Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

İÇ SAVAŞ GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNİ NASIL ETKİLER? YEMEN ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 31, 59 - 84, 27.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.003

Abstract

Bu makale, Yemen'deki iç savaşın şiddetli gıda güvensizliği üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yemen'deki çatışmalar, ekonomik çöküş, tarımsal üretim kaybı ve altyapı tahribatı ile gıda güvenliği sorunlarını derinleştirmiştir. Savaş ekonomisi, kaynakları sivillerin ihtiyaçlarından uzaklaştırarak çatışma harcamalarını öncelik haline getirmiştir. Enflasyonun artması ve para birimi değer kaybı, gıda fiyatlarını yükseltmiş ve yoksulluğu daha da derinleştirmiştir. İnsani yardım çabaları ise sınırlı erişim, siyasi müdahaleler ve finansman eksiklikleri ile karşı karşıyadır. Makale, insani yardımların arttırılması, tarımsal kapasitenin yeniden inşa edilmesi ve ekonomik istikrarın sağlanması gibi uzun vadeli çözümler önererek, özellikle kadınlar ve çocuklar gibi savunmasız grupların ihtiyaçlarına dikkat çekmektedir. Uluslararası iş birliğinin önemine vurgu yaparak, Yemen'deki gıda krizinin çözülmesine yönelik koordinasyon çağrısı yapmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

This research was produced from the master's thesis titled “The Impact of Yemen’s Civil War on Food Security From 2015 to 2024” prepared by Zaid Saad Ali Alhamid Alali under the supervision of Asst. Prof. Dr. Pelin Aliyev in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Hasan Kalyoncu University.

