Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Development Of A Method Design Modeling Using Electron Microscope For The Examination Of Dust In Kahramanmaraş City Center Affected By Earthquake In Terms Of Health

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 22 - 34, 19.06.2025

Abstract

In February 2023, the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes caused significant destruction and loss of life. The debris from collapsed buildings contributed to air pollution problems in the city center of Kahramanmaraş; dust and particulate matter generated during construction activities severely impacted air quality, posing a threat to living health. This study aimed to develop a design modeling method using an electron microscope to analyze dust samples collected from the city center after the earthquake for health-related assessments. The results of the analyses helped identify the mineralogical structure and chemical composition of the dust samples. Elemental analysis revealed high levels of O, C, Si, Fe, and Cr. Elements such as Si, O, Al, Ca, K, and Na indicated a dominance of silicate minerals, while the presence of minerals like quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphibole was predicted. Additionally, the detection of carbonates strengthened the likelihood of finding minerals like calcite and dolomite. The presence of oxide materials also suggested the presence of elements like Fe, Al, and Ti. Halogen elements forming halides, such as Ca, Cl, Na, and K, were also identified in the dust sample. The identified elements, including Fe, Si, Ca, and Mg, confirmed the presence of asbestos from silicates; however, the limited amount of Mg indicated only a small likelihood of asbestos presence. Structural analysis revealed transparent images indicating the presence of crystalline silica components, while darker particles suggested the existence of coal, graphite, or metallic compounds like iron or aluminum. The experimental data obtained from this design model study is crucial for better understanding the factors contributing to worsening air quality and assessing health risks. This research is significant for both improving air quality and protecting public health.

