Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a computer-controlled manufacturing process that creates three-dimensional objects by depositing material in layers. Stereolithography (SLA), the oldest form of additive manufacturing, has attracted considerable interest in the industry due to the high dimensional accuracy and smooth surface quality of the printed parts. In this study, 3D polymer parts were printed using the SLA machine and aged at different temperatures (48, 60 and 72 ºC) and for different times (6, 9 and 12 hours) to investigate the effect of ageing on impact strength. As a result of the Charpy notch impact test, it was observed that the ageing process generally reduced the impact strength of the material and deformation was observed in the samples held above the glass transition temperature. When the change in size was examined over time, a decrease was observed up to 12 hours, while after 12 hours there was a sudden increase at all temperatures. In the measurements made as a result of the ageing process, it was observed that the results of the thickness and width measurements of the sample were in agreement with the results of the ageing process. Thanks to this study, knowledge about the usability, storage, durability and mechanical properties of the polymer material has been obtained and contributed to the literature in this sense.
Keywords
Stereolithography (SLA) Ageing Charpy Notch Impact Test Mechanical Properties Additive Manufacturing
Project Number
FLY-2023-8697
References
- D.W. Rosen, What are Principles for Design for Additive Manufacturing?, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2014, Singapore.
- N. Guo, M.C. Leu, Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs, Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 8(3) (2013) 215-243.
- A.A. Giannopoulos, D. Mitsouras, S. Yoo, P.P. Liu, Y.S. Chatzizisis, F.J. Rybicki, Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases, Nature Reviews Cardiology, 13(12) (2016) 701-718.
- M.S. Mannoor, Z. Jiang, T. James, Y.L. Kong, K.A. Malatesta, W.O. Soboyejo, N. Verma, D.H. Gracias, M.C. McAlpine, 3D Printed Bionic Ears, Nano Letters, 13 (2013) 2634-2639.
- S. Lohfeld, P. McHugh, D. Serban, D. Boyle, G. O’Donnell, N. Peckitt, A route for digital design and manufacturing of customised maxillofacial implants, Journal of Biomechanics, 39 (2006) 427.
- Y. Jun, K. Choi, Design of patient-specific hip implants based on the 3D geometry of the human femur, Advances in Engineering Software, 41 (2010) 537-547.
- R. Huang, M. Riddle, D. Graziano, J. Warren, S. Das, S. Nimbalkar, J. Cresko, E. Masanet, Energy and emissions saving potential of additive manufacturing: the case of lightweight aircraft components, Journal of Cleaner Production, 135 (2016) 1559-1570.
- H.K. Sürmen, Eklemeli imalat (3B baskı): teknolojiler ve uygulamalar, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 24 (2) (2019) 373-392.
- F.P.W. Melchels, J. Feijen, D.W. Grijpma, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, 31 (2010) 6121-6130.
- M. Mukhtarkhanov, A. Perveen, D. Talamona, Application of stereolithography based 3D printing technology in investment casting, Micromachines,11 (2020) 946.
- İ. Aktitiz, K. Aydın, A. Topçu, Stereolitografi (SLA) tekniği ile basılan 3 boyutlu polimer yapılarda ikincil kürleme süresinin mekanik özelliklere etkisi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(4) (2020) 949-958.
- ASTM D3045, Standard practice for heat aging of plastics without load, ASTM International, 2018.
- S. Mansour, M. Gilbert, R. Hague, A study of the impact of short-term ageing on the mechanical properties of a stereolithography resin, Materials Science and Engineering, 447(2007) 277-284.
- C. Tröger, A.T. Bens, G. Bermes, R. Klemmer, J. Lenz, S. Irsen, Ageing of acrylate-based resins for stereolithography: thermal and humidity ageing behaviour studies, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 14(5) (2008) 305-317.
- K. Puebla, K. Arcaute, R. Quintana, R.B. Wicker, Effects of environmental conditions, aging, and build orientations on the mechanical properties of ASTM type I specimens manufactured via stereolithography, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 18(5) (2012) 374-388.
- E. Marin, F. Boschetto, M. Zanocco, H.N. Doan, T.P.M. Sunthar, K. Kinashi, D. Iba, W. Zhu, G. Pezzotti, UV-curing and thermal ageing of methacrylated stereo-lithographic resin, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 185, 2021.
- C. Wu, B.C. Meng, L. Tam, L. He, Yellowing mechanisms of epoxy and vinyl ester resins under thermal, UV and natural aging conditions and protection methods, Polymer Testing, 114 (2022).
- P. Arjun, V.K. Bidhun, U.K. Lenin, V.P. Amritha, R.V. Pazhamannil, P. Govindan, Effects of process parameters and annealing on the tensile strength of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid, Materials Today: Proceedings, 62 (2022) 7379-7384.
