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COOKING FUEL CHOICES: THE CASE OF TÜRKİYE

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 31, 578 - 597, 27.06.2025

Abdulkerim Karaaslan , Feyza Dahasert

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.022

Abstract

This research seeks to examine how socio-demographic and economic variables influence the cooking fuel choices of households in Türkiye. This study employs a multinomial probit model to examine 47.529 households using data from the Turkish Statistical Institute’s 2015–2018 Household Budget Survey. The analysis incorporates explanatory variables including household income, household size, dwelling type, heating system, educational attainment, and marital status. Income, household size and housing type are shown to be important in determining fuel choice. Households with central heating prefer cleaner fuels, while households with traditional heating systems use wood and coal. Policy recommendations include promoting cleaner cooking fuels through subsidies for low-income households and improving energy infrastructure in rural areas. The research highlights the importance of cleaner energy for households and the findings provide guidance on how best to shape energy policies for Türkiye.

Keywords

Cooking energy energy preference multinomial probit model

References

  • Adusah-Poku, F., and Takeuchi, K. (2019). Household energy expenditure in Ghana: A double-hurdle model approach. World Development, 117, 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.015
  • Akeh, G. I., Adamu, B. M., Adamu, H., and Ade, S. M. (2023). Determinants of household cooking energy choice in public housing estates in Maiduguri, Borno State, North-east Nigeria. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 13(3), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.9734/jegrr/2023/v13i32930
  • Akpalu, W., Dasmani, I., and Aglobitse, P. B. (2011). Demand for cooking fuels in a developing country: To what extent do taste and preferences matter? Energy Policy, 39(10), 6525-6531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.039
  • Alem, Y., Beyene, A. D., Köhlin, G., and Mekonnen, A. (2016). Modeling household cooking fuel choice: A panel multinomial logit approach. Energy Economics, 59, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.08.010
  • Al-Janabi, Z., Woolley, K., Thomas, G. N., and Bartington, S. (2021). Between domestic cooking energy source type and respiratory infections among children aged under five years. Public Health, 18, 8516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.8516
  • Altınışık, Z. (2007). Multinomial probit modeller. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Baiyegunhi, L. S., and Hassan, M. B. (2014). Rural household fuel energy transition: Evidence from Giwa LGA Kaduna State, Nigeria. Energy for Sustainable Development, 20, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2014.01.002
  • Buba, A., Abdu, M., Adamu, I., and Usman, Y. I. (2017). Socio-economic determinants of households fuel consumption in Nigeria. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(10), 348-360. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.1510
  • Çebi Karaaslan, K. (2021). Analysis of factors affecting individuals' sources of happiness with multinomial logistic model. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 12(3), 286-302. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.925631
  • Çebi Karaaslan, K., Algül, Y., and Karaaslan, A. (2022). Space heating preferences in households: Nested logit model approach in Turkey. Energy and Buildings, 273, 112353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112353
  • Danlami, A. H., Applanaidu, S. D., and Islam, R. (2018). An analysis of household cooking fuel choice: A case of Bauchi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-02-2018-0006
  • Emagbetere, E., Odia, J., and Oreko, B. U. (2016). Assessment of household energy utilized for cooking in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(4), 796-804. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.5
  • Farsi, M., Filippini, M., and Pachauri, S. (2007). Fuel choices in urban Indian households. Environment and Development Economics, 12(6), 757-774. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X07003832
  • Heltberg, R. (2004). Fuel switching: Evidence from eight developing countries. Energy Economics, 26(5), 869-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.006
  • Hou, B. D., Tang, X., Ma, C., Liu, L., Wei, Y. M., and Liao, H. (2017). Cooking fuel choice in rural China: Result from microdata. Journal of Cleaner Production, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.073
  • Ifegbesan, A. P., Rampedi, I. T., and Annegarn, H. J. (2016). Nigerian households' cooking energy use, determinants of choice, and some implications for human health and environmental sustainability. Habitat International, 55, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.002