References

  • Adıgüzel, F. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık 7.7 mw. ve Elbistan 7.6 mw.) depremleri sonrası Kahramanmaraş şehrinde yaşanan partikül madde kirliliğinin incelenmesi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi (83), 35-43. htps://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1354765
  • Atabey, E. (2014). Tuberk Toraks, 63(3), 199–219. htps://doi.org/10.5578/tt.8966
  • Baker, K. R., & Schaefer, K. (2018). The role of dust in urban air quality and health effects: A review. Environmental Pollution, 237, 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.007
  • Bell, M. L., & Davis, D. L. (2020). Health effects of air pollution: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph170100132
  • Borai, E. H., El-Sofany, E. A., Abdel-Halim, A. S., & Soliman, A. A. (2002). Speciation of hexavalent chromium in atmospheric particulate samples by selective extraction and ion chromatographic determination. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21, 741–745.
  • Bolté, S., Normandin, L., Kennedy, G., & Zayed, J. (2004). Human exposure to respirable manganese in outdoor and indoor air in urban and rural areas. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67, 459–467.
  • Cicero, C. E., Mostile, G., Vasta, R., Rapisarda, V., Signorelli, S. S., Ferrante, M., Zappia, M., & Nicoletti, A. (2017). Metals and neuro-degenerative diseases: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 159, 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.048
  • Ericson, B., Hu, H., Nash, E., Ferraro, G., Sinitsky, J., & Taylor, M. P. (2021). Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5, e145–e153.
  • Fortoul, T. I., Rodriguez-Lara, V., Gonzalez-Villalva, A., Rojas-Lemus, M., Colin-Barenque, L., Bizarro-Nevares, P., & Cano-Rodríguez, M. C. (2015). Health Effects of Metals in Particulate Matter. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/59749
  • Filippelli, G. M., & Taylor, M. P. (2018). Addressing pollution-related global environmental health burdens. GeoHealth, 2, 2–5.
  • Gardner, R. M., Kippler, M., Tofail, F., Bottai, M., Hamadani, J., Grandér, M., Nermell, B., Palm, B., Rasmussen, K. M., & Vahter, M. (2013). Environmental exposure to metals and children’s growth to age 5 years: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177, 1356–1367.
  • Glorennec, P., Shendell, D. G., Rasmussen, P. E., Waeber, R., Egeghy, P., Azuma, K., Pelfrêne, A., Le Bot, B., Esteve, W., Perouel, G., et al. (2021). Toward setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust? Indoor Air, 31, 112–115.
  • Graham, H. K., & Kyllönen, K. (2017). Urban air quality and health effects: A systematic review of the evidence. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5), 053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6d36
  • Gulia, S., Nagendra, S. M. S., Khare, M., & Khanna, I. (2015). Urban air quality management—A review. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(2), 286-304. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2015.033
  • Huat, T. J., Camats-Perna, J., Newcombe, E. A., Valmas, N., Kitazawa, M., & Medeiros, R. (2019). Metal toxicity links to Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation. Journal of Molecular Biology, 431(9), 1843–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018
  • Isley, C. F., Fry, K. L., Liu, X., et al. (2022). International analysis of sources and human health risk associated with trace metal contaminants in residential indoor dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(2), 1053–1068.
  • Kurt-Karakus, P. B. (2012). Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the health risk. Environmental International, 50, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04494
  • Krystek, P., & Ritsema, R. (2007). Monitoring of chromium species and 11 selected metals in emission and immission of airborne environment. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 265, 23–29.
  • Kumar, P., & Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. (2019). The health impacts of particulate matter from urban sources. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(12), 126001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4867
  • Mazzoli, A., & Favoni, O. (2012). Particle size, size distribution and morphological evaluation of airborne dust particles of diverse woods by scanning electron microscopy and image processing program. Powder Technology, 225, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.03.033
  • Mendez, M., & Boucher, O. (2018). The impact of urbanization on air quality and public health: A review. Environmental Science & Policy, 84, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.004
  • Moreno, T., Pandolfi, M., Querol, X., Lavín, J., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., & Gibbons, W. M. (2011). Manganese in the urban atmosphere: Identifying anomalous concentrations and sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18, 173–183.
  • Peters, T. L., Beard, J. D., Umbach, D. M., Allen, K., Keller, J., Mariosa, D., Sandler, D. P., Schmidt, S., Fang, F., Ye, W., & Kamel, F. (2016). Blood levels of trace metals and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology, 54, 119–126. Pope, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6), 709–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
  • Scimeca, M., Bischetti, S., Lamsira, H. K., Bonfiglio, R., & Bonanno, E. (2018). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: A powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis. European Journal of Histochemistry, 62(1), 2841. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2018.2841
  • Sethi, V., & Rathi, S. (2020). Urban air quality: Sources and mitigation strategies. Atmosphere, 11(3), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030240Ščancar, J., & Milačič, R. (2014). A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 29, 427–443.
  • Taşdemir, S., & Cuci, Y. (2017). Kahramanmaraş ın Kuru Çökelme Durumunun İncelenmesi. KSÜ Journal of Engineering Sciences, 20(3), 56–67.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). Particulate matter (PM) basics. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pmpollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
  • Warren, R. (1987). Heavy metals in urban street surface sediments. Middlesex Polytechnic. https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/84w93
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Air quality and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/air-quality-and-health
  • Wong, P. K., & Kwan, H. S. (2019). Sources and characteristics of urban dust in relation to health risks. Atmospheric Environment, 203, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.019
  • Zatta, P., Lucchini, R., van Rensburg, S. J., & Taylor, A. (2003). The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: Aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Brain Research Bulletin, 62, 15–28.

Sağlık Açısından Deprem Sonrası Kahramanmaraş Kent Merkezi Tozlarının İncelenmesi İçin Elektron Mikroskobu Kullanılarak Bir Yöntem Tasarım Modellemesi Geliştirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 22 - 34, 19.06.2025

