Abstract
Purpose: This review study addresses athlete education and development programs through a multidimensional approach, examining the individual, cognitive, social, and ethical development processes of athletes.
Method: For this purpose, the scanning model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The theoretical foundations of athlete education are evaluated within the frameworks of behaviorist, cognitive, constructivist, humanistic, and social learning theories.
Results: It is emphasized that the educational process varies according to age groups, and educational approaches are shaped in line with the developmental characteristics from childhood to adulthood. The qualifications and roles of educators are among the key determinants in ensuring the continuity of athlete development. The Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model is used to systematically address critical periods in the transition from grassroots to elite level, talent development centers, and athlete monitoring and evaluation processes. Furthermore, the role of education throughout the athletic life cycle, its contribution to talent identification and development, and its multidimensional impact on athlete growth are examined. Ethical value acquisition and career planning are also highlighted as fundamental elements in athlete education. This comprehensive approach reveals the need for a holistic educational model that supports athlete development.
Conclusion: In conclusion, athlete education is a multifaceted process that requires structured programs to support an individual’s physical, mental, and ethical development. Successful and sustainable athlete development is only possible through a planned, theoretically grounded, and holistic educational approach throughout the athletic life cycle.
Keywords
Athlete Development Sports Education Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) Holistic Training Approach
References
- Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2004). Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and practice in talent identification and development: Considering the role of psychology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(5), 395–408.
- Alpay, N. (2021). Sporun yaygınlaşmasının gelişmeye etkileri: Bir inceleme. Bilge Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), 33–44.
- Altan, A., & Aytar Sever, E. (2025). The use and effects of digital technologies in fitness center interiors. International Journal of Physical Education Sport and Technologies, 6(1), 18–29.
- Arthur, C. A., Hardy, L., & Woodman, T. (2012). Leadership in sport: A review and implications for research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.631026.
- Açıkkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: Hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor? Hacettepe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 84–100.
- Bailey, R., Collins, D., Ford, P., MacNamara, Á., Toms, M., & Pearce, G. (2010). Participant development in sport: An academic review. Sports Coach UK.
- Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (2004). Long-term athlete development: Trainability in childhood and adolescence. Windows of opportunity. Optimal trainability. National Coaching Institute British Columbia & Advanced Training and Performance Ltd.
- Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2013). Long-term athlete development. Human Kinetics.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Bloom, B. S. (1985). Developing talent in young people. Ballantine Books.
- Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. G. (2009). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training (5th ed.). Human Kinetics.
- Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004.
- Cassidy, T., Jones, R. L., & Potrac, P. (2008). Understanding sports coaching: The social, cultural and pedagogical foundations of coaching practice. Routledge.
- Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417.
- Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. In P. Crocker (Ed.), Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 266–294). Pearson.
- Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 307–323.
- Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(1), 51–65.
- Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 184–202). Wiley.
- Çepni, S. (2007). Araştırma ve proje çalışmalarına giriş (Genişletilmiş Üçüncü Baskı). Trabzon: Celepler Matbaacılık.
- Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40.
- Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. D. (2012). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. McGraw-Hill.
- Jones, R. L., Armour, K. M., & Potrac, P. (2004). Sports coaching cultures: From practice to theory. Routledge.
- Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Koçak, F., Yaşar-Sönmez, B., & Doğusan, S. N. (2023). Türkiye’de çift kariyer yolunda öğrenci sporcular: Eğitim mi spor mu ikilemi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 243–263.
- Lavallee, D., & Wylleman, P. (2000). Career transitions in sport: International perspectives. Fitness Information Technology.
- Lumpkin, A., Stoll, S. K., & Beller, J. M. (2012). Sport ethics: Applications for fair play (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Lyle, J. (2002). Sports coaching concepts: A framework for coaches’ behaviour. Routledge.
- Martindale, R. J. J., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 57(4), 353–375.
- Martindale, R. J. J., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2007). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 59(4), 353–375.
- Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
- Nelson, L., Cushion, C., & Potrac, P. (2006). Formal, nonformal and informal coach learning: A holistic conceptualisation. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1(3), 247–259.
- Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15(1), 1–12.
- Sarıipek, S., & Sarıipek Demir, A. (2023). Sosyal turizmin engelliler ve ailelerinin üzerindeki etkisi: Erdek’te bir uygulama. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 610–627. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2023.1343
- Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Macmillan.
- Stambulova, N. (2003). Symptoms of a crisis-transition: A grounded theory study. High Ability Studies, 14(2), 165–185.
- Stambulova, N. (2003). Symptoms of a crisis-transition: A grounded theory study. In N. Hassmén (Ed.), SIPF Yearbook 2003 (pp. 97–109). Örebro University.
- Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2009). Talent identification and development programmes in sport: Current models and future directions. Sports Medicine, 39(9), 703–714.
- Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 287–309). Wiley.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
- Wach, E. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis. IDS IDS Practice Paper in Brief, 13. Brighton: IDS.
- Williams, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2000). Talent identification and development in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 657–667.
- Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In M. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 507–527). Fitness Information Technology.
- Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 7–20.
- Yetim, A. (2000). Sporun sosyal görünümü. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 63–72.
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (5. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Abstract
Bu derleme çalışması, sporcu eğitimi ve gelişim programlarını çok boyutlu bir yaklaşımla ele alarak, sporcuların bireysel, bilişsel, sosyal ve etik gelişim süreçlerini incelemektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Sporcu eğitiminin kuramsal temelleri; davranışçı, bilişsel, yapılandırmacı, insancıl ve sosyal öğrenme kuramları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Eğitim sürecinin yaş gruplarına göre farklılık gösterdiği; çocukluktan yetişkinliğe kadar değişen dönemsel özellikler doğrultusunda eğitim yaklaşımlarının şekillendiği vurgulanmaktadır. Eğiticilerin nitelikleri ve rolleri, sporcu gelişiminin sürekliliğinde temel belirleyiciler arasında yer almaktadır. Uzun Vadeli Sporcu Gelişim Modeli (LTAD) ile altyapıdan elit seviyeye geçişte kritik dönemler, yetenek gelişim merkezleri ve sporcu izleme-değerlendirme süreçleri sistematik bir biçimde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, spor yaşam döngüsü boyunca eğitimin rolü, yetenek seçimi ve gelişimi ile eğitimin sporcuya olan çok boyutlu katkısı incelenmiştir. Etik değerlerin kazandırılması ve kariyer planlamasının da sporcu eğitiminde temel unsurlar olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu kapsamlı yaklaşım, sporcu gelişimini destekleyen bütüncül bir eğitim modeline ihtiyaç olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sporcu eğitimi çok yönlü bir süreç olup, bireyin fiziksel, zihinsel ve etik gelişimini destekleyen yapılandırılmış programlara ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Başarılı ve sürdürülebilir sporcu gelişimi, yaşam döngüsü boyunca planlı, kuramsal temelli ve bütüncül bir eğitim yaklaşımıyla mümkündür.
Ethical Statement
Çalışma derleme türünde olduğundan dolayı etik kurul kararı alınmamıştır.
References
- Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2004). Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and practice in talent identification and development: Considering the role of psychology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(5), 395–408.
- Alpay, N. (2021). Sporun yaygınlaşmasının gelişmeye etkileri: Bir inceleme. Bilge Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), 33–44.
- Altan, A., & Aytar Sever, E. (2025). The use and effects of digital technologies in fitness center interiors. International Journal of Physical Education Sport and Technologies, 6(1), 18–29.
- Arthur, C. A., Hardy, L., & Woodman, T. (2012). Leadership in sport: A review and implications for research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.631026.
- Açıkkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: Hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor? Hacettepe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 84–100.