References

  • Abdullah, A. T., Hassen, J., Abdullah, A. A., & Ağırbaşlı, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in the midst of civil war: Planetary health and plant omics fields notes from Aden, Yemen. OMICS, 24(12), 685-687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0182
  • ACLED. (2024). Saudi-led Coalition. ACLED. Retrieved July 4, 2024, from https://acleddata.com/yemen-conflict-observatory/actor-profiles/saudi-led-coalition/
  • Action Against Hunger (ACF). (2019, September). Hunger used as a weapon of war in Yemen, experts say. Action Against Hunger. Retrieved June 11, 2024, from https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/hunger-used-weapon-war-yemen-experts-say/
  • ACLED. (2024). Saudi-led Coalition. ACLED. Retrieved June 1, 2024, from https://acleddata.com/yemen-conflict-observatory/actor-profiles/saudi-led-coalition/
  • Aghajanian, A., & Mele, G. (2023). Economic consequences of the war in Yemen: from macroeconomic shocks to microeconomic pain. World Bank Blogs. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/arabvoices/economic-consequences-war-yemen-macroeconomic-shocks-microeconomic-pain
  • Al-Qaoud, H. (January 2024). Red Sea crisis risks throwing Yemen into ‘humanitarian abyss’. The New Humanitarian. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2024/01/25/red-sea-crisis-yemen-humanitarian-aid-needs
  • Aljazeera. (2023). Yemen’s Houthis heading to Riyadh for ceasefire talks with Saudi Arabia. Aljazeera. Retrieved September 7, 2024, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/yemens-houthi-rebels-heading-to-riyadh-for-talks-with-saudi-officials
  • Amnesty International. (2014). Yemen: Violent crushing of protest signals alarming escalation in standoff with Huthis. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/09/yemen-violent-crushing-protest-signals-alarming-escalation-standoff-huthis/
  • Anaam, F. M. (2021). Challenges and difficulties of internally displaced people of Yemen amid Covid-19. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 3(4), 21-30.
  • BBC. (2023). Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent? BBC. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423
  • Bcheraoui, C. E. (2018). Health in Yemen: Losing ground in war time. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0354-9
  • Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2009). Climate and conflict. Annual Review of Economics, 1, 123-148. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.142942
  • Central Statistical Organization, The Pan Arab Program for Family Health, & ICF International. (2015). Yemen demographic and health survey (DHS). Central Statistical Organization.
  • Dunbar, C. (1992). The Unification of Yemen: Process, politics, and prospects. Middle East Journal, 46(3), 456-476.
  • Elayah, M., & Matilda, F. (2021). Humanitarian aid and war economies: The case of Yemen. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 52, 75-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.16.1.52
  • European Commission. (2024). Yemen profile. European Commission.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2017). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021. Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. Rome: FAO. FAO, IOM, ARK, ACAPS, & Join SDG-fund. (2023). Food affordability in conflict-torn Yemen in light of the Ukraine war. FAO.
  • FAO. (2018). Yemen plan of action. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2019). Emergency livelihoods response plan. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2020). Yemen shocks, agricultural livelihoods and food security. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2023, May). Country briefs: Yemen. Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • FAO. (November 1996). Report of the world food summit. 13-17 November 1996. Rome. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/4/w3548e/w3548e00.htm
  • Favari, E., Krishhnaswamy, S. Tandon, S., Aghajanian, A., & Almoayad, S. (2023). Surviving in the time of war: How and why well-being is evolving in the conflict in Yemen. World Food Programme, World Bank Group, Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement.
  • Findley, M. G. (2018). Does foreign aid build peace? Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 359-384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015516
  • Fox, K. (2018, November). 85,000 children under 5 may have died of starvation in Yemen war. CNN World. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/20/middleeast/yemen-children-starvation-death-intl/index.html
  • George, J., Adelaja, A., and Weatherspoon, D. (2020). Armed conflicts and food insecurity: Evidence from Boko Haram’s attacks. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 102(1): 114-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaz039
  • Harvey, P., Stoddard, A., Czwarno, M., & Breckenridge, M. J. (2022, March). Humanitarian access SCORE report: Yemen. Yemen: Humanitarian Outcomes.