- S. Bhandari, R.A. Lopez-Anido, D.J. Gardner, Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing, Additive Manufacturing, 30, 2019.
- S. Valvez, A.P. Silva, P.N.B. Reis, F. Berto, Annealing effect on mechanical properties of 3D printed composites, Procedia Structural Integrity, 37: 738-745, 2022.
- N. Jayanth, K. Jaswanthraj, S. Sandeep, N.H. Mallaya, S.R. Siddharth, Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 123 (2021).
- M. Coşkun, 3 boyutlu yazıcıda üretilmiş parçalara uygulanan ısıl işlemlerin mekanik özelliklere etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Malzeme Bilimi Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Kastamonu, Türkiye, 2019.
- ASTM D6110, Standard test method for determining the charpy impact resistance of notched specimens of plastics, ASTM International, 2018.
- Knowledge in Practice Centre, Thermoset Polymers, https://compositeskn.org/KPC/A105, 24.01.2024.
- H.C. Özdemir, Eklemeli imalat yöntemi ile üretilmiş parçalara üretim sonrası yapılan işlemlerin yüzey kalitesine ve mekanik özelliklere etkisinin araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2023.
- M. Saçak, Polimer Kimyası, 10. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 2023.
- Unacademy, Thermosetting Polymers, https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/chemistry/thermosetting-polymers/, 2024.
- Byju’s, What is Thermosetting Polymer?, https://byjus.com/chemistry/thermosetting-polymers/, 2024.
- I. García-Moreno, M.A. Caminero, G.P. Rodríguez, J.J. López-Cela, Effect of thermal ageing on the ımpact and flexural damage behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates, Polymers, 11(1) (2019) 80.
SLA Yöntemi ile Üretilen Numunelerde Yaşlandırma İşleminin Charpy Çentik Darbe Test Sonuçlarına Etkileri
Abstract
Eklemeli imalat katmanlar halinde malzeme biriktirirerek üç boyutlu nesneler oluşturan bilgisayar kontrollü bir üretim yöntemidir. Eklemeli imalatın en eski biçimi olan Stereolitografi (SLA) yöntemi yüksek boyutsal doğruluğu ve basılan parçaların pürüzsüz yüzey kalitesi nedeniyle endüstride oldukça ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada, SLA cihazı kullanılarak 3B polimer parçalar basılmış, yaşlandırma işleminin darbe mukavemeti üzerine etkisini incelemek için farklı sıcaklıklarda (48,60 ve 72 ºC) ve farklı sürelerde (6,9 ve 12 saat) yaşlandırma işlemine maruz bırakılmıştır. Yapılan Charpy çentik darbe testi sonucunda yaşlandırma işleminin malzemenin darbe mukavemetini genel olarak azalttığı, camsı geçiş sıcaklığı üzerinde bekletilen numunelerde deformasyon olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Süre açısından boyut değişimi incelendiğinde 12 saate kadar bir azalma gözlemlenirken 12. Saatte tüm sıcaklıklarda ani bir artış meydana gelmiştir. Yaşlandırma işlemi sonucunda yapılan ölçümlerde numunenin kalınlık ve genişlik ölçüleri sonuçlarının yaşlandırma işlemi sonucuna uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan bu çalışma sayesinde polimer malzemenin kullanılabilirliği, saklanması, raf ömrü ve mekanik özellikleriyle ilgili bulgular elde edilmiş ve literatüre bu anlamda katkı sağlanmıştır.
Keywords
Stereolitografi (SLA) Yaşlandırma Charpy Çentik Darbe Testi Mekanik Özellikler Eklemeli İmalat
Supporting Institution
Gazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri
Project Number
FLY-2023-8697
Thanks
Gazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri'ne bu çalışmaya göstermiş oldukları destek için tesekkür ederiz.
References
- D.W. Rosen, What are Principles for Design for Additive Manufacturing?, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2014, Singapore.
- N. Guo, M.C. Leu, Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs, Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 8(3) (2013) 215-243.
- A.A. Giannopoulos, D. Mitsouras, S. Yoo, P.P. Liu, Y.S. Chatzizisis, F.J. Rybicki, Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases, Nature Reviews Cardiology, 13(12) (2016) 701-718.
- M.S. Mannoor, Z. Jiang, T. James, Y.L. Kong, K.A. Malatesta, W.O. Soboyejo, N. Verma, D.H. Gracias, M.C. McAlpine, 3D Printed Bionic Ears, Nano Letters, 13 (2013) 2634-2639.
- S. Lohfeld, P. McHugh, D. Serban, D. Boyle, G. O’Donnell, N. Peckitt, A route for digital design and manufacturing of customised maxillofacial implants, Journal of Biomechanics, 39 (2006) 427.