- Bailey, R., Collins, D., Ford, P., MacNamara, Á., Toms, M., & Pearce, G. (2010). Participant development in sport: An academic review. Sports Coach UK.
- Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (2004). Long-term athlete development: Trainability in childhood and adolescence. Windows of opportunity. Optimal trainability. National Coaching Institute British Columbia & Advanced Training and Performance Ltd.
- Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2013). Long-term athlete development. Human Kinetics.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Bloom, B. S. (1985). Developing talent in young people. Ballantine Books.
- Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. G. (2009). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training (5th ed.). Human Kinetics.
- Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004.
- Cassidy, T., Jones, R. L., & Potrac, P. (2008). Understanding sports coaching: The social, cultural and pedagogical foundations of coaching practice. Routledge.
- Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417.
- Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. In P. Crocker (Ed.), Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 266–294). Pearson.
- Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(3), 307–323.
- Côté, J., & Hancock, D. J. (2016). Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(1), 51–65.
- Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 184–202). Wiley.
- Çepni, S. (2007). Araştırma ve proje çalışmalarına giriş (Genişletilmiş Üçüncü Baskı). Trabzon: Celepler Matbaacılık.
- Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40.
- Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. D. (2012). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. McGraw-Hill.
- Jones, R. L., Armour, K. M., & Potrac, P. (2004). Sports coaching cultures: From practice to theory. Routledge.
- Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Koçak, F., Yaşar-Sönmez, B., & Doğusan, S. N. (2023). Türkiye’de çift kariyer yolunda öğrenci sporcular: Eğitim mi spor mu ikilemi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 243–263.
- Lavallee, D., & Wylleman, P. (2000). Career transitions in sport: International perspectives. Fitness Information Technology.
- Lumpkin, A., Stoll, S. K., & Beller, J. M. (2012). Sport ethics: Applications for fair play (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Lyle, J. (2002). Sports coaching concepts: A framework for coaches’ behaviour. Routledge.
- Martindale, R. J. J., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 57(4), 353–375.
- Martindale, R. J. J., Collins, D., & Daubney, J. (2007). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 59(4), 353–375.
- Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
- Nelson, L., Cushion, C., & Potrac, P. (2006). Formal, nonformal and informal coach learning: A holistic conceptualisation. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1(3), 247–259.
- Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15(1), 1–12.
- Sarıipek, S., & Sarıipek Demir, A. (2023). Sosyal turizmin engelliler ve ailelerinin üzerindeki etkisi: Erdek’te bir uygulama. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 610–627. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2023.1343
- Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Macmillan.
- Stambulova, N. (2003). Symptoms of a crisis-transition: A grounded theory study. High Ability Studies, 14(2), 165–185.
- Stambulova, N. (2003). Symptoms of a crisis-transition: A grounded theory study. In N. Hassmén (Ed.), SIPF Yearbook 2003 (pp. 97–109). Örebro University.
- Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Williams, A. M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2009). Talent identification and development programmes in sport: Current models and future directions. Sports Medicine, 39(9), 703–714.
- Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 287–309). Wiley.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
- Wach, E. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis. IDS IDS Practice Paper in Brief, 13. Brighton: IDS.
- Williams, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2000). Talent identification and development in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 657–667.
- Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In M. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 507–527). Fitness Information Technology.
- Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 7–20.
- Yetim, A. (2000). Sporun sosyal görünümü. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 63–72.
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (5. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Activity Management |
| Journal Section | Derlemeler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | May 19, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 2, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 |
Spor Bilimleri alanındaki çalışmaları içeren hakemli dergi olarak yayımlanan Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi'nin Eylül 2025'te çıkacak olan sayısı için dergimizin kapsamı dahilinde olan konularla ilgili özgün araştırma ve derleme türünde makaleler kabul edilecektir. Bu anlamda ilgili sayı için makaleler 2025 yılının Ağustos ayı sonuna kadar gönderilebilir.
Bilgilerinize sunulur.
Editör
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tarkan HAVADAR