The Quiet Quitting Scale: A Scale Development Study Analyzing White-Collar Employees' Quiet Quitting Behavior within the Turkish Cultural context
Abstract
In recent years, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon of quiet quitting has become widespread among white-collar employees. This behavior is characterized by employees adhering strictly to their job descriptions, avoiding extra effort, and psychologically distancing themselves from their work. The primary aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure quiet quitting behavior. During the research process, a comprehensive literature review was first conducted to identify the dimensions of quiet quitting and potential scale items. Subsequently, a preliminary item pool was created based on expert feedback. Analyses were performed on data collected online from 263 white-collar employees using convenience sampling. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, item-total correlations, and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were employed to validate the scale. The findings demonstrated that the seven-item, unidimensional "Quiet Quitting Scale" is a valid and reliable measurement tool. The Quiet Quitting Scale makes a significant conceptual and methodological contribution to the organizational behavior and human resource management literature. Additionally, it serves as a practical instrument for identifying employees who are emotionally and behaviorally disengaged. This can help organizations develop strategies to mitigate potential productivity losses.
Ethical Statement
This paper complies with Research and Publication Ethics, has no conflict of interest to declare, and has received no financial support. The article has been checked for spelling and plagiarism/similarity. The article was evaluated by "at least two external referees" and "double blinding" method. The author sent a signed "Copyright Transfer Form" to the journal. There is no need to obtain ethical permission for the current study as per the legislation. The "Declaration Form Regarding No Ethics Permission Required" was sent to the journal by the authors on this subject. The author contributed to all sections and stages of the study alone.
Supporting Institution
No financial support was received for the conduct of the research.
References
- ANAND, Amitabh, DOLL, Jessica L. ve RAY, Prantika (2023), “Drowning in Silence: A Scale Development and Validation of Quiet Quitting and Quiet Firing”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.32(5), ss.2023-3600.
- ARNET, Evan (2022), “The Ethics of Quiet Quitting”, Prindle Institute, https://www.prindleinstitute.org/2022/09/the-ethics-of-quiet-quitting/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- AYCAN, Zeynep (2008), “Cross-Cultural Approaches to Work-Family Conflict”, Handbook of Work-Family Integration in Handbook of Work-Family Integration Research, Theory, and Best Practices (Ed. Karen Korabik, Denise L. Whitehead, Donna S. Lero), Academic Press, Cambridge, ss.353-370.
- BASS, Bernard M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York.
- BLAU, Peter (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley Publisher, New York.
- BRYMAN, Alan ve CRAMER, Duncan (2001), Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists. Routledge Press, London.
- BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Şener (2011), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, PEGEM Akademi Yayını, Ankara, 14. Baskı.
- ÇALIŞKAN, Kadir (2023), “Sessiz İstifa: Sonun Başlangıcı mı Yeniden Diriliş mi?” Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, S.5(2), ss.190-204.
- DEVELLIS, Robert, F. (2016), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage Publisher, Nited States of America, Third Edition.
- FORMICA, Sandro ve SFODERA, Fabiola (2022), “The Great Resignation and Quiet Quitting Paradigm Shifts: An Overview of Current Situation and Future Research Directions”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, S.31(8), ss.899-907.
- GALANIS, Petros, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaai, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, GALLOS, Parisis ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “The Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Initial Validation”, AIMS Public Health, S.10(4), ss.828-848.
- GALLUP (2023), “State of the Global Workplace Report”, Gallup, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- GREENBERG, Jerald (1990), “Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow”, Journal of Management, S.16(2), ss.399-432.
- HAMOUCHE, Salima, KORITOS, Christos ve PAPASTATHOPOULOS, Avraam (2023), “Quiet Quitting: Relationship with Other Concepts and Implications for Tourism and Hospitality”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, S.35(12), ss.4297-4312.
- HERZBERG, Frederick (1966), Work and the Nature of Man, World Publishing Company, Cleveland.
- HOFSTEDE, Geert (1980), Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage Publisher, Beverly Hills - California.
- KAHN, William A. (1990), “Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work”, Academy of Management Journal, S.33(4), ss.692–724.
- KAPLAN, Jason (2022), “Pyramid of Quiet Quitting”, Linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jason-kaplan-67b52610_leadership-personaldevelopment-management-activity-6971789378721345536-b8jn/?trk=public_profile_like_view&originalSubdomain=rs (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- KARRANI, Mariam Arif, BANI-MELHEM, Shaker Jamal ve MOHD-SHAMSUDIN, Faridahwati (2023), “Employee Quiet Quitting Behaviours: Conceptualization, Measure Development, and Validation”, The Service Industries Journal, S.44(6), ss.1-19.
- KLOTZ, Anthony C. ve BOLINO, Mark C. (2022), “Sessizce Vazgeçmek Gerçek Şeyden Daha Kötü Olduğunda”, HBR, https://hbr-org.translate.goog/2022/09/when-quiet-quitting-is-worse-than-the-real-thing?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=tr&_x_tr_hl=tr&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_hist=true (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- MACCALLUM, Robert C., WIDAMAN, Keith F., PREACHER, Kristopher J. ve HONG, Sehee (2001), “Sample Size in Factor Analysis: The Role of Model Error”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, S.36(4), ss.611-637.
