Research Article
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Investigation of Biodegradability Properties of Laminated PLA/Flax Biocomposites

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 881 - 896, 15.06.2025

Ramazan Yıldırım , Levent Elen

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1654448

Abstract

In this study, a PLA matrix, which is a relatively high mechanical properties, cheap and accessible biopolymer, and knitted raw flax reinforced biocomposite was produced. 20% PBS was added to the matrix to reduce the brittleness of PLA and increase its ductility. The pure PLA and PLA/PBS mixture forming the matrix were produced as plates by injection molding at 190°C. Alkaline treatment was applied to the flax fiber used to improve the interfacial adhesion of the matrix and reinforcement phase using 5% NaOH. The biocomposites were produced by compression molding at 160°C. The water absorption and biodegradation capacities of the produced biocomposites were analyzed. The surface properties of the flax fiber before and after surface modification were examined by FT-IR and SEM-EDX analyses. As a result of the analyses and tests, it was determined that the alkaline treatment using 5% NaOH provided good interfacial adhesion, increased the moisture absorption capacity and the degradation process in the soil.

Keywords

Poly(lactic acid) Polybutylene succinate Water absorption Biodegradability

Project Number

KBÜBAP-24-YL-040

References

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  • Bulota, M., and Budtova, T. (2015). Highly porous and light-weight flax/PLA composites. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.045
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Lamine edilmiş Poli(laktik asit)/Keten Biyokompozitlerin Biyobozunurluk Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 881 - 896, 15.06.2025

Ramazan Yıldırım , Levent Elen

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1654448

Abstract

Bu çalışmada mekanik özellikleri nispeten yüksek, ucuz ve ulaşılabilir bir biyopolimer olan PLA (poli(laktik asit)) matrisli, örülmüş ham keten takviyeli bir biyokompozit üretilmiştir. PLA matrisine kırılganlığını azaltıp sünekliğini arttırmak için %20 PBS (polibütilen süksinat) katkısı yapılmıştır. Saf PLA ve PLA/PBS karışımı 190°C sıcaklıkta enjeksiyon kalıplama yöntemi ile plakalar halinde üretilmiştir. Matris ve takviye fazının arayüzey yapışmasını iyileştirmek için kullanılan keten elyafa %5 NaOH (Sodyum hidroksit) kullanılarak alkali muamelesi yapılmıştır. Biyokompozitler 160°C’de sıkıştırma kalıplama yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. Üretilen biyokompozitlerin su emme ve biyobozunma kapasiteleri analiz edilmiştir. FT-IR (Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi) ve SEM (Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu)-EDX (Enerji Dağıtıcı X-ışını) analizleri ile keten elyafın, yüzey modifikasyonu öncesi ve sonrası, yüzey özellikleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan analiz ve testler sonucunda %5 NaOH kullanılarak yapılan alkali muamelesinin iyi bir arayüzey yapışması sağladığı, nem emme kapasitesini ve toprakta bozunma sürecini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Poli(laktik asit) Polibütilen süksinat Su emme Biyobozunurluk

Supporting Institution

Karabük Üniversitesi

Project Number

KBÜBAP-24-YL-040

Thanks

Bu çalışma Karabük Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi (BAP) KBÜBAP-24-YL-040 projesi kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

