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THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Year 2025, , 45 - 60, 27.03.2025

Ali Gülbaşı

https://doi.org/10.62080/kmfed.1629639

Abstract

This study examines the effects of international trade on environmental sustainability and emphasizes the importance of striking a balance between the global economy and the environment. Through a literature review, the contributions of trade to environmental problems such as carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation and biodiversity loss are assessed. In addition, sustainable trade models such as green trade, circular economy and zero waste approaches are discussed. The potential of international policies such as the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals and the Green Deal to reduce the environmental impacts of trade is discussed. The study provides recommendations on how to enable environmentally friendly policies in international trade.

Keywords

International Trade Environmental Sustainability Green Trade

References

  • Abe, K., Hattori, K., & Kawagoshi, Y. (2014). “Trade Liberalization and Environmental Regulation on International Transportation”. Japanese Economic Review, 65(4): 468-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jere.12044
  • Atagher, L. (2022). “Beyond Multilateral Treaty Reforms”. McGill Glsa Research Series, 2(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.186
  • Atmış, E., Tolunay, D., & Yıldız, D. (2022). “İklim Değişikliği ve Ormanlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Medyadaki Yeri”. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3): 514-529.
  • Aydınbaş, G. (2024). “Uluslararası Ticaret İle Kişisel Gelir İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Nedensellik Analizi.” Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1): 165-190.
  • Bayraktutan, Y., & Uçak, S. (2011). “Ekolojik İktisat ve Kalkınmanın Sürdürülebilirliği”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 3(4): 17-36.
  • Carlson, A., & Palmer, C. (2016). “A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of The Benefits of Eco-Labeling in Developing Countries”. Ecological Economics, 127: 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.020
  • Dündar, A. O. (2021). “Türkiye’deki Büyükşehirlerin Karayolu Ulaşımı Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyon Miktarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(2): 318-337. DOI: 10.21324/dacd.862836
  • European Commission. (2019). “The European Green Deal”. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/green-deal
  • European Commission. (2021). “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)”. European Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/green-deal/cbam
  • FAO. (2022). “Sustainable Agriculture and Trade Policies”. Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/sustainability/trade
  • Gallucci, T., Dimitrova, V., & Marinov, G. (2019). “Interrelation Between Eco-Innovation and Intra-Industry Trade—A Proposal For A Proxy Indicator of Sustainability in The EU Countries”. Sustainability, 11(23): 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236641
  • Gül, E. (2015). “GATT/WTO Çerçevesinde Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevre İlişkisi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9: 1-20.
  • Huang, L., & Zhao, W. (2022). “The Impact of Green Trade and Green Growth on Natural Resources”. Resources Policy, 77, 102749.
  • İklim (2023). “TÜİK Ulusal Sera Gazı Emisyon Envanteri Yayınlandı”. https://iklim.gov.tr/tuik-ulusal-sera-gazi-emisyon-envanteri-yayinlandi-haber-1122?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • İklim Haber (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Raporu 2023’e Göre Hedeflerden Giderek Uzaklaşılıyor”. https://www.iklimhaber.org/surdurulebilir-kalkinma-raporu-2023e-gore-hedeflerden-giderek-uzaklasiliyor/
  • Kang, S., & Lee, S. (2021). “Impacts of Environmental Policies on Global Green Trade”. Sustainability, 13(3): 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031517
  • Kekillioğlu, A. (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Gelişme ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik”. International Conference on Scientific and Innovative Studies, 366-369.
  • Khalil, M., Berawi, M. A., Heryamto, R., & Rizalie, A. (2019). “Waste to Energy Technology: The Potential of Sustainable Biogas Production From Animal Waste in Indonesia”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105: 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.011
  • Kharb, R., Suneja, V., Aggarwal, S., Singh, P., Shahzad, U., Saini, N., & Kumar, D. (2024). “The Relationship Between Investment Determinants And Environmental Sustainability: Evidence Through Meta-Analysis”. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 94, 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2024.01.005
  • Kurniawan, T. A., Avtar, R., Singh, D., Xue, W., Othman, M. H. D., Hwang, G. H., ... & Kern, A. O. (2021). “Reforming MSWM in Sukunan (Yogjakarta, Indonesia): A Case-Study of Applying A Zero-Waste Approach Based on Circular Economy Paradigm”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124775.