  • Hassan, R. A. A. (2024). Inflation in Yemen: A threat to stability and development. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(9), 312-321.
  • Hendrix, C. & Brinkman, H. J. (2013). Food insecurity and conflict dynamics: Causal linkages and complex feedbacks. Stability International Journal of Security & Development, 2(2), 1-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.bm
  • HeRAMS. (2023). HeRAMS Yemen baseline report 2023: Communicable disease services. World Health Organization. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/herams-yemen-baseline-report-2023-communicable-disease-services
  • Hill, G. (2017, September). Yemen endures: Civil war, Saudi adventurism and the future of Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Huddleston, R. J. (2021). Functional markets in Yemen’s war economy. Illicit Economies and Development, 1(1), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.71
  • Imperial War Museums. (2018). Yemen: Inside a crisis - food. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/yemen-inside-a-crisis-food-security
  • International Organization for Migration. (2015). The task force on population movement report. Reliefweb. https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task-force-population-movement-report-25-million-idps-result-conflict-yemen-enar
  • Islam, Z., Kokash, D. M., Babar, M. S., Uday, U., Hasan, M. M., Rackimuthu, S., Essar, M. Y., & Nemat, A. (2021). Food security, conflict, and COVID-19: Perspective from Afghanistan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 106(1), 21–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1058
  • Kabbani, N. (2005). Survey results on hunger and food insecurity in Yemen. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 7. Middle East Economic Association and Loyola University Chicago.
  • Koren, O., & Bagozzi, B. E. (2017). Living off the land: The connection between cropland, food security, and violence against civilians. Journal of Peace Research, 54(3), 351–364.
  • Lackner, H. (2019). Yemen in Crisis. London: VERSO.
  • Lopour, J. (2017, May 24). Yemen, water, conflict and cholera. (CIGI, Interviewer). Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/yemen-water-conflict-and-cholera/
  • Messer, E. & Cohen, M. J. (2023). Conflict, food insecurity, and globalization: An update 20 years on. Advances in Food Security and Sustainability, 8, 287-345.
  • Mitchell, D., Hudson, D., Post, R., Bell, P., & Williams, R. B. (2015). Food security and conflict. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization, 15, 211-225. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1574-871520150000015022
  • Mokdad, A. (2016). The Global burden of disease: A critical resource for informed policy making in the Gulf region. Journal of Health Specification, 21(4), 238-245.
  • Mounassar, H. (2012). Yemen's Saleh formally steps down after 33 years. AFP. Retrieved September 4, 2024 from https://en.hdhod.com/Yemen-s-Saleh-formally-steps-down-after-33-years_a8311.html
  • Mukhashaf, M. (2015, July 15). Saudi-backed Yemen forces take Aden port from Houthis: Residents. Reuters. Retrieved September 3, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/saudi-backed-yemen-forces-take-aden-port-from-houthis-residents-idUSKCN0PP16I/
  • Mundy, M. (2017). The war on Yemen and its agricultural sector. Middle East Journal of Agriculture, 2(3), 42-56.
  • Nasser, A. (2022, October). The Flaws and failures of international humanitarian aid to Yemen. The Yemen Observer, 6(10), 15-25.
  • Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). (2024). Strengthening the humanitarian response in Yemen – event communiqué. NRC.
  • Nowegian Refugee Council (NRC). (2020, July). Yemen: Hunger crisis accelerating under Covid-19. Norwegian Refugee Council.
  • Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2014). Yemen humanitarian needs overview 2014. OCHA.
  • Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2023, January). UN Humanitarian chief: Access constraints widespread in Yemen. OCHA.
  • OXFAM. (2019). Yemen’s shattered food economy and its desperate toll on women. OXFAM.
  • OXFAM. (2021, February). Nearly 40 per cent of Yemen families forced into debt to pay for essentials – Oxfam. OXFAM.
  • OXFAM. (2024). Daily life, a struggle for survival in Yemen. OXFAM.
  • Polgeonow. (2023). Yemen control map & report - March 2023. Political Geography Now.
  • Rahmat, Z. S., Islam, Z. & Mohanan, P. (2022, June). Food insecurity during COVID-19 in Yemen. American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 106(6), 1723-1731.
  • Ratcliffe, R. (2017). Yemen conflict: human rights groups urge inquiry into Saudi coalition abuses. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from
  • Reuters. (2024). Houthi attacks on shipping in Red Sea persist; U.S. and allies strike back. Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/houthi-attacks-shipping-red-sea-persist-us-allies-strike-back-2024-01-12/
