Research Article
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Digital Exploitation of Children within The Framework of The United Nations Convention On The Rights of the Child and The Turkish Penal Code

Year 2025, Issue: 35, 315 - 338, 20.06.2025

Siğnem Bağcı , Mehmet Boztepe

https://doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1603173

Abstract

The digital world has become an integral part of the daily lives of millions of people today. While online activities facilitate communication, enable quick information flow about current events, and provide easy access to information and experiences from different cultures, the negative effects, particularly on children, cannot be ignored. In addition to the dangers posed to children's development and mental health, the violation of rights is also one of these negative effects. From the perspective of children's rights, ensuring the safety of children on digital platforms is important within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Turkish Penal Code. This article discusses the violation of children's rights in the digital world and the risks children face on digital platforms, as well as ways to protect them from these risks. To address these risks, it is essential for parents, educators, and society to make a concerted effort.

Keywords

: Children personal data social media child abuse data privacy.

References

  • Alloway, T. P., ve Alloway, R. G. (2012). The impact of engagement with social networking sites (SNSs) on cognitive skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1748–1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.04.015
  • Chadwick, A., ve Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2010). Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. Taylor & Francis.
  • Ammari, T., Kumar, P., Lampe, C., ve Schoenebeck, S. (2015). Managing children’s online identities: How parents decide what to disclose about their children online. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1895–1904). ACM. https:// doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702325
  • AVG Technologies. (2010). AVG Digital Diaries – A Look At How Technology Affects Us From Birth Onwards. https://www.avgdigitaldiaries. com/post/41940227757/avg-digital-diaries-a-look-at-how-technology
  • Berson, I. R., Berson, M. J., ve Ferron, J. M. (2017). The impact of privacy violations on children’s cognitive and emotional processing of e-commerce websites. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(10), 1125–1133.
  • Çimke, S., Gürkan, D. Y., ve Polat, S. (2018). Sosyal medyada çocuk hakkı ihlali: Sharenting. Güncel Pediatri, 16(2), 261–267.
  • Crawford, K., ve Schultz, J. (2014). Big data and due process: Toward a framework to redress predictive privacy harms. Boston College Law Review, 55(1), 93–128.
  • Dwyer, C., Hiltz, S., ve Passerini, K. (2007). Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace. In AMCIS 2007 Proceedings (p. 339).
  • Erişir, R. M., ve Erişir, D. (2018). Yeni medya ve çocuk: Instagram özelinde “sharenting” (“paylaşan babalık”) örneği. Yeni Medya, (4–5), 50–64.
  • Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., ve Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002
  • Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., ve Wolak, J. (2000). Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight: Young children and their internet use. EU Kids Online. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ 52630/1/Zero_to_eight.pdf
  • Højgaard, L. (2003). Children and the internet: Developmental implications of web sites for young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 11(1), 39–52.
  • Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 6698, Kabul Tarihi: 24.3.2016. Resmî Gazete: 07.04.2016 / 29677.
  • Kitchin, R. (2014). The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences. SAGE.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., ... ve Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS ONE, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0069841
  • Leaver, T. (2016). Born digital? Presence, privacy, and intimate surveillance. In J. Hartley & Q. Wang (Eds.), Re-Orientation: Translingual, Transcultural, Transmedia (pp. 149–160). Fudan University Press.
  • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center.
  • Livingstone, S., ve Smith, P. K. (2014). Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: The nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 635–654.
  • Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., ve Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. EU Kids Online.
  • Livingstone, S., ve Third, A. (2017). Children and young people’s rights in the digital age: An emerging agenda. New Media & Society, 19(5), 657–670.
  • Lupton, D. (2013). The social worlds of the unborn. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lupton, D. (2015). Digital sociology. Routledge.
  • Lupton, D. (2016). Personal data practices in the age of lively data. In J. Daniels, K. Gregory, & T. McMillan Cottom (Eds.), Digital Sociologies (pp. 335–350). Policy Press.
  • Marx, G. T. (2003). A tack in the shoe: Neutralizing and resisting the new surveillance. Journal of Social Issues, 59(2), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00069
  • Lupton, D., ve Thomas, G. M. (2015). Playing pregnancy: The ludification and gamification of expectant motherhood in smartphone apps. M/C Journal, 18(5). http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/ 1012
  • Macenaite, M. (2017). From universal towards child-specific protection of the right to privacy online: Dilemmas in the EU General Data Protection Regulation. New Media & Society, 19(5), 765–779.
  • McCarthy, M. (2013). Experts warn on data security in health and fitness apps. BMJ, 347, f5600. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5600
  • Milosevic, T., ve Lwin, M. O. (2019). Privacy in the digital age: The impact of online surveillance on children’s psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(4), 245–251.
  • Morgan, A. (2018). The transparency challenge: Making children aware of their data protection rights and the risks online. https://www.dataprotection.ie/ sites/default/files/uploads/2019-02/TransparencyChallenge.pdf
  • Parmaksız, Y. P. M. (2012). Digital opportunities for social transition: Blogosphere and motherhood in Turkey. Fe Dergi, 4(1), 123–134.
  • Raley, R. (2013). Dataveillance and countervailance. In L. Gitelman (Ed.), “Raw Data” is an Oxymoron (pp. 121–145). MIT Press.
  • Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., ve Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
  • Rosenzweig, P. (2012). Whither privacy? Surveillance & Society, 10(3–4), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v10i3/4.4325
  • Simon, S. (2014, June 5). Big brother: Meet the parents. Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/internet-data-mining-children-107 461.html
  • Timms, P. (2015, November 27). Hello Barbie: Wi-Fi enabled doll labelled a bedroom security risk. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-27/wi-fi-enabled-hello-barbie-doll-raises-security-concerns/6981528
  • Twenge, J. M., ve Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003
  • Tüzün, Ü. (2002). Gelişen iletişim araçlarının çocuk ve gençlerin etkileşimi üzerine etkisi. Düşünen Adam Dergisi, 15(1), 46–50.
  • UNICEF. (2017). The state of the world's children 2017: Children in a digital world. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2017
  • Van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & Society, 12(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776
  • Vandoninck, S., ve d’Haenens, L. (2014). Ways to avoid problematic situations and negative experiences: Children’s preventive measures online. Communications, 39(3), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2014-0116
  • Yavuz, C. (2020). Sosyal medya ebeveynliği ve çocukların unutulma hakkı. İzmir Barosu Dergisi, 85(1), 15–52.

BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇOCUK HAKLARINA DAİR SÖZLEŞME ve TÜRK CEZA KANUNU ÇERÇEVESİNDE ÇOCUĞUN DİJİTAL SÖMÜRÜSÜ

Year 2025, Issue: 35, 315 - 338, 20.06.2025

Siğnem Bağcı , Mehmet Boztepe

https://doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1603173

Abstract

Dijital dünya, günümüzde milyonlarca insanın günlük yaşamının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Çevrimiçi aktivitelerin, iletişimi kolaylaştırma, güncel olaylar hakkında hızlı bilgi akışını toplumsal bir bilinç yaratabilirme, bireylerin farklı kültürlerden gelen bilgilere ve deneyimlere kolayca erişme gibi imkanlar sağlayarak topluma faydalı etkileri göz önüne alınsa da, özellikle çocuklar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri de göz ardı edilemez. Çocukların gelişimi ve ruh sağlığı üzerindeki tehlikelere ek olarak hak ihlali de bu olumsuz etkilerden biridir. Çocuk hakları açısından, Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme ve Türk Ceza Kanunu çerçevesinde çocukların dijital platformlarda güvenliğinin sağlanması önemlidir. Bu makalede, dijital dünyada çocuk haklarının ihlali üzerinde durulmuş ve çocukların dijital platformlarda karşılaştığı riskler ile bunlardan korunma yolları tartışılmıştır. Bu risklerle başa çıkmak için ebeveynler, eğitimciler ve toplumun ortak bir çaba içinde olması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Çocuk hakları kişisel veriler sosyal medya çocuk istismarı veri gizliliği.

