanos Research. (2024). Two in three Canadians say Canada should accept fewer immigrants in 2025 than in 2024. https://nanos.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024-2670-CTV-Aug-Populated-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Neitzert, A., Miguel Müller, N. Lux, C. (2024). Gibt es einen Nexus zwischen Migration und Radikalisierung? Eine wissenschaftliche Spurensuche. Nürnberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ).
  • Neumann, P. R. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs, 89 (4), 873-893.
  • Norris, F.H., Stevens, S.P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K.F., Pfefferbaum, R.L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127-150.
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2022). Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Pastuovic, M. H. Wylie, G. (2024). Challenging the youth assumptions behind P/CVE: Acknowledging older extremists. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2024.2380547.
  • Perspektif. (2024, 17 Aralık). ‘BAMF: ‘Radikalleşme ve Göç Kökenlilik Arasında Bir Bağlantı Yok’. Perspektif. https://perspektif.eu/2024/12/17/bamf-radikallesme-ve-goc-kokenlilik-arasinda-bir-baglanti-yok/ (Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2024).
  • Public Safety Canada. (2018). Kanishka Project. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/r-nd-flght-182/knshk/index-en.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025).
  • Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN) (2017). RAN Handbook on CVE/PVE training programmes. Guidance for trainers and policy-makers. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/913c709f-9673-467f-96c9-fc5426afb602_en?filename=ran_wb_vrwe_skopje_28-29062022_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 11. 11. 2024).
  • Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) (2024). National and regional networks focusing on P/CVE across the EU. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b70fc126-5856-498b-a5c6-abb5d88299b3_en?filename=ran_national_regional_networks_focusing_on_P-CVE_across_EU_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2024).
  • Reuters. (2024, February 2). Trudeau condemns mosque attack, says Islamophobia has no place in Canada. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trudeau-condemns-mosque-attack-says-islamophobia-has-no-place-canada-2024-02-02/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2025).
  • Said, B. T., Fouad H. (2018). Countering Islamist radicalisation in Germany: A guide to Germany’s growing prevention infrastructure. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague. https://icct.nl/publication/countering-islamist-radicalisation-germany-guide-germanys-growing-prevention (Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2024)
  • Schmeidl, S. 2002. (Human) security dilemmas: Long-term implications of the Afghan refugee crisis. Third World Quarterly, 23(1), 7-29.
  • Schmid, A. P. (2016). Links between terrorism and migration. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. https://icct.nl/app/uploads/2016/05/Alex-P.-Schmid-Links-between-Terrorism-and-Migration-1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (2024a). Population: Migration and integration. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/_node.html. (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024).
  • Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (2024b). Migration and Integration: Foreign population by selected citizenships and years. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/foreigner-citizenship-time-serie.html. (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024)
  • Stephens, W., Sieckelinck, S. (2020). Being resilient to radicalisation in PVE policy: A critical examination. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 13(1), 142-165.
  • Sude, C., Stebbins, D., Weilant S. (2015). Lessening the risk of refugee radicalization: Lessons for the Middle East from the past crises. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE166.html (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022).
  • Şimşek, D. (2018). Mülteci entegrasyonu, göç politikaları ve sosyal sınıf: Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteciler örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 40(2), 367-392.
  • The Economist. (October 2016). Liberty moves north. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2016/10/29/liberty-moves-north (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • The Federal Government (2016). The federal government strategy to prevent extremism and promote democracy. https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/115448/cc142d640b37b7dd76e48b8fd9178cc5/strategie-der-bundesregierung-zur-extremismuspraevention-und-demokratiefoerderung-englisch-data.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2025).
  • Trebilcock, M. (2019). The puzzle of Canadian exceptionalism in contemporary immigration policy. International Migration & Integration, 20(4), 823–849.
  • Triadafilopoulos, T. (2004). Building walls, bounding nations: Migration and exclusion in Canada and Germany, 1870–1939. Journal of Historical Sociology, 17, 385-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00238.x
  • Triadafilopoulos, T. (2012). Becoming multicultural: Immigration and the politics of membership in Canada and Germany. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2024). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2024).
  • U.S. Department of Justice (2015). Radicalization and violent extremism: Lessons learned from Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249947.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Vardar, N. (2015, 8 Eylül). Mülteci, göçmen, sığınmacı arasındaki farklar? Bianet. https://bianet.org/yazi/multeci-gocmen-siginmaci-arasindaki-farklar-167434 (Erişim tarihi: 05.09.2022).
  • Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., Ilbahar, E., Barton, G. (2018). “The three Ps of radicalization: Push, pull, and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalization into violent extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(10), 1-32.
  • von Lautz, Y., Bösing, E., Kart, M., Stein, M. (2024). Influences of discrimination and stigmatization on secondary and tertiary level P/CVE efforts. Journal for Deradicalization, 38, 122-164.
  • Walkenhorst, D., Ruf, M. (2021). Violent ego-centered sovereignism as a global threat? The case of the German “Reichsbürger” and implications for P/CVE research. In F. Atamuradova ve S. Zeiger (Eds), Researching the evolution of countering violent extremism (pp. 223-241). https://hedayah.com/app/uploads/2021/09/Full-Edited-Volume-RC2019.pdf
  • Wallace, R., Tolley, E., Vonk, M. (2021). Multicuturalism policy index: Immigrant minority policies. Kingston: The Multiculturalism Policy Index Project, Queen’s University. https://www.queensu.ca/mcp/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213–220.
  • Weiner, M. (1992/93). Security, stability, and international migration. International Security, 17(3), 91-126.
  • Williams, M. J. (2021). Preventing and countering violent extremism: Designing and evaluating evidence-based programs. Londra, New York: Routledge.
  • Younes, A. E. (2014). A chronicle of a disappearance: Mapping the figure of the Muslim in Berlin’s verfassungsshutz reports (2002-2009). Islamophobia Studies Journal, 2(2), 114-142.
  • Zeiger, S. (2019). International and national frameworks for women, peace and security (WPS). In S. Zeiger, R. Alonso, J. Herrera, L. El Sayed (Eds.) Enhancing women’s roles in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) (pp. 9-21). Amsterdam, Berlin, Washington: IOS Press.
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Migration
Journal Section Political Science and International Relations
Authors

Cenker Korhan Demir 0000-0001-8016-7123

Pelin Aliyev 0000-0003-2466-2132

Onur Bilginer 0000-0001-9956-2860

Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date January 21, 2025
Acceptance Date April 2, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demir, C. K., Aliyev, P., & Bilginer, O. (2025). Sınıraşan Göç Kaynaklı Radikalleşme: Riskler ve Yönetilmesine Yönelik Stratejiler. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 884-911. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1624652