  • Reuters. (August 2023). UN security staff released in Yemen after 18 months in captivity. Reuters. Retrieved September 5, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-staff-released-yemen-after-18-months-captivity-2023-08-11/#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%2C%20Aug%2011%20(Reuters,United%20Nations%20said%20on%20Friday.
  • Robinson, K. (2023). Yemen’s tragedy: War, stalemate, and suffering. Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Roy, E. (2022). The UN-Mediated truce in Yemen: Impacts of the First Two Months. ACLED. https://acleddata.com/2022/06/14/the-un-mediated-truce-in-yemen-impacts-of-the-first-two-months/
  • Rudolfsen, I., Bartusevičius, H., Leeuwen, F. V., & Østby, G. (2024) War and food insecurity in Ukraine. World Development, 180. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106647
  • Salem, M., & Kolirin, L. (2022). Saudi-led coalition and Houthis agree on truce in Yemen, raising hopes for the ‘start of a better future’. CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/07/middleeast/yemen-presidential-council-intl
  • Sandwell, Y. I. (2019). History of Yemen. Yemeni Community Association in Sandwell Limited.
  • Save The Children. (2023, September). Humanitarian aid in Yemen slashed by over 60% in five years. Save The Children. Retrieved September 10, 2024 from https://legacy.savethechildren.net/news/humanitarian-aid-yemen-slashed-over-60-five-years
  • Scanlan, S. J. & Jenkins, J. C. (2001). Military power and food security: A cross-national analysis of less-developed countries, 1970–1990. International Studies Quarterly, 45(1): 159–187.
  • Stansfield, G. R. (2008). The 1995-96 Yemen-Eritrea conflict over the Islands of Hanish and Jabal Zuqar. Durham Middle East.
  • Teodosijevic, S. B. (2003, June 28). Armed conflicts and food security (ESA Working Paper No. 03‑11). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a‑ae044t.pdf
  • The Guardian. (2020, April). Fighting escalates in Yemen despite coronavirus 'ceasefire'. Retrieved September 4, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/10/fighting-escalates-in-yemen-despite-coronavirus-ceasefire
  • The University of Edinburgh. (2024). Saudi-Yemeni border dispute (1934 - 2000).
  • U.S. Department of State. (2024). Terrorist designation of the Houthis. U.S. Department of State.
  • UNCEF. (2024). Yemen crisis snapshot. UNICEF.
  • UNFPA. (2022). UNFPA humanitarian response in Yemen - 2022. UNFPA.
  • UNHCR. (2024). About the crisis in Yemen. https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/yemen/
  • UNICEF. (2022). Yemen: Food security and nutrition snapshot. UNICEF.
  • United Nations. (1993). World Economic Survey 1993. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations. (2020). UN humanitarian office puts Yemen war dead at 233,000, mostly from ‘indirect causes’. United Nations.
  • United Nations. (2023, April). UN Yemen country results report 2022. United Nations.
  • UNOCHA. (2024, January). Yemen humanitarian response plan 2024. UNOCHA. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.unocha.org/attachments/4eeb830a-e933-487e-b2fb-d3e172c8314f/Yemen_HRP_2024.pdf
  • Wennmann, A., & Davies, F. (2020, October). Economic dimensions of the conflict in Yemen: Final Report. European Union, OCHA, UNDP.
  • WFP & FAO. (2024). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2024. World Food Programme & Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (n.d.). Yemen. Retrieved September 6, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/countries/yemen
  • World Bank. (2023, August 26). What is food security? The World Bank. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update/what-is-food-security
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2014). Comprehensive food security survey. WFP.
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2023, March). Hunger, global food crisis: 10 countries suffering the most from hunger. World Food Program. Retrieved September 7, 2024, from https://www.wfpusa.org/articles/global-food-crisis-10-countries-suffering-the-most-from-hunger/
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2024). WFP. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (n.d.). How does conflict cause hunger? WFP. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/conflict-and-hunger#:~:text=Conflict%20is%20the%20main%20driver,hunger%20levels%20soar%20there%20also
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Yemen situation report number 28. WHO. Retrieved September 12, 2024, from https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/yemen/WHO_Yemen_situation_report_Issue_28_April_2016.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
  • Yemen Health Cluster. (2023). Yemen health culster bulletin. Yemen Health Cluster.
  • Zeith, A. (2023, July). Food security in times of armed conflict. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

