Abstract
Filistin kadın hareketi, Filistin toplumunun içinde bulunduğu farklı koşullar nedeniyle bileşenlerinde ve faaliyetlerinde birçok dönüşüme maruz kalmıştır. Araştırma, Filistinli kadınların yüz yıllık faaliyet ve mücadelesini, yazar tarafından görülen olaylar dizisinin önemine göre bölünmüş olarak anlatırken tarihsel yöntemi kullanıyor. İngiliz İşgali (1922-1948) sırasındaki rolü mücadeleler ve lojistik; sömürgeci güçlere direndi, kurtarıcıları destekledi, yiyecek tedariki için dernekler kurdu ve Filistin’deki o zamanki statüko hakkında görüş alışverişinde bulunmak için çeşitli toplantılar düzenledi. Ancak bazı araştırmacılar, Filistin kadın hareketinin rolünü yalnızca direnişle sınırladı ve siyasi süreçteki paylarını inkar etti.
1948 Savaşı’nda, kadın hareketi faaliyeti, özellikle İsrail işgalcileri için toprak kaybettikten sonra, eğitim ve iş bulmaya daldı, bu nedenle başka bir yaşam kaynağı arama zorunluluğu korkunç hale geldi. Mülteci okulları o dönemde eğitim vermenin ikincili bir unsuruydu. 1960’larda Filistinli kadınların siyasi katılımı, Filistinli Kadın Kamu Birliği’nin (1965) kurulmasından sonra arttı. Oslo Anlaşması'ndan (1993) sonra, Filistin Yönetimi (PA) kadın hareketlerini kendi aygıtına entegre etti. Böyle bir politika, kadın hareketinin rollerini ve faaliyetlerini olumsuz etkiledi çünkü kadın faaliyetlerinin çoğu (PA) kontrolü altına girdi.
Son yasama seçimlerinden (2006) bugüne kadar, kadın hareketlerinin işlevi gelişiyor, ancak olması gerektiği kadar iyi değil, kadın bakanların sayısı arttı. Bununla birlikte, genel olarak, Filistinli kadınlar, dışişleri ve içişleri gibi egemen bakanlıklar hariç, bakanlık düzeylerinde bulundular. 2012’de altı bakan: 2011’de Filistin Merkezi İstatistik Bürosu’nun ilk başkanı, 2010’da Ramallah ve Al Bireh’in ilk kadın valisi ve 2009’da Filistin kurtuluş Örgütü İcra Komitesi’nin ilk üyesi. Bu pozisyonlardaki bu niteliksel artışa rağmen, Filistin’de kadınların yaşamının ve toplumunun gelişimini ve bağımsızlığını engelleyen eşit yasalarda bir eksiklik var. Buna ek olarak, Filistinli kadının toplumunda etkili bir oyuncu olabilmesi, kendi hayatını etkileyen kararlar alabilmesi, çıkarlarını koruyabilmesi, erkek muadili ile birlikte kurtuluş sürecinde yer alırabilmesi, ve karar alma fırsatı verilebilmesi için rollerinin daha da arıtılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
References
- Abu Ali, Khadiji (1975), Introductions about the reality of women and their experience in the Palestinian revolution with a field study of the experience of female cadres and elements in it for the period between 1967-1971, Beirut, Lebanon: the general Union of Women.
- Abdel-Hadi, Fayhaa (2005) The roles of Palestinian women in the 1930s: the political contribution of Palestinian women, Ramallah, Palestine: Palestinian women’s Research Center.
- Abdel-Hadi, Maha (2009), The reality of women in Palestine- an Islamic perspective, Nablus, Palestine: Center for Palestinian research and Studies.
- Amer, Sumaya (2007), “The role of women’s institutions in development planning in the Palestinian Territories,” Masters Research, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. Al Ghad Newspaper, Amman, Jordan, P 818, November, 2006.
- Al-Hout, Bayan Noueihed (2010) political struggle experiences: Palestinian women in the twenties, Arab women in the twenties: presence and identity, Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Unity Studies and the Association of Lebanese Women Researcher (307-336).