  • Joshi, J., and Bohara, A. K. (2017). Household preferences for cooking fuels and inter-fuel substitutions: Unlocking the modern fuels in the Nepalese household. Energy Policy, 107, 507-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.013
  • Karimu, A., Mensah, J. T., and Adu, G. (2016). Who adopts LPG as the main cooking fuel and why? Empirical evidence on Ghana based on national survey. World Development, 85, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.04.002
  • Liao, H., Chen, T., Tang, X., and Wu, J. (2019). Fuel choices for cooking in China: Analysis based on multinomial logit model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.003
  • Lokonon, B. O. K. (2020). Household cooking fuel choice: Evidence from the Republic of Benin. African Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12401
  • Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Sage Publications.
  • Maddala, G. S. (1986). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mensah, J. T., and Adu, G. (2015). An empirical analysis of household energy choice in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1402-1411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.104
  • Nlom, J. H., and Karimov, A. A. (2015). Modeling fuel choice among households in Northern Cameroon. Sustainability, 9989-9999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7119989
  • Nnaji, C. E., Ukwueze, E. R., and Chukwu, J. O. (2012). Determinants of household energy choices for cooking in rural areas: Evidence from Enugu State, Nigeria. Continental Journal of Social Sciences, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1115535
  • Nnaji, M., Eze, A. A., Uzoma, C. C., and Nnaji, C. E. (2021, April). Addressing household cooking fuel options in Nigeria. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 730, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/730/1/012038
  • Nwaka, I. D., Uma, K. E., and Ike, G. N. (2020). Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: Are there gender-differentiated impacts? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(34), 42656-42669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09474-2
  • Özcan, K. M., Gülay, E., and Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2013). Economic and demographic determinants of household energy use in Turkey. *Energy Policy, 550-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.034
  • Paudel, U., Khatri, U., and Pant, K. P. (2018). Understanding the determinants of household cooking fuel choice in Afghanistan: A multinomial logit estimation. Energy, 156, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.029
  • Pundo, M. O., and Fraser, G. C. (2006). Multinomial logit analysis of household cooking fuel choice in rural Kenya: The case of Kisumu District. Agrekon, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523775
  • Rahut, D. B., Behera, B., and Ali, A. (2016). Patterns and determinants of household use of fuels for cooking: Empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 117, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.005
  • Rahut, D. B., Das, S., De Groote, H., and Behera, B. (2014). Determinants of household energy use in Bhutan. Energy, 69, 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.035
  • Rao, M. N., and Reddy, B. S. (2007). Variations in energy use by Indian households: An analysis of micro level data. Energy, 32(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.05.023
  • Stabridis, O., and van Gameren, E. (2018). Exposure to firewood: Consequences for health and labor force participation in Mexico. World Development, 107, 382-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.003
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Termodinamik.info. (n.d.). Fuel oil ve genel bir bakış. Retrieved May 27, 2025, from https://www.termodinamik.info/fuel-oil-e-genel-bir-bakis
  • Tiwari, V., Jana, A., and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2024). Choice of cooking and lighting energy sources in households: Empirical evidence from urban India.
  • TÜİK. (2018). Household Budget Statistics Micro Data Set, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/HBA_2018/english/index.html
  • Williams, K. N., Thompson, L. M., Sakas, Z., Hengstermann, M., Quinn, A., Diáz-Artiga, A., … Harvey, S. A. (2020). Designing a comprehensive behaviour change intervention to promote and monitor exclusive use of liquefied petroleum gas stoves for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial. BMJ Open, 10(9). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037761
  • Yongolo, V., Mkelenga, A. J., and Mpeta, I. F. (2023). Determinants on the choice of the main source of cooking energy by households in urban areas of Tanzania: A case of Kiwanja Cha Ndege ward in Morogoro Municipality.

