Research Article
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The Link between Psychological Maltreatment and Externality of Happiness: The Mediating Roles of Future Anxiety and Psychological Vulnerability

Year 2025, Volume: 62 Issue: 62, 282 - 298, 22.07.2025

Sinan Okur

https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1675557

Abstract

Adverse experiences such as psychological maltreatment during early developmental periods can shape an individual's fundamental beliefs about the self and the world, thereby laying the groundwork for long-term psychological difficulties. Among these difficulties, dysfunctional cognitive tendencies such as future anxiety, psychological vulnerability, and externality of happiness may emerge. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating roles of future anxiety and psychological vulnerability in the relationship between psychological maltreatment and externality of happiness. The study was conducted with a total of 468 participants, including 272 female (58.1%) and 196 male (41.9%). The participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 45 years, with a mean age of 21.763 (SD = 3.639). After the preliminary data analysis, a correlation analysis was first conducted to examine the relationships among the variables. Subsequently, structural equation modelling was applied to test the direct and indirect effects between the variables, and the bootstrapping method was used to determine the significance of the mediating variables. The analyses revealed that the relationships among the variables were positive and statistically significant. Besides, two main findings emerged from the structural equation modelling and bootstrapping analyses. First, psychological vulnerability was found to have a significant mediating role in the relationship between psychological maltreatment and externality of happiness. Second, psychological maltreatment predicted externality of happiness through the serially mediating effects of future anxiety and psychological vulnerability. These findings emphasize the indirect influence of early psychological maltreatment on individuals’ perceptions of happiness and provide important contributions to the literature regarding the long-term consequences of psychological maltreatment.

Keywords

Psychological Maltreatment Future Anxiety Psychological Vulnerability Externality of Happiness