References

  • Alvarez, V. A., and Vázquez, A. (2006). Influence of fiber chemical modification procedure on the mechanical properties and water absorption of MaterBi-Y/sisal fiber composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37(10), 1672-1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.10.005
  • Anuar, H., Zuraida, A., Kovacs, J. G., and Tabi, T. (2012). Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Polylactic Acid–Kenaf Fiber Biocomposite. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 25(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705711408984
  • Automotive: Green gets in gear - Canadian PlasticsCanadian Plastics. (2010, Ekim). https://www.canplastics.com/features/automotive-green-gets-in-gear/
  • Bajpai, P. K., Singh, I., and Madaan, J. (2014). Development and characterization of PLA-based green composites: A review. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705712439571
  • Bismarck, A., Aranberri-Askargorta, I., Springer, J., Lampke, T., Wielage, B., Stamboulis, A., Shenderovich, I., and Limbach, H.-H. (2002). Surface characterization of flax, hemp and cellulose fibers; Surface properties and the water uptake behavior. Polymer Composites, 23(5), 872-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10485
  • Borchani, K. E., Carrot, C., and Jaziri, M. (2015). Untreated and alkali treated fibers from Alfa stem: Effect of alkali treatment on structural, morphological and thermal features. Cellulose, 22(3), 1577-1589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0583-5
  • Bulota, M., and Budtova, T. (2015). Highly porous and light-weight flax/PLA composites. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.045
  • Carvalho, L. H., Canedo, E. L., Farias Neto, S. R., de Lima, A. G. B., and Silva, C. J. (2013). Moisture Transport Process in Vegetable Fiber Composites: Theory and Analysis for Technological Applications. Içinde J. M. P. Q. Delgado (Ed.), Industrial and Technological Applications of Transport in Porous Materials (ss. 37-62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37469-2_2
  • Chang, F.-L., Hu, B., Huang, W.-T., Chen, L., Yin, X.-C., Cao, X.-W., and He, G.-J. (2022). Improvement of rheology and mechanical properties of PLA/PBS blends by in-situ UV-induced reactive extrusion. Polymer, 259, 125336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125336
  • Chomnutcha Boonmee, C. K. (2016). Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) under Simulated Landfill Conditions. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 14, 2. https://doi.org/10.14456/ENNRJ.2016.8
  • Couture, A., Lebrun, G., and Laperrière, L. (2016). Mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with unidirectional flax and flax-paper layers. Composite Structures, 154, 286-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.07.069
  • Dhakal, H. N., Zhang, Z. Y., and Richardson, M. O. W. (2007). Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology, 67(7), 1674-1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019
  • Durante, M., Formisano, A., Boccarusso, L., Langella, A., and Carrino, L. (2017). Creep behaviour of polylactic acid reinforced by woven hemp fabric. Composites Part B: Engineering, 124, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.038
  • Elen, N. Ç., Yıldırım, M., and Kanbur, Y. (2023). Tribological properties of hemp fiber reinforced polylactic acid bio-composites: Effect of different types of modification methods. Functional Composites and Structures, 5(1), 015009. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/acbf9d
  • Erkul, Ş. N., and Uçaroğlu, S. (2023). Topraklarda Polilaktik Asitin (PLA) Biyobozunması. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 28(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1246168
  • Farag, M. M. (2017). Design and Manufacture of Biodegradable Products from Renewable Resources. Içinde Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials (ss. 111-131). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch23
  • Fotopoulou, K. N., and Karapanagioti, H. K. (2019). Degradation of Various Plastics in the Environment. Içinde H. Takada and H. K. Karapanagioti (Ed.), Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment (ss. 71-92). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_11
  • Gautam, N., and Kaur, I. (2013). Soil burial biodegradation studies of starch grafted polyethylene and identification of Rhizobium meliloti therefrom. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 5(6), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.5897/JECE09.022
  • Gholampour, A., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2020). A review of natural fiber composites: Properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. Journal of Materials Science, 55(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03990-y
  • Gurunathan, T., Mohanty, S., and Nayak, S. K. (2015). A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 77, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007
  • Hassan, M. L., Rowell, R. M., Fadl, N. A., Yacoub, S. F., and Christainsen, A. W. (2000). Thermoplasticization of bagasse. II. dimensional stability and mechanical properties of esterified bagasse composite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 76(4), 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000425)76:4<575::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-9
  • Hemath, M., Mavinkere Rangappa, S., Kushvaha, V., Dhakal, H. N., and Siengchin, S. (2020). A comprehensive review on mechanical, electromagnetic radiation shielding, and thermal conductivity of fibers/inorganic fillers reinforced hybrid polymer composites. Polymer Composites, 41(10), 3940-3965. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25703
  • Itävaara, M., Karjomaa, S., and Selin, J.-F. (2002). Biodegradation of polylactide in aerobic and anaerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere, 46(6), 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00163-1
  • Jandas, P. J., Mohanty, S., and Nayak, S. K. (2012). Renewable Resource-Based Biocomposites of Various Surface Treated Banana Fiber and Poly Lactic Acid: Characterization and Biodegradability. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 20(2), 583-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0415-8
  • Karamanlioglu, M., and Robson, G. D. (2013). The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the rate of degradation of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) coupons buried in compost and soil. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(10), 2063-2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.004
  • Lalit, R., Mayank, P., and Ankur, K. (2018). Natural Fibers and Biopolymers Characterization: A Future Potential Composite Material. Strojnícky Časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 68(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2018-0004
  • Marom, G. (1985). The Role of Water Transport in Composite Materials. Içinde J. Comyn (Ed.), Polymer Permeability (ss. 341-374). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4858-7_9
  • Martucci, J. F., and Ruseckaite, R. A. (2015). Biodegradation behavior of three-layer sheets based on gelatin and poly (lactic acid) buried under indoor soil conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 116, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.005
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Polymer Technologies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ramazan Yıldırım 0009-0004-4680-4087

Levent Elen 0000-0001-8740-7900

Project Number KBÜBAP-24-YL-040
Publication Date June 15, 2025
Submission Date March 9, 2025
Acceptance Date May 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldırım, R., & Elen, L. (2025). Lamine edilmiş Poli(laktik asit)/Keten Biyokompozitlerin Biyobozunurluk Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 881-896. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1654448
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