- Y. Jun, K. Choi, Design of patient-specific hip implants based on the 3D geometry of the human femur, Advances in Engineering Software, 41 (2010) 537-547.
- R. Huang, M. Riddle, D. Graziano, J. Warren, S. Das, S. Nimbalkar, J. Cresko, E. Masanet, Energy and emissions saving potential of additive manufacturing: the case of lightweight aircraft components, Journal of Cleaner Production, 135 (2016) 1559-1570.
- H.K. Sürmen, Eklemeli imalat (3B baskı): teknolojiler ve uygulamalar, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 24 (2) (2019) 373-392.
- F.P.W. Melchels, J. Feijen, D.W. Grijpma, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, 31 (2010) 6121-6130.
- M. Mukhtarkhanov, A. Perveen, D. Talamona, Application of stereolithography based 3D printing technology in investment casting, Micromachines,11 (2020) 946.
- İ. Aktitiz, K. Aydın, A. Topçu, Stereolitografi (SLA) tekniği ile basılan 3 boyutlu polimer yapılarda ikincil kürleme süresinin mekanik özelliklere etkisi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(4) (2020) 949-958.
- ASTM D3045, Standard practice for heat aging of plastics without load, ASTM International, 2018.
- S. Mansour, M. Gilbert, R. Hague, A study of the impact of short-term ageing on the mechanical properties of a stereolithography resin, Materials Science and Engineering, 447(2007) 277-284.
- C. Tröger, A.T. Bens, G. Bermes, R. Klemmer, J. Lenz, S. Irsen, Ageing of acrylate-based resins for stereolithography: thermal and humidity ageing behaviour studies, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 14(5) (2008) 305-317.
- K. Puebla, K. Arcaute, R. Quintana, R.B. Wicker, Effects of environmental conditions, aging, and build orientations on the mechanical properties of ASTM type I specimens manufactured via stereolithography, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 18(5) (2012) 374-388.
- E. Marin, F. Boschetto, M. Zanocco, H.N. Doan, T.P.M. Sunthar, K. Kinashi, D. Iba, W. Zhu, G. Pezzotti, UV-curing and thermal ageing of methacrylated stereo-lithographic resin, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 185, 2021.
- C. Wu, B.C. Meng, L. Tam, L. He, Yellowing mechanisms of epoxy and vinyl ester resins under thermal, UV and natural aging conditions and protection methods, Polymer Testing, 114 (2022).
- P. Arjun, V.K. Bidhun, U.K. Lenin, V.P. Amritha, R.V. Pazhamannil, P. Govindan, Effects of process parameters and annealing on the tensile strength of 3D printed carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid, Materials Today: Proceedings, 62 (2022) 7379-7384.
- S. Bhandari, R.A. Lopez-Anido, D.J. Gardner, Enhancing the interlayer tensile strength of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced PETG and PLA composites via annealing, Additive Manufacturing, 30, 2019.
- S. Valvez, A.P. Silva, P.N.B. Reis, F. Berto, Annealing effect on mechanical properties of 3D printed composites, Procedia Structural Integrity, 37: 738-745, 2022.
- N. Jayanth, K. Jaswanthraj, S. Sandeep, N.H. Mallaya, S.R. Siddharth, Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 123 (2021).
- M. Coşkun, 3 boyutlu yazıcıda üretilmiş parçalara uygulanan ısıl işlemlerin mekanik özelliklere etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Malzeme Bilimi Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Kastamonu, Türkiye, 2019.
- ASTM D6110, Standard test method for determining the charpy impact resistance of notched specimens of plastics, ASTM International, 2018.
- Knowledge in Practice Centre, Thermoset Polymers, https://compositeskn.org/KPC/A105, 24.01.2024.
- H.C. Özdemir, Eklemeli imalat yöntemi ile üretilmiş parçalara üretim sonrası yapılan işlemlerin yüzey kalitesine ve mekanik özelliklere etkisinin araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2023.
- M. Saçak, Polimer Kimyası, 10. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 2023.
- Unacademy, Thermosetting Polymers, https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/chemistry/thermosetting-polymers/, 2024.
- Byju’s, What is Thermosetting Polymer?, https://byjus.com/chemistry/thermosetting-polymers/, 2024.
- I. García-Moreno, M.A. Caminero, G.P. Rodríguez, J.J. López-Cela, Effect of thermal ageing on the ımpact and flexural damage behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates, Polymers, 11(1) (2019) 80.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Polymer Technologies, Additive Manufacturing |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | FLY-2023-8697 |
| Early Pub Date | April 30, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | October 24, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | December 3, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