References

  • Akat, M., Okur, S., Akbulut, Ö. F., Satıcı, S. A., & Hamarta, E. (2025). Childhood psychological maltreatment, psychological flexibility, family conflict, and subjective happiness in university students: A serial mediation model. Psychiatric Quarterly. doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10134-w
  • Akın, A., & Eker, H. (2011). Turkish version of the Psychological Vulnerability Scale: A study of validity and reliability. Bildiri, 32th International Conference of the Stress and Anxiety Research Society, 18–20 July, Münster, Germany.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Development Psychological Maltreatment Questionnaire (PMQ): Investigating psychometric properties in adolescents. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 4(2), 727–738. doi:10.14686/buefad.v4i2.5000146983
  • Arslan, G. (2023). Mediating effect of fear and externality of happiness in the association between psychological maltreatment and psychological well-being. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(3), 707–718. doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1950783
  • Arslan, G., & Genç, E. (2022). Psychological maltreatment and college student mental wellbeing: A uni and multi-dimensional effect of positive perception. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 106371. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106371
  • Bados, A., Gómez-Benito, J., & Balaguer, G. (2010). The state–trait anxiety inventory, trait version: Does it really measure anxiety? Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 560–567. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513295
  • Barros, J., Morales, S., García, A., Echávarri, O., Fischman, R., Szmulewicz, M., & Tomicic, A. (2020). Recognizing states of psychological vulnerability to suicidal behavior: A Bayesian network of artificial intelligence applied to a clinical sample. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–20. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02535-x
  • Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
  • Brassard, M. R., Hyman, I., & Dimmitt, C. (1991). What can children expect? Protecting and nurturing children in a school and community context. School Psychology Review, 20(3), 369–381. doi:10.1080/02796015.1991.12085560
  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409–438.
  • Demir, E. (2023). Exploring the nexus of positive childhood experiences and conflict resolution styles: Unveiling the keys to harmonious relationship dynamics. Journal of Social and Educational Research, 2(1), 8–13. Retrieved from https://www.journalser.com/jser/article/view/17
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Ekşi, F., & Kaya, Ç. (2021). Character strengths and psychological vulnerability: The mediating role of resilience. Current Psychology, 40(11), 5626–5636. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00533-1
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2024). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
  • Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 1057–1068. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00091-0
  • Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Klöckner, C. A., & Jozefiak, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment, psychopathology and well-being: The mediator role of global self-esteem, attachment difficulties and substance use. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 122–133. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.012
  • Hankin, B. L. (2005). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: Prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stress as mediating processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 645–671. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-9631-z
  • Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., Binggeli, N. J., & Davidson, H. A. (2002). Psychological maltreatment. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, C. Jenny, & T. A. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 79–103). Sage Publications.
  • Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., & Wernham, M. (2022). Psychological maltreatment: A threat to children not to be ignored. In R. D. Krugman & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child maltreatment. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_4
  • Hart, S. N., & Glaser, D. (2011). Psychological maltreatment—Maltreatment of the mind: A catalyst for advancing child protection toward proactive primary prevention and promotion of personal well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(10), 758–766. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.06.002
  • Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. doi: 10.1111/bmsp.12028
  • Hillberg, T., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., & Dixon, L. (2011). Review of meta-analyses on the association between child sexual abuse and adult mental health difficulties: A systematic approach. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(1), 38–49. doi:10.1177/1524838010386812
  • Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (pp. 32–46). Sage Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781452231655.n2
  • Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Joshanloo, M. (2017). Mediators of the relationship between externality of happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.017
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (31. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kaufmann, M., Goetz, T., Lipnevich, A. A., & Pekrun, R. (2019). Do positive illusions of control foster happiness? Emotion, 19(6), 1014–1022. doi:10.1037/emo0000499
  • Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706–716. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
  • Kumari, V. (2020). Emotional abuse and neglect: Time to focus on prevention and mental health consequences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 597–599. doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.154
  • Lee, H., & Kim, E. (2023). Global prevalence of physical and psychological child abuse during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 135, 105984. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105984
  • Lowell, A., Renk, K., & Adgate, A. H. (2014). The role of attachment in the relationship between child maltreatment and later emotional and behavioral functioning. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(9), 1436–1449. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.006
  • Roazzi, A., Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2016). Locus of control in maltreated children: The impact of attachment and cumulative trauma. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 29(1), 8. doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0025-9
  • Sarıçalı, M., & Satıcı, S. A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik kırılganlık ilişkisinde utangaçlığın aracı rolü. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 655–670. doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.285121
  • Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 68–73.
  • Satıcı, S. A., & Okur, S. (2022). Investigating the link between psychological maltreatment, shyness, hope, and wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111764. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111764
  • Satıcı, S. A., Yılmaz, F. B., Karaağaç, Z. G., & Okur, S. (2024). From childhood psychological maltreatment to fear of happiness: Exploring the serial mediation of external shame and family communication. Children and Youth Services Review, 157, 107425. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107425
  • Sinclair, V. G., & Wallston, K. A. (1999). The development and validation of the Psychological Vulnerability Scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(2), 119–129.
  • Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(11), 1247–1258. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001
  • Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266.
  • Tucholska, K., Gulla, B., Grabowska, A., & Major, P. (2021). Time perspective, future anxiety, and hope for success in individuals awaiting bariatric surgery. Health Psychology Report, 10, 111–121. doi:10.5114/hpr.2020.100243
  • Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007
  • Yıldırım, M., Barmanpek, U., & Farag, A. A. H. (2018). Reliability and validity studies of externality of happiness scale among Turkish adults. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 14(14),1. doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14p1
  • Yıldırım, M., & Belen, H. (2019). The role of resilience in the relationships between externality of happiness and subjective well-being and flourishing: A structural equation model approach. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 3, 62–76.
  • Yıldırım, M., Kaynar, Ö., Arslan, G., & Chirico, F. (2023). Fear of COVID-19, resilience, and future anxiety: Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Dark Future Scale. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13, 597. doi:10.3390/jpm13040597
  • Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapinska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2019). Development and validation of the Dark Future scale. Time & Society, 28, 107–123. doi:10.1177/0961463X17752291
  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288.