YEMEK PİŞİRME YAKITI TERCİHLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 31, 578 - 597, 27.06.2025

Abdulkerim Karaaslan , Feyza Dahasert

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.022

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki hanelerin yemek pişirme yakıt tercihini etkileyen faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamakta olup, sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik belirleyicilere odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi (2015-2018) verilerini kullanarak Multinominal Probit Modeli ile gerçekleştirilen analiz, 47.529 haneyi kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada gelir, hanehalkı büyüklüğü, konut türü, ısıtma sistemleri, eğitim durumu ve medeni hal gibi değişkenler incelenmektedir. Bulgular, gelir, hanehalkı büyüklüğü ve konut türünün yakıt tercihlerinde önemli belirleyiciler olduğunu göstermektedir. Merkezi ısıtma sistemine sahip hanelerin daha temiz yakıtları kullanma olasılığının daha yüksek olduğu, buna karşın geleneksel ısıtma sistemlerine sahip hanelerin ise ağırlıklı olarak odun ve kömür kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Politika önerileri arasında düşük gelirli haneler için temiz pişirme yakıtlarının sübvanse edilmesi ve kırsal bölgelerde enerji altyapısının iyileştirilmesi yer almaktadır. Çalışma, haneler için daha temiz enerji seçeneklerinin önemini vurgulamakta ve Türkiye’deki enerji politikalarının şekillendirilmesine yönelik değerli öngörüler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Pişirme enerjisi enerji tercihi multinomial probit model