- MASLACH, Christina ve JACKSON, Susan E. (1981), “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout”, Journal of Occupational Behavior, S.2(2), ss.99-113.
- MORRISON, Elizabeth Wolfe ve MILLIKEN, Frances J. (2000), “Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World”, The Academy of Management Review, S.25(4), ss.706-725.
- NGUYEN, Bao Giang (2024), “The Phenomenon of Quiet Quitting: A Scoping Review”, Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney.
- ÖNDER, Nafizcan (2022), “Herkesin Konuştuğu Sessiz İstifa”, Marketing Türkiye, https://www.marketingturkiye.com.tr/haberler/sessiz-istifa-nedir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- ÖZTÜRK, Esra, ARIKAN, Özgür Uğur ve OCAK, Metin (2023), “Understanding Quiet Quitting: Triggers, Antecedents, and Consequences”, International Journal of Behavior, Sustainability and Management, S.10(18), ss.57-79.
- PATEL Pankaj C., GUEDES, Maria João, BACHRACH, Daniel G. ve CHO, Younsung (2025), “A Multidimensional Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Test of a Measure of Quiet Quitting”, PLoS ONE, S.20(4), ss.1-47.
- SCHEYETT, Anna (2023), “Quiet Quitting”, Social Work, S.68(1), ss.5-7.
- SEÇER, Barış (2011), “İş Güvencesizliğinin İçsel İşten Ayrılma ve Yaşam Doyumuna Etkisi”, ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, S.13(4), ss.43-60.
- UEBERSAX, John S. (2000), “Estimating a Latent Trait Model by Factor Analysis of Tetrachoric Correlations: Statistical Methods for Rater Agreement”, John Uebersax, http://john-uebersax.com/stat/irt.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
Sessiz İstifa Ölçeği: Türk Kültüründe Beyaz Yakalı Çalışanların Sessiz İstifa Davranışlarını Analiz Eden Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması
Abstract
Son yıllarda özellikle Koronavirüs pandemisi sonrasında beyaz yakalı çalışanlar arasında yaygınlaşan sessiz istifa davranışı, çalışanların yalnızca iş tanımlarındaki asgari sorumlulukları yerine getirmesi, fazladan çaba göstermekten kaçınması ve psikolojik olarak işlerine mesafe koymasıyla karakterize edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sessiz istifa davranışını geçerli ve güvenilir bir şekilde ölçebilen bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırma sürecinde öncelikle kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılarak sessiz istifanın boyutları ve potansiyel ölçek maddeleri belirlenmiş, ardından uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda taslak bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle çevrimiçi olarak ulaşılan 263 beyaz yakalı çalışan üzerinde yapılan analizlerde, açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, madde-toplam korelasyonu ve Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayıları kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, yedi maddeden oluşan tek boyutlu "Sessiz İstifa Ölçeği"nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sessiz istifa ölçeği örgütsel davranış ve insan kaynakları yönetimi literatürüne kavramsal ve metodolojik bir katkı sunarken, kurumlarda işten duygusal ve davranışsal olarak uzaklaşan çalışanların tespit edilmesine ve olası verimlilik kayıplarının önlenmesine yönelik stratejiler geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
Ethical Statement
Bu makale Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uygundur. Beyan edilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması yoktur. Araştırmanın ortaya konulmasında herhangi bir mali destek alınmamıştır. Makale yazım ve intihal/benzerlik açısından kontrol edilmiştir. Makale, “en az iki dış hakem” ve “çift taraflı körleme” yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Makalede kullanılan ölçek için yazar(lar) tarafından ölçeğin orjinal sahibinden izin alındığı beyan edilmiştir. Yazar, dergiye imzalı “Telif Devir Formu” belgesi göndermiştir. Mevcut çalışma için mevzuat gereği etik izni alınmaya ihtiyaç yoktur. Bu konuda yazarlar tarafından dergiye “Etik İznine Gerek Olmadığına Dair Beyan Formu” gönderilmiştir. Yazar, çalışmanın tüm bölümlerine ve aşamalarına tek başına katkıda bulunmuştur.
Supporting Institution
Araştırmanın ortaya konulmasında herhangi bir mali destek alınmamıştır.
References
- ANAND, Amitabh, DOLL, Jessica L. ve RAY, Prantika (2023), “Drowning in Silence: A Scale Development and Validation of Quiet Quitting and Quiet Firing”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, S.32(5), ss.2023-3600.
- ARNET, Evan (2022), “The Ethics of Quiet Quitting”, Prindle Institute, https://www.prindleinstitute.org/2022/09/the-ethics-of-quiet-quitting/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- AYCAN, Zeynep (2008), “Cross-Cultural Approaches to Work-Family Conflict”, Handbook of Work-Family Integration in Handbook of Work-Family Integration Research, Theory, and Best Practices (Ed. Karen Korabik, Denise L. Whitehead, Donna S. Lero), Academic Press, Cambridge, ss.353-370.