Psikolojik İstismarın Mutluluğun Dışsallığı ile Bağlantısı: Gelecek Kaygısı ve Psikolojik Kırılganlığın Aracı Rolleri

Year 2025, Volume: 62 Issue: 62, 282 - 298, 22.07.2025

Sinan Okur

https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1675557

Abstract

Erken gelişim dönemlerinde yaşanan psikolojik istismar gibi olumsuz deneyimler, bireyin dünyaya ve kendine yönelik temel inançlarını şekillendirerek yaşam boyu sürebilecek psikolojik sorunların ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlayabilmektedir. Bu psikolojik sorunlar arasında gelecek kaygısı, psikolojik kırılganlık ve mutluluğun dışsallığı gibi işlevsel olmayan bilişsel eğilimler yer alabilir. Bu bağlamda, mevcut çalışmada psikolojik istismar ile mutluluğun dışsallığı arasındaki ilişkide gelecek kaygısı ve psikolojik kırılganlığın aracı rolünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 272’si kadın (%58.1) ve 196’sı erkek (%41.9) olmak üzere 468 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş aralığı 18 ile 45 arasındadır ve yaş ortalaması 21.763’tür (SS = 3.639). Elde edilen veriler analiz için uygun hale getirildikten sonra, öncelikle değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla korelasyon analizi yapılmış, ardından değişkenler arasındaki doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri test etmek üzere yapısal eşitlik modellemesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve aracı değişkenlerin anlamlılığını değerlendirmek için bootstrapping yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin pozitif ve anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ve bootstrapping yöntemi sonucunda iki temel bulguya ulaşılmıştır. İlki, psikolojik kırılganlığın psikolojik istismar ile mutluluğun dışsallığı arasındaki ilişkide anlamlı bir aracı rol oynadığı şeklindedir. İkincisi ise, psikolojik istismarın gelecek kaygısı ve psikolojik kırılganlık aracılığıyla mutluluğun dışsallığını yordadığıdır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, erken dönemde deneyimlenen psikolojik istismarın bireylerin mutluluk algısı üzerindeki dolaylı etkilerine dikkat çekmekte ve psikolojik istismarın uzun vadeli sonuçlarına ilişkin alanyazına önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Psikolojik İstismar Gelecek Kaygısı Psikolojik Kırılganlık Mutluluğun Dışsallığı

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma, Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulunun 16.01.2024 tarihli ve E-35592990-050.01.04-3150909 sayılı onayı doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir.