HOW DOES CIVIL WAR AFFECT FOOD SECURITY? A CASE OF YEMEN

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 31, 59 - 84, 27.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.003

Abstract

This article aims to examine the impact of the ongoing civil war in Yemen on severe food insecurity. The conflicts in Yemen have deepened food security issues through economic collapse, loss of agricultural production, and the destruction of infrastructure. The war economy has diverted resources away from civilian needs, prioritizing conflict-related expenditures. Rising inflation and currency devaluation have increased food prices and further deepened poverty. Humanitarian efforts, however, face numerous challenges such as limited access, political interference, and lack of funding. The article suggests long-term solutions, such as increasing humanitarian aid, rebuilding agricultural capacity, and restoring economic stability, while highlighting the particular needs of vulnerable groups, including women and children. Emphasizing the importance of international cooperation, it calls for coordinated efforts to address Yemen's food crisis.

References

  • Abdullah, A. T., Hassen, J., Abdullah, A. A., & Ağırbaşlı, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in the midst of civil war: Planetary health and plant omics fields notes from Aden, Yemen. OMICS, 24(12), 685-687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0182
  • ACLED. (2024). Saudi-led Coalition. ACLED. Retrieved July 4, 2024, from https://acleddata.com/yemen-conflict-observatory/actor-profiles/saudi-led-coalition/
  • Action Against Hunger (ACF). (2019, September). Hunger used as a weapon of war in Yemen, experts say. Action Against Hunger. Retrieved June 11, 2024, from https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/hunger-used-weapon-war-yemen-experts-say/
  • ACLED. (2024). Saudi-led Coalition. ACLED. Retrieved June 1, 2024, from https://acleddata.com/yemen-conflict-observatory/actor-profiles/saudi-led-coalition/
  • Aghajanian, A., & Mele, G. (2023). Economic consequences of the war in Yemen: from macroeconomic shocks to microeconomic pain. World Bank Blogs. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/arabvoices/economic-consequences-war-yemen-macroeconomic-shocks-microeconomic-pain
  • Al-Qaoud, H. (January 2024). Red Sea crisis risks throwing Yemen into ‘humanitarian abyss’. The New Humanitarian. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2024/01/25/red-sea-crisis-yemen-humanitarian-aid-needs
  • Aljazeera. (2023). Yemen’s Houthis heading to Riyadh for ceasefire talks with Saudi Arabia. Aljazeera. Retrieved September 7, 2024, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/yemens-houthi-rebels-heading-to-riyadh-for-talks-with-saudi-officials
  • Amnesty International. (2014). Yemen: Violent crushing of protest signals alarming escalation in standoff with Huthis. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/09/yemen-violent-crushing-protest-signals-alarming-escalation-standoff-huthis/
  • Anaam, F. M. (2021). Challenges and difficulties of internally displaced people of Yemen amid Covid-19. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 3(4), 21-30.
  • BBC. (2023). Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent? BBC. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423
  • Bcheraoui, C. E. (2018). Health in Yemen: Losing ground in war time. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0354-9
  • Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2009). Climate and conflict. Annual Review of Economics, 1, 123-148. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.142942
  • Central Statistical Organization, The Pan Arab Program for Family Health, & ICF International. (2015). Yemen demographic and health survey (DHS). Central Statistical Organization.
  • Dunbar, C. (1992). The Unification of Yemen: Process, politics, and prospects. Middle East Journal, 46(3), 456-476.
  • Elayah, M., & Matilda, F. (2021). Humanitarian aid and war economies: The case of Yemen. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 52, 75-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.16.1.52
  • European Commission. (2024). Yemen profile. European Commission.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2017). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO. (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021. Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. Rome: FAO. FAO, IOM, ARK, ACAPS, & Join SDG-fund. (2023). Food affordability in conflict-torn Yemen in light of the Ukraine war. FAO.
  • FAO. (2018). Yemen plan of action. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2019). Emergency livelihoods response plan. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2020). Yemen shocks, agricultural livelihoods and food security. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2023, May). Country briefs: Yemen. Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • FAO. (November 1996). Report of the world food summit. 13-17 November 1996. Rome. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/4/w3548e/w3548e00.htm
  • Favari, E., Krishhnaswamy, S. Tandon, S., Aghajanian, A., & Almoayad, S. (2023). Surviving in the time of war: How and why well-being is evolving in the conflict in Yemen. World Food Programme, World Bank Group, Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement.
  • Findley, M. G. (2018). Does foreign aid build peace? Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 359-384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015516
  • Fox, K. (2018, November). 85,000 children under 5 may have died of starvation in Yemen war. CNN World. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/20/middleeast/yemen-children-starvation-death-intl/index.html