- Al Hindi, Nidal (1995), Lights on the struggle of Palestinian women 1903-1992, Amman, Jordan: Carmel Publishing House.
- Al Khalili, Ghazi (1977) The Palestinian women and the revolution: a social analytical field study, Beirut, Lebanon: Palestinian Liberation Organization research center.
- Al Naqshbandi, Bari’a (2005), “The political role of Palestinian women in war and peace”, Journal of Humanities\Dirasat, 32 (1): 128-139.
- Al-Wahidi, Maysoon (1985), The Arab women in Palestine: suffering and struggle, Jerusalem, Palestine: Association for Arab Studies.
- Al Shafei Kamal & Awad, Nisreen (2010), Palestinian women in political parties between presence and absence, Ramallah, Palestine: Center for Human Rights and Democracy Media (Shams).
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- Helou, Jihad (2009), Palestinian women: resistance and social changes- live testimonies of Palestinian women in Lebanon 1965-1985, Ramallah, Palestine: Palestinian Women Center for Research and Documentation.
- Issa, Rashad (1997) “The women’s movement in Palestine from 1900-1950”, Master’s thesis, Amman, Jordan: The University of Jordan.
- Jad, Islah (2003), The concept of official and unofficial political role, Ramallah, Palestine: The Palestinian Initiative to Deepen Global Dialogue and Democracy (Miftah).
- Jad, Islah (2008), Women at the crossroads: Palestinian feminist movements between nationalism, secularisim and Islamic identity, translated by Faisal Bin Khadra, Ramallah, Palestine: Muwatin.
- Jad Islah (2010), The Palestinian women: the current situation, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine: Institute of Women Studies.
- Kamal, Zahira (1997), Women and decision-making in Palestine, Department of Planning and Development of Women’s Participation, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Ramallah, Palestine: Al-Nasher Foundation.
- khartabeel, Wadea Qaddoura (1995), In search of hope and homeland: sixty years of a women’s struggle for Palestine, Beirut, Lebanon: Bisan Publishing and Distribution.
- Kitab Elaine & Hamami, Rima (2003), New strategies for the work of women’s movements towards democratization and liberation, the status of Palestinian women based on the Convention of Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against women, Jerusalem, Palestine: Women’s Center for Legal and Social Guidance, (165-175).
- Matar, Linda (1993), Women and their role in the Arab unity movement, Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Studies.
- Muwatin (2000), “The Palestinian women’s movement: problems of democratic transition and future strategies, a series of critical debates at the Fifth Annual Conference 17-18 December 1999, Ramallah-Palestine.
- Nazal, Rima Kittaneh (2011), “The society victim of successive postponements of the local authority elections.” Yanabi al-Hayat 13 (62) 13-17.
- Othman, Ziad (2003), A critical reading of the participation of Palestinian women, Ramallah, Palestine: Ramallah Center for Human Rights studies.
- Palestinian National Council (1975), The struggle of Palestinian women, Beirut, Lebanon: Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, 2020, “Women in decision-making positions”, Ramallah, Palestine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021. Women and Men in Palestine: Issues and Statistics, 2021. Ramallah - Palestine.
- Rahal, Omar (2012), Women in the Palestinian political system, Montreal, Canada: Arab Institute for Publishing.
- Somaya Amer (2007) “The role of Women’s institutions in development planning in the Palestinian Territories”, Master’s thesis, Nablus, Palestine: An-Najah National University.
- The Jordanian Coordinating Office for Beijing Conference Affairs, (1995), “Arab women reality and aspirations”, Amman, Jordan.
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- Toenjes, Ashley (2011), “The Role and Status of Palestinian women in the Struggle for National Liberation: Static or Dynamic?” Master Research, University of Arizona: US.
- Wafaa Awad (2008), “The role of women’s organizations in activating women’s political participation in the period 2000-2006”, Master’s thesis, Nablus, Palestine: An-Najah National University.