References

  • Akat, M., Okur, S., Akbulut, Ö. F., Satıcı, S. A., & Hamarta, E. (2025). Childhood psychological maltreatment, psychological flexibility, family conflict, and subjective happiness in university students: A serial mediation model. Psychiatric Quarterly. doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10134-w
  • Akın, A., & Eker, H. (2011). Turkish version of the Psychological Vulnerability Scale: A study of validity and reliability. Bildiri, 32th International Conference of the Stress and Anxiety Research Society, 18–20 July, Münster, Germany.
  • Arslan, G. (2015). Development Psychological Maltreatment Questionnaire (PMQ): Investigating psychometric properties in adolescents. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 4(2), 727–738. doi:10.14686/buefad.v4i2.5000146983
  • Arslan, G. (2023). Mediating effect of fear and externality of happiness in the association between psychological maltreatment and psychological well-being. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(3), 707–718. doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1950783
  • Arslan, G., & Genç, E. (2022). Psychological maltreatment and college student mental wellbeing: A uni and multi-dimensional effect of positive perception. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 106371. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106371
  • Bados, A., Gómez-Benito, J., & Balaguer, G. (2010). The state–trait anxiety inventory, trait version: Does it really measure anxiety? Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 560–567. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513295
  • Barros, J., Morales, S., García, A., Echávarri, O., Fischman, R., Szmulewicz, M., & Tomicic, A. (2020). Recognizing states of psychological vulnerability to suicidal behavior: A Bayesian network of artificial intelligence applied to a clinical sample. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–20. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02535-x
  • Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
  • Brassard, M. R., Hyman, I., & Dimmitt, C. (1991). What can children expect? Protecting and nurturing children in a school and community context. School Psychology Review, 20(3), 369–381. doi:10.1080/02796015.1991.12085560
  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409–438.
  • Demir, E. (2023). Exploring the nexus of positive childhood experiences and conflict resolution styles: Unveiling the keys to harmonious relationship dynamics. Journal of Social and Educational Research, 2(1), 8–13. Retrieved from https://www.journalser.com/jser/article/view/17
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Ekşi, F., & Kaya, Ç. (2021). Character strengths and psychological vulnerability: The mediating role of resilience. Current Psychology, 40(11), 5626–5636. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00533-1
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2024). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
  • Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 1057–1068. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00091-0
  • Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Klöckner, C. A., & Jozefiak, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment, psychopathology and well-being: The mediator role of global self-esteem, attachment difficulties and substance use. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 122–133. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.012
  • Hankin, B. L. (2005). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: Prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stress as mediating processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 645–671. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-9631-z
  • Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., Binggeli, N. J., & Davidson, H. A. (2002). Psychological maltreatment. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, C. Jenny, & T. A. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 79–103). Sage Publications.
  • Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., & Wernham, M. (2022). Psychological maltreatment: A threat to children not to be ignored. In R. D. Krugman & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child maltreatment. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_4
  • Hart, S. N., & Glaser, D. (2011). Psychological maltreatment—Maltreatment of the mind: A catalyst for advancing child protection toward proactive primary prevention and promotion of personal well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(10), 758–766. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.06.002
  • Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. doi: 10.1111/bmsp.12028
  • Hillberg, T., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., & Dixon, L. (2011). Review of meta-analyses on the association between child sexual abuse and adult mental health difficulties: A systematic approach. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(1), 38–49. doi:10.1177/1524838010386812
  • Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (pp. 32–46). Sage Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781452231655.n2
  • Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Joshanloo, M. (2017). Mediators of the relationship between externality of happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.017
  • Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (31. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kaufmann, M., Goetz, T., Lipnevich, A. A., & Pekrun, R. (2019). Do positive illusions of control foster happiness? Emotion, 19(6), 1014–1022. doi:10.1037/emo0000499
  • Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706–716. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
  • Kumari, V. (2020). Emotional abuse and neglect: Time to focus on prevention and mental health consequences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 597–599. doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.154
  • Lee, H., & Kim, E. (2023). Global prevalence of physical and psychological child abuse during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 135, 105984. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105984
  • Lowell, A., Renk, K., & Adgate, A. H. (2014). The role of attachment in the relationship between child maltreatment and later emotional and behavioral functioning. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(9), 1436–1449. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.006
  • Roazzi, A., Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2016). Locus of control in maltreated children: The impact of attachment and cumulative trauma. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 29(1), 8. doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0025-9
  • Sarıçalı, M., & Satıcı, S. A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik kırılganlık ilişkisinde utangaçlığın aracı rolü. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 655–670. doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.285121
  • Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 68–73.
  • Satıcı, S. A., & Okur, S. (2022). Investigating the link between psychological maltreatment, shyness, hope, and wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111764. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111764
  • Satıcı, S. A., Yılmaz, F. B., Karaağaç, Z. G., & Okur, S. (2024). From childhood psychological maltreatment to fear of happiness: Exploring the serial mediation of external shame and family communication. Children and Youth Services Review, 157, 107425. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107425
  • Sinclair, V. G., & Wallston, K. A. (1999). The development and validation of the Psychological Vulnerability Scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(2), 119–129.
  • Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(11), 1247–1258. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.001
  • Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266.
  • Tucholska, K., Gulla, B., Grabowska, A., & Major, P. (2021). Time perspective, future anxiety, and hope for success in individuals awaiting bariatric surgery. Health Psychology Report, 10, 111–121. doi:10.5114/hpr.2020.100243
  • Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007
  • Yıldırım, M., Barmanpek, U., & Farag, A. A. H. (2018). Reliability and validity studies of externality of happiness scale among Turkish adults. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 14(14),1. doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14p1
  • Yıldırım, M., & Belen, H. (2019). The role of resilience in the relationships between externality of happiness and subjective well-being and flourishing: A structural equation model approach. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 3, 62–76.
  • Yıldırım, M., Kaynar, Ö., Arslan, G., & Chirico, F. (2023). Fear of COVID-19, resilience, and future anxiety: Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Dark Future Scale. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13, 597. doi:10.3390/jpm13040597
  • Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapinska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2019). Development and validation of the Dark Future scale. Time & Society, 28, 107–123. doi:10.1177/0961463X17752291
  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sinan Okur 0000-0002-3439-5907

Early Pub Date June 25, 2025
Publication Date July 22, 2025
Submission Date April 14, 2025
Acceptance Date June 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 62 Issue: 62

Cite

APA Okur, S. (2025). Psikolojik İstismarın Mutluluğun Dışsallığı ile Bağlantısı: Gelecek Kaygısı ve Psikolojik Kırılganlığın Aracı Rolleri. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 62(62), 282-298. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.1675557
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