  • Kurt, H. (2017). “Çevre Sorunlarının Kavşağında Biyolojik Çeşitlilik”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3): 825-837.
  • Menteşe, S. (2017). Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Toprak, Su Ve Hava Kirliliği: Teorik Bir İnceleme. Journal of International Social Research, 10(53).
  • Millete, S., Linder, M., & Sassanelli, C. (2020). “Circular Economy and International Trade: A Review of The Relationships”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 122951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122951
  • Mirici, M. E., & Berberoğlu, S. (2022). “Türkiye Perspektifinde Yeşil Mutabakat ve Karbon Ayak İzi: Tehdit Mi? Fırsat Mı?” Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 8(1): 156-164.
  • Orman, H. L., Ceylan, S., & Şahin, B. Y. (2019). Dış Ticaret ve Çevre Kirliliği İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(71): 1483-1496.
  • Prieto‐Sandoval, V., Mejía-Villa, A., Ormazábal, M., & Jaca, C. (2019). “Challenges for Ecolabeling Growth: Lessons From The EU Ecolabel in Spain”. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25(5): 856-867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01611-z
  • Roy, J. (2017). “On The Environmental Consequences of Intra-Industry Trade”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 83: 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.12.006
  • Rudolph, L., Quoß, F., Buchs, R., & Bernauer, T. (2020). “Environmental Concern Leads to Trade Skepticism on The Political Left and Right”. International Studies Quarterly, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/d7r2h
  • Safi, N., Rashid, M., Shakoor, U., Khurshid, N., Safi, A., & Munir, F. (2023). “Understanding The Role of Energy Productivity, Eco-Innovation and International Trade in Shaping Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions: A Study Of BRICS Nations”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(43): 98338-98350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25784-2
  • Shafiee, Y. (2023). “The Effect of Article XX of The General Agreement and Tariff and Trade (GATT) on Environmental Protection Measures: The Case of Malaysia”. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/18963
  • Sorroche‐del‐Rey, Y., Piedra‐Muñoz, L., & Galdeano‐Gómez, E. (2023). “Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevresel Performans Arasındaki İlişki: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Göstergeler”. İş Stratejisi ve Çevre, 32(6): 2789-2805.
  • Takarada, Y., Ogawa, T., & Dong, W. (2021). “Trade, Transportation, and The Environment: Welfare Effects of Emissions Reduction and International Emissions Trading”. The International Trade Journal, 36(5): 400-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1981496
  • Tolunay, D. (2015). “Türkiye’de Ormansızlaşma ile Kaybedilen Karbon Miktarları”. 6. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 7-9 Ekim 2015, İzmir, 441-452.
  • Turgut, A., & Budak, T. (2022). “Lojistik ve Taşımacılığın Karbon Ayak İzi: Sistematik Bir Literatür İncelemesi”. Kent Akademisi, 15(2): 916-930.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2021). “Trade and Environment Review 2021: Rethinking Global Value Chains in the Context of Climate Change”. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). “Paris Agreement”. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • United Nations. (2015). “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. United Nations General Assembly. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
  • Wiedmann, T., & Minx, J. (2008). “A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’”. Ecological Economics Research Trends, 1, 111.
  • World Bank. (2020). “Global Green Growth and Trade”. World Bank Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/greengrowth
  • World Bank. (2021). “Trade for Development and SDGs”. World Bank Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade-for-sdgs
  • World Bank. (2022). “Financing the Green Transition in Developing Countries”. World Bank Policy Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatefinance
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2020). “World Trade Report 2020: Government Policies to Promote Innovation in the Digital Age”. World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr20_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2021). “Fisheries Subsidies and Sustainable Development”. World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/fish_15jul21_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2022). “Trade Facilitation and Sustainable Development”. WTO Policy Paper. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/trade-sdg_e.htm
  • Yoşumaz, İ., & Uzun, H. (2024). “The Relationship Between İIndustry 5.0 Process and ESG Process: A Qualitative Analysis in The Context of Türkiye’s BIST Sustainability 25 Index White Good Sector”. Environmental Research and Technology, 7(4): 512-529. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1431800
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). “Analysis on Environmental Cost Internalization Effect--A Study Based on CO2 Emission”. In 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, 1: 3-5.