References

  • Adusah-Poku, F., and Takeuchi, K. (2019). Household energy expenditure in Ghana: A double-hurdle model approach. World Development, 117, 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.015
  • Akeh, G. I., Adamu, B. M., Adamu, H., and Ade, S. M. (2023). Determinants of household cooking energy choice in public housing estates in Maiduguri, Borno State, North-east Nigeria. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 13(3), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.9734/jegrr/2023/v13i32930
  • Akpalu, W., Dasmani, I., and Aglobitse, P. B. (2011). Demand for cooking fuels in a developing country: To what extent do taste and preferences matter? Energy Policy, 39(10), 6525-6531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.039
  • Alem, Y., Beyene, A. D., Köhlin, G., and Mekonnen, A. (2016). Modeling household cooking fuel choice: A panel multinomial logit approach. Energy Economics, 59, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.08.010
  • Al-Janabi, Z., Woolley, K., Thomas, G. N., and Bartington, S. (2021). Between domestic cooking energy source type and respiratory infections among children aged under five years. Public Health, 18, 8516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.8516
  • Altınışık, Z. (2007). Multinomial probit modeller. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Baiyegunhi, L. S., and Hassan, M. B. (2014). Rural household fuel energy transition: Evidence from Giwa LGA Kaduna State, Nigeria. Energy for Sustainable Development, 20, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2014.01.002
  • Buba, A., Abdu, M., Adamu, I., and Usman, Y. I. (2017). Socio-economic determinants of households fuel consumption in Nigeria. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(10), 348-360. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.1510
  • Çebi Karaaslan, K. (2021). Analysis of factors affecting individuals' sources of happiness with multinomial logistic model. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 12(3), 286-302. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.925631
  • Çebi Karaaslan, K., Algül, Y., and Karaaslan, A. (2022). Space heating preferences in households: Nested logit model approach in Turkey. Energy and Buildings, 273, 112353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112353
  • Danlami, A. H., Applanaidu, S. D., and Islam, R. (2018). An analysis of household cooking fuel choice: A case of Bauchi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-02-2018-0006
  • Emagbetere, E., Odia, J., and Oreko, B. U. (2016). Assessment of household energy utilized for cooking in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(4), 796-804. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.5
  • Farsi, M., Filippini, M., and Pachauri, S. (2007). Fuel choices in urban Indian households. Environment and Development Economics, 12(6), 757-774. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X07003832
  • Heltberg, R. (2004). Fuel switching: Evidence from eight developing countries. Energy Economics, 26(5), 869-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.006
  • Hou, B. D., Tang, X., Ma, C., Liu, L., Wei, Y. M., and Liao, H. (2017). Cooking fuel choice in rural China: Result from microdata. Journal of Cleaner Production, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.073
  • Ifegbesan, A. P., Rampedi, I. T., and Annegarn, H. J. (2016). Nigerian households' cooking energy use, determinants of choice, and some implications for human health and environmental sustainability. Habitat International, 55, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.002
  • Joshi, J., and Bohara, A. K. (2017). Household preferences for cooking fuels and inter-fuel substitutions: Unlocking the modern fuels in the Nepalese household. Energy Policy, 107, 507-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.013
  • Karimu, A., Mensah, J. T., and Adu, G. (2016). Who adopts LPG as the main cooking fuel and why? Empirical evidence on Ghana based on national survey. World Development, 85, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.04.002
  • Liao, H., Chen, T., Tang, X., and Wu, J. (2019). Fuel choices for cooking in China: Analysis based on multinomial logit model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.003
  • Lokonon, B. O. K. (2020). Household cooking fuel choice: Evidence from the Republic of Benin. African Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12401
  • Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Sage Publications.
  • Maddala, G. S. (1986). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mensah, J. T., and Adu, G. (2015). An empirical analysis of household energy choice in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1402-1411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.104
  • Nlom, J. H., and Karimov, A. A. (2015). Modeling fuel choice among households in Northern Cameroon. Sustainability, 9989-9999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7119989
  • Nnaji, C. E., Ukwueze, E. R., and Chukwu, J. O. (2012). Determinants of household energy choices for cooking in rural areas: Evidence from Enugu State, Nigeria. Continental Journal of Social Sciences, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1115535
  • Nnaji, M., Eze, A. A., Uzoma, C. C., and Nnaji, C. E. (2021, April). Addressing household cooking fuel options in Nigeria. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 730, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/730/1/012038
  • Nwaka, I. D., Uma, K. E., and Ike, G. N. (2020). Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: Are there gender-differentiated impacts? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(34), 42656-42669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09474-2
  • Özcan, K. M., Gülay, E., and Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2013). Economic and demographic determinants of household energy use in Turkey. *Energy Policy, 550-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.034
  • Paudel, U., Khatri, U., and Pant, K. P. (2018). Understanding the determinants of household cooking fuel choice in Afghanistan: A multinomial logit estimation. Energy, 156, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.029
  • Pundo, M. O., and Fraser, G. C. (2006). Multinomial logit analysis of household cooking fuel choice in rural Kenya: The case of Kisumu District. Agrekon, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523775
  • Rahut, D. B., Behera, B., and Ali, A. (2016). Patterns and determinants of household use of fuels for cooking: Empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 117, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.005
  • Rahut, D. B., Das, S., De Groote, H., and Behera, B. (2014). Determinants of household energy use in Bhutan. Energy, 69, 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.035
  • Rao, M. N., and Reddy, B. S. (2007). Variations in energy use by Indian households: An analysis of micro level data. Energy, 32(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.05.023
  • Stabridis, O., and van Gameren, E. (2018). Exposure to firewood: Consequences for health and labor force participation in Mexico. World Development, 107, 382-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.003
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Termodinamik.info. (n.d.). Fuel oil ve genel bir bakış. Retrieved May 27, 2025, from https://www.termodinamik.info/fuel-oil-e-genel-bir-bakis
  • Tiwari, V., Jana, A., and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2024). Choice of cooking and lighting energy sources in households: Empirical evidence from urban India.
  • TÜİK. (2018). Household Budget Statistics Micro Data Set, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MicroVeri/HBA_2018/english/index.html
  • Williams, K. N., Thompson, L. M., Sakas, Z., Hengstermann, M., Quinn, A., Diáz-Artiga, A., … Harvey, S. A. (2020). Designing a comprehensive behaviour change intervention to promote and monitor exclusive use of liquefied petroleum gas stoves for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial. BMJ Open, 10(9). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037761
  • Yongolo, V., Mkelenga, A. J., and Mpeta, I. F. (2023). Determinants on the choice of the main source of cooking energy by households in urban areas of Tanzania: A case of Kiwanja Cha Ndege ward in Morogoro Municipality.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Quantitative Decision Methods
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdulkerim Karaaslan 0000-0002-1318-5978

Feyza Dahasert 0009-0003-8056-0664

Publication Date June 27, 2025
Submission Date March 12, 2025
Acceptance Date May 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 31

Cite

APA Karaaslan, A., & Dahasert, F. (2025). COOKING FUEL CHOICES: THE CASE OF TÜRKİYE. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(31), 578-597. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.022
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