Abstract

Şubat 2023'te meydana gelen Kahramanmaraş depremleri büyük yıkımlara ve can kaybına yol açtı. Yıkılan binaların molozları, Kahramanmaraş kent merkezinde hava kirliliği sorunlarına neden oldu; inşaat faaliyetleri sırasında ortaya çıkan toz ve parçacık maddeler, hava kalitesini olumsuz etkileyerek canlı sağlığını tehdit etme düzeyine ulaştı. Bu bağlamda, deprem sonrası Kahramanmaraş kent merkezinden toplanan toz örneklerinin sağlık açısından incelenmesi için elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak bir yöntem tasarım modellemesi geliştirilmesi için bu çalışma yapıldı. Analizler sonuçları, toz örneğinin mineralojik yapısını ve kimyasal bileşimlerini belirlemeye yardımcı oldu. Element analizi, örnekte O, C, Si, Fe ve Cr elementlerinin yüksek miktarlarda bulunduğunu gösterdi. Toz örneklerinde ortaya çıkan Si, O, Al, Ca, K ve Na gibi elementler, silikat mineral grubunun baskın olduğunu ortaya koyarken, kuvars, feldspat, mika ve amfibol gibi minerallerin varlığı tahmin edildi. Ayrıca, karbonatların varlığı, kalsit ve dolomit gibi minerallerin bulunma ihtimalini güçlendirdi. Oksit maddelerinin varlığı da Fe, Al ve Ti gibi elementlerin bulunduğunu gösterdi. Toz örneklerinde halit ve florit gibi halojenürleri oluşturan Ca, Cl, Na ve K gibi elementler de tespit edildi. İncelemede belirlenen Fe, Si, Ca, Mg gibi elementler silikatlardan oluşan asbest varlığını doğrulasa da, özellikle sınırlayıcı bileşen olarak Mg varlığının az miktarda bulunması, örnekte az miktarda asbest varlığı ihtimali sonucunu ortaya çıkardı. Yapısal analizlerdeki saydam görüntüler kristal silika bileşenlerinin varlığını, koyu parçacıkların ise kömür, grafit veya demir veya alüminyum gibi metalik bileşikler olduğunu gösterdi. Bu inceleme tasarım modeli ile elde edilen deneysel veriler, hava kalitesini kötüleşmesinde etkili olan faktörlerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve sağlık risklerinin değerlendirilmesine yardımcı olması, hem hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi hem de canlı sağlığının korunması açısından önem taşımaktadır.