- BASS, Bernard M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York.
- BLAU, Peter (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley Publisher, New York.
- BRYMAN, Alan ve CRAMER, Duncan (2001), Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows: A Guide for Social Scientists. Routledge Press, London.
- BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Şener (2011), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, PEGEM Akademi Yayını, Ankara, 14. Baskı.
- ÇALIŞKAN, Kadir (2023), “Sessiz İstifa: Sonun Başlangıcı mı Yeniden Diriliş mi?” Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, S.5(2), ss.190-204.
- DEVELLIS, Robert, F. (2016), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage Publisher, Nited States of America, Third Edition.
- FORMICA, Sandro ve SFODERA, Fabiola (2022), “The Great Resignation and Quiet Quitting Paradigm Shifts: An Overview of Current Situation and Future Research Directions”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, S.31(8), ss.899-907.
- GALANIS, Petros, KATSIROUMPA, Aglaai, VRAKA, Irene, SISKOU, Olga, KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, Olympia, MOISOGLOU, Ioannis, GALLOS, Parisis ve KAITELIDOU, Daphne (2023), “The Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Initial Validation”, AIMS Public Health, S.10(4), ss.828-848.
- GALLUP (2023), “State of the Global Workplace Report”, Gallup, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- GREENBERG, Jerald (1990), “Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow”, Journal of Management, S.16(2), ss.399-432.
- HAMOUCHE, Salima, KORITOS, Christos ve PAPASTATHOPOULOS, Avraam (2023), “Quiet Quitting: Relationship with Other Concepts and Implications for Tourism and Hospitality”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, S.35(12), ss.4297-4312.
- HERZBERG, Frederick (1966), Work and the Nature of Man, World Publishing Company, Cleveland.
- HOFSTEDE, Geert (1980), Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage Publisher, Beverly Hills - California.
- KAHN, William A. (1990), “Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work”, Academy of Management Journal, S.33(4), ss.692–724.
- KAPLAN, Jason (2022), “Pyramid of Quiet Quitting”, Linkedin, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jason-kaplan-67b52610_leadership-personaldevelopment-management-activity-6971789378721345536-b8jn/?trk=public_profile_like_view&originalSubdomain=rs (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- KARRANI, Mariam Arif, BANI-MELHEM, Shaker Jamal ve MOHD-SHAMSUDIN, Faridahwati (2023), “Employee Quiet Quitting Behaviours: Conceptualization, Measure Development, and Validation”, The Service Industries Journal, S.44(6), ss.1-19.
- KLOTZ, Anthony C. ve BOLINO, Mark C. (2022), “Sessizce Vazgeçmek Gerçek Şeyden Daha Kötü Olduğunda”, HBR, https://hbr-org.translate.goog/2022/09/when-quiet-quitting-is-worse-than-the-real-thing?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=tr&_x_tr_hl=tr&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_hist=true (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- MACCALLUM, Robert C., WIDAMAN, Keith F., PREACHER, Kristopher J. ve HONG, Sehee (2001), “Sample Size in Factor Analysis: The Role of Model Error”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, S.36(4), ss.611-637.
- MASLACH, Christina ve JACKSON, Susan E. (1981), “The Measurement of Experienced Burnout”, Journal of Occupational Behavior, S.2(2), ss.99-113.
- MORRISON, Elizabeth Wolfe ve MILLIKEN, Frances J. (2000), “Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World”, The Academy of Management Review, S.25(4), ss.706-725.
- NGUYEN, Bao Giang (2024), “The Phenomenon of Quiet Quitting: A Scoping Review”, Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney.
- ÖNDER, Nafizcan (2022), “Herkesin Konuştuğu Sessiz İstifa”, Marketing Türkiye, https://www.marketingturkiye.com.tr/haberler/sessiz-istifa-nedir/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
- ÖZTÜRK, Esra, ARIKAN, Özgür Uğur ve OCAK, Metin (2023), “Understanding Quiet Quitting: Triggers, Antecedents, and Consequences”, International Journal of Behavior, Sustainability and Management, S.10(18), ss.57-79.
- PATEL Pankaj C., GUEDES, Maria João, BACHRACH, Daniel G. ve CHO, Younsung (2025), “A Multidimensional Quiet Quitting Scale: Development and Test of a Measure of Quiet Quitting”, PLoS ONE, S.20(4), ss.1-47.
- SCHEYETT, Anna (2023), “Quiet Quitting”, Social Work, S.68(1), ss.5-7.
- SEÇER, Barış (2011), “İş Güvencesizliğinin İçsel İşten Ayrılma ve Yaşam Doyumuna Etkisi”, ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, S.13(4), ss.43-60.
- UEBERSAX, John S. (2000), “Estimating a Latent Trait Model by Factor Analysis of Tetrachoric Correlations: Statistical Methods for Rater Agreement”, John Uebersax, http://john-uebersax.com/stat/irt.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2025).
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Human Resources Management, Industrial Organisation |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | May 28, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 24, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 |
Creative Commons Lisansı
This work (journal) is lisenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative 4.0 International License.