ULUSLARARASI TİCARETİN ÇEVREYE ETKİSİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ÇÖZÜMLER

Year 2025, , 45 - 60, 27.03.2025

Ali Gülbaşı

https://doi.org/10.62080/kmfed.1629639

Abstract

Bu çalışma, uluslararası ticaretin çevresel sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkilerini incelemekte ve küresel ekonomi ile çevre arasında bir denge kurulmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Literatür taraması yöntemiyle, ticaretin karbon ayak izi, sera gazı emisyonları, ormansızlaşma ve biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybı gibi çevresel sorunlara olan katkıları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, yeşil ticaret, döngüsel ekonomi ve sıfır atık yaklaşımları gibi sürdürülebilir ticaret modelleri ele alınmıştır. Paris Anlaşması, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları ve Yeşil Mutabakat gibi uluslararası politikaların ticaretin çevresel etkilerini azaltma potansiyelleri tartışılmıştır. Çalışma, çevre dostu politikaların uluslararası ticarette nasıl etkinleştirilebileceğine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Uluslararası Ticaret Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Yeşil Ticaret

References

  • Abe, K., Hattori, K., & Kawagoshi, Y. (2014). “Trade Liberalization and Environmental Regulation on International Transportation”. Japanese Economic Review, 65(4): 468-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jere.12044
  • Atagher, L. (2022). “Beyond Multilateral Treaty Reforms”. McGill Glsa Research Series, 2(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.186
  • Atmış, E., Tolunay, D., & Yıldız, D. (2022). “İklim Değişikliği ve Ormanlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Medyadaki Yeri”. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3): 514-529.
  • Aydınbaş, G. (2024). “Uluslararası Ticaret İle Kişisel Gelir İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Nedensellik Analizi.” Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1): 165-190.
  • Bayraktutan, Y., & Uçak, S. (2011). “Ekolojik İktisat ve Kalkınmanın Sürdürülebilirliği”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 3(4): 17-36.
  • Carlson, A., & Palmer, C. (2016). “A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of The Benefits of Eco-Labeling in Developing Countries”. Ecological Economics, 127: 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.020
  • Dündar, A. O. (2021). “Türkiye’deki Büyükşehirlerin Karayolu Ulaşımı Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyon Miktarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(2): 318-337. DOI: 10.21324/dacd.862836
  • European Commission. (2019). “The European Green Deal”. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/green-deal
  • European Commission. (2021). “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)”. European Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/green-deal/cbam
  • FAO. (2022). “Sustainable Agriculture and Trade Policies”. Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/sustainability/trade
  • Gallucci, T., Dimitrova, V., & Marinov, G. (2019). “Interrelation Between Eco-Innovation and Intra-Industry Trade—A Proposal For A Proxy Indicator of Sustainability in The EU Countries”. Sustainability, 11(23): 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236641
  • Gül, E. (2015). “GATT/WTO Çerçevesinde Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevre İlişkisi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9: 1-20.
  • Huang, L., & Zhao, W. (2022). “The Impact of Green Trade and Green Growth on Natural Resources”. Resources Policy, 77, 102749.
  • İklim (2023). “TÜİK Ulusal Sera Gazı Emisyon Envanteri Yayınlandı”. https://iklim.gov.tr/tuik-ulusal-sera-gazi-emisyon-envanteri-yayinlandi-haber-1122?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • İklim Haber (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Raporu 2023’e Göre Hedeflerden Giderek Uzaklaşılıyor”. https://www.iklimhaber.org/surdurulebilir-kalkinma-raporu-2023e-gore-hedeflerden-giderek-uzaklasiliyor/
  • Kang, S., & Lee, S. (2021). “Impacts of Environmental Policies on Global Green Trade”. Sustainability, 13(3): 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031517
  • Kekillioğlu, A. (2023). “Sürdürülebilir Gelişme ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik”. International Conference on Scientific and Innovative Studies, 366-369.
  • Khalil, M., Berawi, M. A., Heryamto, R., & Rizalie, A. (2019). “Waste to Energy Technology: The Potential of Sustainable Biogas Production From Animal Waste in Indonesia”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105: 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.011
  • Kharb, R., Suneja, V., Aggarwal, S., Singh, P., Shahzad, U., Saini, N., & Kumar, D. (2024). “The Relationship Between Investment Determinants And Environmental Sustainability: Evidence Through Meta-Analysis”. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 94, 267-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2024.01.005
  • Kurniawan, T. A., Avtar, R., Singh, D., Xue, W., Othman, M. H. D., Hwang, G. H., ... & Kern, A. O. (2021). “Reforming MSWM in Sukunan (Yogjakarta, Indonesia): A Case-Study of Applying A Zero-Waste Approach Based on Circular Economy Paradigm”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124775.
  • Kurt, H. (2017). “Çevre Sorunlarının Kavşağında Biyolojik Çeşitlilik”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3): 825-837.