- Women’s Center for Legal and Social Guidance, (2001), The status of Palestinian women based on the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, Jerusalem, Palestine:
- Women and Men in Palestine, Issues and Statistics, 2013
Abstract
The Palestinian women movement has been subjected to many transformations in its components and activities due to the different circumstances the Palestinian society has been undergoing. The research uses the historical method in narrating the activity and struggle of Palestinian women over a hundred years, divided based on the importance of the sequence of events as seen by the writer. Palestinian women role during the British Occupation (1922-1948) was struggles and logistic; it resisted the colonial forces, supported the liberators, established societies for food supplies and held several meetings to exchange views about the then-Palestinian status quo. Some researchers, however, limited the role of the Palestinian women movement to resistance solely, denying their share in the political process.
In the 1948 War, the women movement activity immersed in education and finding a job, especially after losing the land for the Israeli occupiers, so the necessity of searching for another living resource became dire. The refugee schools were a subordinate factor to providing education in that period. In the 1960s, the Palestinian women political participation improved after establishing The Palestinian Women Public Union (1965). After the Oslo Agreement (1993), the Palestinian Authority (PA) integrated the women movements in its apparatus. Such a policy negatively affected the women movement roles and activities, because most of the women activities became under the (PA) control.
Since the last legislative election (2006) until now, the function of the women movements has been improving, but not as good as, they should be, the number of the women ministers has increased. In general, though, the Palestinian women have held ministerial levels excluding the sovereign ministries as the foreign and interior ones. Six ministers in 2012: the first head of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in 2011, first female governor of Ramallah and Al Bireh 2010, and the first member of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization in 2009. Even though there is an absentee in equal laws that hinder the development and independence of woman’s lives and society in Palestine. In addition, there is a need to increase her roles more so that the Palestinian woman can be influential player in her society so that she can issue decisions that affect her life, protect her interests, and be given the opportunity to take part in the liberation process along with her male counterpart.
References
- Abu Ali, Khadiji (1975), Introductions about the reality of women and their experience in the Palestinian revolution with a field study of the experience of female cadres and elements in it for the period between 1967-1971, Beirut, Lebanon: the general Union of Women.
- Abdel-Hadi, Fayhaa (2005) The roles of Palestinian women in the 1930s: the political contribution of Palestinian women, Ramallah, Palestine: Palestinian women’s Research Center.
- Abdel-Hadi, Maha (2009), The reality of women in Palestine- an Islamic perspective, Nablus, Palestine: Center for Palestinian research and Studies.
- Amer, Sumaya (2007), “The role of women’s institutions in development planning in the Palestinian Territories,” Masters Research, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. Al Ghad Newspaper, Amman, Jordan, P 818, November, 2006.
- Al-Hout, Bayan Noueihed (2010) political struggle experiences: Palestinian women in the twenties, Arab women in the twenties: presence and identity, Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Unity Studies and the Association of Lebanese Women Researcher (307-336).
- Al Hindi, Nidal (1995), Lights on the struggle of Palestinian women 1903-1992, Amman, Jordan: Carmel Publishing House.
- Al Khalili, Ghazi (1977) The Palestinian women and the revolution: a social analytical field study, Beirut, Lebanon: Palestinian Liberation Organization research center.
- Al Naqshbandi, Bari’a (2005), “The political role of Palestinian women in war and peace”, Journal of Humanities\Dirasat, 32 (1): 128-139.
- Al-Wahidi, Maysoon (1985), The Arab women in Palestine: suffering and struggle, Jerusalem, Palestine: Association for Arab Studies.
- Al Shafei Kamal & Awad, Nisreen (2010), Palestinian women in political parties between presence and absence, Ramallah, Palestine: Center for Human Rights and Democracy Media (Shams).
- Daraghmeh, Izzat (1991), The women’s movement in Palestine 1903-1990, Jerusalem, Palestine: Zia’ Office for Studies.