References

  • Adıgüzel, F. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık 7.7 mw. ve Elbistan 7.6 mw.) depremleri sonrası Kahramanmaraş şehrinde yaşanan partikül madde kirliliğinin incelenmesi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi (83), 35-43. htps://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1354765
  • Atabey, E. (2014). Tuberk Toraks, 63(3), 199–219. htps://doi.org/10.5578/tt.8966
  • Baker, K. R., & Schaefer, K. (2018). The role of dust in urban air quality and health effects: A review. Environmental Pollution, 237, 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.007
  • Bell, M. L., & Davis, D. L. (2020). Health effects of air pollution: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph170100132
  • Borai, E. H., El-Sofany, E. A., Abdel-Halim, A. S., & Soliman, A. A. (2002). Speciation of hexavalent chromium in atmospheric particulate samples by selective extraction and ion chromatographic determination. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21, 741–745.
  • Bolté, S., Normandin, L., Kennedy, G., & Zayed, J. (2004). Human exposure to respirable manganese in outdoor and indoor air in urban and rural areas. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67, 459–467.
  • Cicero, C. E., Mostile, G., Vasta, R., Rapisarda, V., Signorelli, S. S., Ferrante, M., Zappia, M., & Nicoletti, A. (2017). Metals and neuro-degenerative diseases: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 159, 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.048
  • Ericson, B., Hu, H., Nash, E., Ferraro, G., Sinitsky, J., & Taylor, M. P. (2021). Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5, e145–e153.
  • Fortoul, T. I., Rodriguez-Lara, V., Gonzalez-Villalva, A., Rojas-Lemus, M., Colin-Barenque, L., Bizarro-Nevares, P., & Cano-Rodríguez, M. C. (2015). Health Effects of Metals in Particulate Matter. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/59749
  • Filippelli, G. M., & Taylor, M. P. (2018). Addressing pollution-related global environmental health burdens. GeoHealth, 2, 2–5.
  • Gardner, R. M., Kippler, M., Tofail, F., Bottai, M., Hamadani, J., Grandér, M., Nermell, B., Palm, B., Rasmussen, K. M., & Vahter, M. (2013). Environmental exposure to metals and children’s growth to age 5 years: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177, 1356–1367.
  • Glorennec, P., Shendell, D. G., Rasmussen, P. E., Waeber, R., Egeghy, P., Azuma, K., Pelfrêne, A., Le Bot, B., Esteve, W., Perouel, G., et al. (2021). Toward setting public health guidelines for chemicals in indoor settled dust? Indoor Air, 31, 112–115.
  • Graham, H. K., & Kyllönen, K. (2017). Urban air quality and health effects: A systematic review of the evidence. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5), 053001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6d36
  • Gulia, S., Nagendra, S. M. S., Khare, M., & Khanna, I. (2015). Urban air quality management—A review. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(2), 286-304. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2015.033
  • Huat, T. J., Camats-Perna, J., Newcombe, E. A., Valmas, N., Kitazawa, M., & Medeiros, R. (2019). Metal toxicity links to Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation. Journal of Molecular Biology, 431(9), 1843–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018
  • Isley, C. F., Fry, K. L., Liu, X., et al. (2022). International analysis of sources and human health risk associated with trace metal contaminants in residential indoor dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(2), 1053–1068.
  • Kurt-Karakus, P. B. (2012). Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the health risk. Environmental International, 50, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04494
  • Krystek, P., & Ritsema, R. (2007). Monitoring of chromium species and 11 selected metals in emission and immission of airborne environment. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 265, 23–29.
  • Kumar, P., & Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. (2019). The health impacts of particulate matter from urban sources. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(12), 126001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4867
  • Mazzoli, A., & Favoni, O. (2012). Particle size, size distribution and morphological evaluation of airborne dust particles of diverse woods by scanning electron microscopy and image processing program. Powder Technology, 225, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.03.033
  • Mendez, M., & Boucher, O. (2018). The impact of urbanization on air quality and public health: A review. Environmental Science & Policy, 84, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.004
  • Moreno, T., Pandolfi, M., Querol, X., Lavín, J., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., & Gibbons, W. M. (2011). Manganese in the urban atmosphere: Identifying anomalous concentrations and sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18, 173–183.
  • Peters, T. L., Beard, J. D., Umbach, D. M., Allen, K., Keller, J., Mariosa, D., Sandler, D. P., Schmidt, S., Fang, F., Ye, W., & Kamel, F. (2016). Blood levels of trace metals and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology, 54, 119–126. Pope, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6), 709–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
  • Scimeca, M., Bischetti, S., Lamsira, H. K., Bonfiglio, R., & Bonanno, E. (2018). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: A powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis. European Journal of Histochemistry, 62(1), 2841. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejh.2018.2841
  • Sethi, V., & Rathi, S. (2020). Urban air quality: Sources and mitigation strategies. Atmosphere, 11(3), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030240Ščancar, J., & Milačič, R. (2014). A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 29, 427–443.
  • Taşdemir, S., & Cuci, Y. (2017). Kahramanmaraş ın Kuru Çökelme Durumunun İncelenmesi. KSÜ Journal of Engineering Sciences, 20(3), 56–67.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). Particulate matter (PM) basics. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pmpollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
  • Warren, R. (1987). Heavy metals in urban street surface sediments. Middlesex Polytechnic. https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/84w93
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Air quality and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/air-quality-and-health
  • Wong, P. K., & Kwan, H. S. (2019). Sources and characteristics of urban dust in relation to health risks. Atmospheric Environment, 203, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.019
  • Zatta, P., Lucchini, R., van Rensburg, S. J., & Taylor, A. (2003). The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: Aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Brain Research Bulletin, 62, 15–28.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Molecular Imaging, Non-Metal Chemistry, Main Group Metal Chemistry, Crystallography, Nanochemistry, Environmental and Sustainable Processes, Chemical Engineering Design, Materials Science and Technologies, Process Control and Simulation, Powder and Particle Technology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yakup Ermurat 0000-0002-0159-5283

Early Pub Date May 30, 2025
Publication Date June 19, 2025
Submission Date October 22, 2024
Acceptance Date December 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ermurat, Y. (2025). Sağlık Açısından Deprem Sonrası Kahramanmaraş Kent Merkezi Tozlarının İncelenmesi İçin Elektron Mikroskobu Kullanılarak Bir Yöntem Tasarım Modellemesi Geliştirilmesi. KİÜ Fen, Mühendislik Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2(1), 22-34.