  • George, J., Adelaja, A., and Weatherspoon, D. (2020). Armed conflicts and food insecurity: Evidence from Boko Haram’s attacks. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 102(1): 114-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaz039
  • Harvey, P., Stoddard, A., Czwarno, M., & Breckenridge, M. J. (2022, March). Humanitarian access SCORE report: Yemen. Yemen: Humanitarian Outcomes.
  • Hassan, R. A. A. (2024). Inflation in Yemen: A threat to stability and development. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(9), 312-321.
  • Hendrix, C. & Brinkman, H. J. (2013). Food insecurity and conflict dynamics: Causal linkages and complex feedbacks. Stability International Journal of Security & Development, 2(2), 1-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.bm
  • HeRAMS. (2023). HeRAMS Yemen baseline report 2023: Communicable disease services. World Health Organization. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/herams-yemen-baseline-report-2023-communicable-disease-services
  • Hill, G. (2017, September). Yemen endures: Civil war, Saudi adventurism and the future of Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Huddleston, R. J. (2021). Functional markets in Yemen’s war economy. Illicit Economies and Development, 1(1), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.71
  • Imperial War Museums. (2018). Yemen: Inside a crisis - food. Imperial War Museums. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/yemen-inside-a-crisis-food-security
  • International Organization for Migration. (2015). The task force on population movement report. Reliefweb. https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task-force-population-movement-report-25-million-idps-result-conflict-yemen-enar
  • Islam, Z., Kokash, D. M., Babar, M. S., Uday, U., Hasan, M. M., Rackimuthu, S., Essar, M. Y., & Nemat, A. (2021). Food security, conflict, and COVID-19: Perspective from Afghanistan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 106(1), 21–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1058
  • Kabbani, N. (2005). Survey results on hunger and food insecurity in Yemen. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 7. Middle East Economic Association and Loyola University Chicago.
  • Koren, O., & Bagozzi, B. E. (2017). Living off the land: The connection between cropland, food security, and violence against civilians. Journal of Peace Research, 54(3), 351–364.
  • Lackner, H. (2019). Yemen in Crisis. London: VERSO.
  • Lopour, J. (2017, May 24). Yemen, water, conflict and cholera. (CIGI, Interviewer). Centre for International Governance Innovation. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/yemen-water-conflict-and-cholera/
  • Messer, E. & Cohen, M. J. (2023). Conflict, food insecurity, and globalization: An update 20 years on. Advances in Food Security and Sustainability, 8, 287-345.
  • Mitchell, D., Hudson, D., Post, R., Bell, P., & Williams, R. B. (2015). Food security and conflict. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization, 15, 211-225. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1574-871520150000015022
  • Mokdad, A. (2016). The Global burden of disease: A critical resource for informed policy making in the Gulf region. Journal of Health Specification, 21(4), 238-245.
  • Mounassar, H. (2012). Yemen's Saleh formally steps down after 33 years. AFP. Retrieved September 4, 2024 from https://en.hdhod.com/Yemen-s-Saleh-formally-steps-down-after-33-years_a8311.html
  • Mukhashaf, M. (2015, July 15). Saudi-backed Yemen forces take Aden port from Houthis: Residents. Reuters. Retrieved September 3, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/world/saudi-backed-yemen-forces-take-aden-port-from-houthis-residents-idUSKCN0PP16I/
  • Mundy, M. (2017). The war on Yemen and its agricultural sector. Middle East Journal of Agriculture, 2(3), 42-56.
  • Nasser, A. (2022, October). The Flaws and failures of international humanitarian aid to Yemen. The Yemen Observer, 6(10), 15-25.
  • Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). (2024). Strengthening the humanitarian response in Yemen – event communiqué. NRC.
  • Nowegian Refugee Council (NRC). (2020, July). Yemen: Hunger crisis accelerating under Covid-19. Norwegian Refugee Council.
  • Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2014). Yemen humanitarian needs overview 2014. OCHA.
  • Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2023, January). UN Humanitarian chief: Access constraints widespread in Yemen. OCHA.
  • OXFAM. (2019). Yemen’s shattered food economy and its desperate toll on women. OXFAM.
  • OXFAM. (2021, February). Nearly 40 per cent of Yemen families forced into debt to pay for essentials – Oxfam. OXFAM.
  • OXFAM. (2024). Daily life, a struggle for survival in Yemen. OXFAM.
  • Polgeonow. (2023). Yemen control map & report - March 2023. Political Geography Now.
  • Rahmat, Z. S., Islam, Z. & Mohanan, P. (2022, June). Food insecurity during COVID-19 in Yemen. American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 106(6), 1723-1731.
  • Ratcliffe, R. (2017). Yemen conflict: human rights groups urge inquiry into Saudi coalition abuses. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from
  • Reuters. (2024). Houthi attacks on shipping in Red Sea persist; U.S. and allies strike back. Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/houthi-attacks-shipping-red-sea-persist-us-allies-strike-back-2024-01-12/
  • Reuters. (August 2023). UN security staff released in Yemen after 18 months in captivity. Reuters. Retrieved September 5, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-staff-released-yemen-after-18-months-captivity-2023-08-11/#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%2C%20Aug%2011%20(Reuters,United%20Nations%20said%20on%20Friday.