References

  • Alloway, T. P., ve Alloway, R. G. (2012). The impact of engagement with social networking sites (SNSs) on cognitive skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1748–1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.04.015
  • Chadwick, A., ve Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2010). Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. Taylor & Francis.
  • Ammari, T., Kumar, P., Lampe, C., ve Schoenebeck, S. (2015). Managing children’s online identities: How parents decide what to disclose about their children online. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1895–1904). ACM. https:// doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702325
  • AVG Technologies. (2010). AVG Digital Diaries – A Look At How Technology Affects Us From Birth Onwards. https://www.avgdigitaldiaries. com/post/41940227757/avg-digital-diaries-a-look-at-how-technology
  • Berson, I. R., Berson, M. J., ve Ferron, J. M. (2017). The impact of privacy violations on children’s cognitive and emotional processing of e-commerce websites. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(10), 1125–1133.
  • Çimke, S., Gürkan, D. Y., ve Polat, S. (2018). Sosyal medyada çocuk hakkı ihlali: Sharenting. Güncel Pediatri, 16(2), 261–267.
  • Crawford, K., ve Schultz, J. (2014). Big data and due process: Toward a framework to redress predictive privacy harms. Boston College Law Review, 55(1), 93–128.
  • Dwyer, C., Hiltz, S., ve Passerini, K. (2007). Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace. In AMCIS 2007 Proceedings (p. 339).
  • Erişir, R. M., ve Erişir, D. (2018). Yeni medya ve çocuk: Instagram özelinde “sharenting” (“paylaşan babalık”) örneği. Yeni Medya, (4–5), 50–64.
  • Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., ve Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002
  • Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., ve Wolak, J. (2000). Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight: Young children and their internet use. EU Kids Online. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ 52630/1/Zero_to_eight.pdf
  • Højgaard, L. (2003). Children and the internet: Developmental implications of web sites for young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 11(1), 39–52.
  • Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 6698, Kabul Tarihi: 24.3.2016. Resmî Gazete: 07.04.2016 / 29677.
  • Kitchin, R. (2014). The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences. SAGE.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., ... ve Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS ONE, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0069841
  • Leaver, T. (2016). Born digital? Presence, privacy, and intimate surveillance. In J. Hartley & Q. Wang (Eds.), Re-Orientation: Translingual, Transcultural, Transmedia (pp. 149–160). Fudan University Press.
  • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center.
  • Livingstone, S., ve Smith, P. K. (2014). Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: The nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 635–654.
  • Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., ve Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. EU Kids Online.
  • Livingstone, S., ve Third, A. (2017). Children and young people’s rights in the digital age: An emerging agenda. New Media & Society, 19(5), 657–670.
  • Lupton, D. (2013). The social worlds of the unborn. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lupton, D. (2015). Digital sociology. Routledge.
  • Lupton, D. (2016). Personal data practices in the age of lively data. In J. Daniels, K. Gregory, & T. McMillan Cottom (Eds.), Digital Sociologies (pp. 335–350). Policy Press.
  • Marx, G. T. (2003). A tack in the shoe: Neutralizing and resisting the new surveillance. Journal of Social Issues, 59(2), 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00069
  • Lupton, D., ve Thomas, G. M. (2015). Playing pregnancy: The ludification and gamification of expectant motherhood in smartphone apps. M/C Journal, 18(5). http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/ 1012
  • Macenaite, M. (2017). From universal towards child-specific protection of the right to privacy online: Dilemmas in the EU General Data Protection Regulation. New Media & Society, 19(5), 765–779.
  • McCarthy, M. (2013). Experts warn on data security in health and fitness apps. BMJ, 347, f5600. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5600
  • Milosevic, T., ve Lwin, M. O. (2019). Privacy in the digital age: The impact of online surveillance on children’s psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(4), 245–251.
  • Morgan, A. (2018). The transparency challenge: Making children aware of their data protection rights and the risks online. https://www.dataprotection.ie/ sites/default/files/uploads/2019-02/TransparencyChallenge.pdf
  • Parmaksız, Y. P. M. (2012). Digital opportunities for social transition: Blogosphere and motherhood in Turkey. Fe Dergi, 4(1), 123–134.
  • Raley, R. (2013). Dataveillance and countervailance. In L. Gitelman (Ed.), “Raw Data” is an Oxymoron (pp. 121–145). MIT Press.
  • Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., ve Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
  • Rosenzweig, P. (2012). Whither privacy? Surveillance & Society, 10(3–4), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v10i3/4.4325
  • Simon, S. (2014, June 5). Big brother: Meet the parents. Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/internet-data-mining-children-107 461.html
  • Timms, P. (2015, November 27). Hello Barbie: Wi-Fi enabled doll labelled a bedroom security risk. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-27/wi-fi-enabled-hello-barbie-doll-raises-security-concerns/6981528
  • Twenge, J. M., ve Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003
  • Tüzün, Ü. (2002). Gelişen iletişim araçlarının çocuk ve gençlerin etkileşimi üzerine etkisi. Düşünen Adam Dergisi, 15(1), 46–50.
  • UNICEF. (2017). The state of the world's children 2017: Children in a digital world. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2017
  • Van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & Society, 12(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776
  • Vandoninck, S., ve d’Haenens, L. (2014). Ways to avoid problematic situations and negative experiences: Children’s preventive measures online. Communications, 39(3), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2014-0116
  • Yavuz, C. (2020). Sosyal medya ebeveynliği ve çocukların unutulma hakkı. İzmir Barosu Dergisi, 85(1), 15–52.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law and Society and Socio-Legal Research, Social Psychology, Child and Adolescent Development, Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Siğnem Bağcı 0000-0002-9696-3930

Mehmet Boztepe 0000-0002-9739-993X

Publication Date June 20, 2025
Submission Date December 17, 2024
Acceptance Date May 2, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 35

Cite

APA Bağcı, S., & Boztepe, M. (2025). BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇOCUK HAKLARINA DAİR SÖZLEŞME ve TÜRK CEZA KANUNU ÇERÇEVESİNDE ÇOCUĞUN DİJİTAL SÖMÜRÜSÜ. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(35), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1603173
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