- Fleishman, Elaine (2003), The other “Renaissance” the emergence of feminist movements in the modern Middle East (1900-1940), from A social history of women and gender in the Modern Middle East, translated by Ahmad Badawi, Cairo, Egypt: the Supreme Council of Culture (131-192).
- Helou, Jihad (2009), Palestinian women: resistance and social changes- live testimonies of Palestinian women in Lebanon 1965-1985, Ramallah, Palestine: Palestinian Women Center for Research and Documentation.
- Issa, Rashad (1997) “The women’s movement in Palestine from 1900-1950”, Master’s thesis, Amman, Jordan: The University of Jordan.
- Jad, Islah (2003), The concept of official and unofficial political role, Ramallah, Palestine: The Palestinian Initiative to Deepen Global Dialogue and Democracy (Miftah).
- Jad, Islah (2008), Women at the crossroads: Palestinian feminist movements between nationalism, secularisim and Islamic identity, translated by Faisal Bin Khadra, Ramallah, Palestine: Muwatin.
- Jad Islah (2010), The Palestinian women: the current situation, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine: Institute of Women Studies.
- Kamal, Zahira (1997), Women and decision-making in Palestine, Department of Planning and Development of Women’s Participation, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Ramallah, Palestine: Al-Nasher Foundation.
- khartabeel, Wadea Qaddoura (1995), In search of hope and homeland: sixty years of a women’s struggle for Palestine, Beirut, Lebanon: Bisan Publishing and Distribution.
- Kitab Elaine & Hamami, Rima (2003), New strategies for the work of women’s movements towards democratization and liberation, the status of Palestinian women based on the Convention of Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against women, Jerusalem, Palestine: Women’s Center for Legal and Social Guidance, (165-175).
- Matar, Linda (1993), Women and their role in the Arab unity movement, Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Studies.
- Muwatin (2000), “The Palestinian women’s movement: problems of democratic transition and future strategies, a series of critical debates at the Fifth Annual Conference 17-18 December 1999, Ramallah-Palestine.
- Nazal, Rima Kittaneh (2011), “The society victim of successive postponements of the local authority elections.” Yanabi al-Hayat 13 (62) 13-17.
- Othman, Ziad (2003), A critical reading of the participation of Palestinian women, Ramallah, Palestine: Ramallah Center for Human Rights studies.
- Palestinian National Council (1975), The struggle of Palestinian women, Beirut, Lebanon: Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, 2020, “Women in decision-making positions”, Ramallah, Palestine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021. Women and Men in Palestine: Issues and Statistics, 2021. Ramallah - Palestine.
- Rahal, Omar (2012), Women in the Palestinian political system, Montreal, Canada: Arab Institute for Publishing.
- Somaya Amer (2007) “The role of Women’s institutions in development planning in the Palestinian Territories”, Master’s thesis, Nablus, Palestine: An-Najah National University.
- The Jordanian Coordinating Office for Beijing Conference Affairs, (1995), “Arab women reality and aspirations”, Amman, Jordan.
- The Palestinian Initiative for Promotion for Global Dialogue and Democracy (Miftah), Factsheet on Palestinian Local Elections-phase I “Women in election campaigns” 05\01\2022.
- The Palestinian Initiative for Promotion for Global Dialogue and Democracy (Miftah), Factsheet on Palestinian Local Elections-phase two, “Women and youth presence in electoral lists and elections campaigns” 25\04\2022.
- Toenjes, Ashley (2011), “The Role and Status of Palestinian women in the Struggle for National Liberation: Static or Dynamic?” Master Research, University of Arizona: US.
- Wafaa Awad (2008), “The role of women’s organizations in activating women’s political participation in the period 2000-2006”, Master’s thesis, Nablus, Palestine: An-Najah National University.
- Women’s Center for Legal and Social Guidance, (2001), The status of Palestinian women based on the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, Jerusalem, Palestine:
- Women and Men in Palestine, Issues and Statistics, 2013
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Women's Studies |
| Journal Section | Derlemeler |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | May 30, 2025 |
| Publication Date | May 31, 2025 |
| Submission Date | July 1, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 10, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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