  • Robinson, K. (2023). Yemen’s tragedy: War, stalemate, and suffering. Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Roy, E. (2022). The UN-Mediated truce in Yemen: Impacts of the First Two Months. ACLED. https://acleddata.com/2022/06/14/the-un-mediated-truce-in-yemen-impacts-of-the-first-two-months/
  • Rudolfsen, I., Bartusevičius, H., Leeuwen, F. V., & Østby, G. (2024) War and food insecurity in Ukraine. World Development, 180. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106647
  • Salem, M., & Kolirin, L. (2022). Saudi-led coalition and Houthis agree on truce in Yemen, raising hopes for the ‘start of a better future’. CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/07/middleeast/yemen-presidential-council-intl
  • Sandwell, Y. I. (2019). History of Yemen. Yemeni Community Association in Sandwell Limited.
  • Save The Children. (2023, September). Humanitarian aid in Yemen slashed by over 60% in five years. Save The Children. Retrieved September 10, 2024 from https://legacy.savethechildren.net/news/humanitarian-aid-yemen-slashed-over-60-five-years
  • Scanlan, S. J. & Jenkins, J. C. (2001). Military power and food security: A cross-national analysis of less-developed countries, 1970–1990. International Studies Quarterly, 45(1): 159–187.
  • Stansfield, G. R. (2008). The 1995-96 Yemen-Eritrea conflict over the Islands of Hanish and Jabal Zuqar. Durham Middle East.
  • Teodosijevic, S. B. (2003, June 28). Armed conflicts and food security (ESA Working Paper No. 03‑11). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a‑ae044t.pdf
  • The Guardian. (2020, April). Fighting escalates in Yemen despite coronavirus 'ceasefire'. Retrieved September 4, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/10/fighting-escalates-in-yemen-despite-coronavirus-ceasefire
  • The University of Edinburgh. (2024). Saudi-Yemeni border dispute (1934 - 2000).
  • U.S. Department of State. (2024). Terrorist designation of the Houthis. U.S. Department of State.
  • UNCEF. (2024). Yemen crisis snapshot. UNICEF.
  • UNFPA. (2022). UNFPA humanitarian response in Yemen - 2022. UNFPA.
  • UNHCR. (2024). About the crisis in Yemen. https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/yemen/
  • UNICEF. (2022). Yemen: Food security and nutrition snapshot. UNICEF.
  • United Nations. (1993). World Economic Survey 1993. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations. (2020). UN humanitarian office puts Yemen war dead at 233,000, mostly from ‘indirect causes’. United Nations.
  • United Nations. (2023, April). UN Yemen country results report 2022. United Nations.
  • UNOCHA. (2024, January). Yemen humanitarian response plan 2024. UNOCHA. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.unocha.org/attachments/4eeb830a-e933-487e-b2fb-d3e172c8314f/Yemen_HRP_2024.pdf
  • Wennmann, A., & Davies, F. (2020, October). Economic dimensions of the conflict in Yemen: Final Report. European Union, OCHA, UNDP.
  • WFP & FAO. (2024). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2024. World Food Programme & Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (n.d.). Yemen. Retrieved September 6, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/countries/yemen
  • World Bank. (2023, August 26). What is food security? The World Bank. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update/what-is-food-security
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2014). Comprehensive food security survey. WFP.
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2023, March). Hunger, global food crisis: 10 countries suffering the most from hunger. World Food Program. Retrieved September 7, 2024, from https://www.wfpusa.org/articles/global-food-crisis-10-countries-suffering-the-most-from-hunger/
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (2024). WFP. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/
  • World Food Programme (WFP). (n.d.). How does conflict cause hunger? WFP. Retrieved September 1, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/conflict-and-hunger#:~:text=Conflict%20is%20the%20main%20driver,hunger%20levels%20soar%20there%20also
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). Yemen situation report number 28. WHO. Retrieved September 12, 2024, from https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/yemen/WHO_Yemen_situation_report_Issue_28_April_2016.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
  • Yemen Health Cluster. (2023). Yemen health culster bulletin. Yemen Health Cluster.
  • Zeith, A. (2023, July). Food security in times of armed conflict. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zaid Alhamid Alali 0009-0007-6920-2195

Pelin Aliyev 0000-0003-2466-2132

Publication Date June 27, 2025
Submission Date October 20, 2024
Acceptance Date March 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 31

Cite

APA Alhamid Alali, Z., & Aliyev, P. (2025). HOW DOES CIVIL WAR AFFECT FOOD SECURITY? A CASE OF YEMEN. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(31), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.003

KAUJEASF is the corporate journal of Kafkas University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal Publishing.

KAUJEASF has been included in Web of Science since 2022 and started to be indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI ), a Clarivate product.

2025 June and December quota for the Business Administration has been completed. Submissions in the scope of Business Administration will not be evaluated until further notice. Manuscript acceptance and evaluation of other fields within the scope of our journal continues.