  • Menteşe, S. (2017). Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Toprak, Su Ve Hava Kirliliği: Teorik Bir İnceleme. Journal of International Social Research, 10(53).
  • Millete, S., Linder, M., & Sassanelli, C. (2020). “Circular Economy and International Trade: A Review of The Relationships”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 122951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122951
  • Mirici, M. E., & Berberoğlu, S. (2022). “Türkiye Perspektifinde Yeşil Mutabakat ve Karbon Ayak İzi: Tehdit Mi? Fırsat Mı?” Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 8(1): 156-164.
  • Orman, H. L., Ceylan, S., & Şahin, B. Y. (2019). Dış Ticaret ve Çevre Kirliliği İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(71): 1483-1496.
  • Prieto‐Sandoval, V., Mejía-Villa, A., Ormazábal, M., & Jaca, C. (2019). “Challenges for Ecolabeling Growth: Lessons From The EU Ecolabel in Spain”. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25(5): 856-867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01611-z
  • Roy, J. (2017). “On The Environmental Consequences of Intra-Industry Trade”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 83: 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.12.006
  • Rudolph, L., Quoß, F., Buchs, R., & Bernauer, T. (2020). “Environmental Concern Leads to Trade Skepticism on The Political Left and Right”. International Studies Quarterly, 66(4). https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/d7r2h
  • Safi, N., Rashid, M., Shakoor, U., Khurshid, N., Safi, A., & Munir, F. (2023). “Understanding The Role of Energy Productivity, Eco-Innovation and International Trade in Shaping Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions: A Study Of BRICS Nations”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(43): 98338-98350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25784-2
  • Shafiee, Y. (2023). “The Effect of Article XX of The General Agreement and Tariff and Trade (GATT) on Environmental Protection Measures: The Case of Malaysia”. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/18963
  • Sorroche‐del‐Rey, Y., Piedra‐Muñoz, L., & Galdeano‐Gómez, E. (2023). “Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevresel Performans Arasındaki İlişki: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Göstergeler”. İş Stratejisi ve Çevre, 32(6): 2789-2805.
  • Takarada, Y., Ogawa, T., & Dong, W. (2021). “Trade, Transportation, and The Environment: Welfare Effects of Emissions Reduction and International Emissions Trading”. The International Trade Journal, 36(5): 400-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1981496
  • Tolunay, D. (2015). “Türkiye’de Ormansızlaşma ile Kaybedilen Karbon Miktarları”. 6. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 7-9 Ekim 2015, İzmir, 441-452.
  • Turgut, A., & Budak, T. (2022). “Lojistik ve Taşımacılığın Karbon Ayak İzi: Sistematik Bir Literatür İncelemesi”. Kent Akademisi, 15(2): 916-930.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2021). “Trade and Environment Review 2021: Rethinking Global Value Chains in the Context of Climate Change”. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). “Paris Agreement”. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • United Nations. (2015). “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. United Nations General Assembly. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
  • Wiedmann, T., & Minx, J. (2008). “A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’”. Ecological Economics Research Trends, 1, 111.
  • World Bank. (2020). “Global Green Growth and Trade”. World Bank Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/greengrowth
  • World Bank. (2021). “Trade for Development and SDGs”. World Bank Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade-for-sdgs
  • World Bank. (2022). “Financing the Green Transition in Developing Countries”. World Bank Policy Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatefinance
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2020). “World Trade Report 2020: Government Policies to Promote Innovation in the Digital Age”. World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr20_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2021). “Fisheries Subsidies and Sustainable Development”. World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/fish_15jul21_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2022). “Trade Facilitation and Sustainable Development”. WTO Policy Paper. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/trade-sdg_e.htm
  • Yoşumaz, İ., & Uzun, H. (2024). “The Relationship Between İIndustry 5.0 Process and ESG Process: A Qualitative Analysis in The Context of Türkiye’s BIST Sustainability 25 Index White Good Sector”. Environmental Research and Technology, 7(4): 512-529. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1431800
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). “Analysis on Environmental Cost Internalization Effect--A Study Based on CO2 Emission”. In 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, 1: 3-5.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Marketing
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Gülbaşı 0000-0003-1102-414X

Early Pub Date March 26, 2025
Publication Date March 27, 2025
Submission Date January 30, 2025
Acceptance Date March 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025

Cite

APA Gülbaşı, A. (2025). ULUSLARARASI TİCARETİN ÇEVREYE ETKİSİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ÇÖZÜMLER. Kapanaltı Dergisi(7), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.62080/kmfed.1629639