Research Article
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The Role of Parents' Gender Role Perceptions in Predicting Psychological Resilience in Preschool Children: Exploring the Moderating Effect of Empathy

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 27.06.2025

Pınar Karababa , Mine Koyuncu Şahin

https://doi.org/10.52826/mcbuefd.1527368

Abstract

The present study aimed to examine the direct relationships between parents' gender role perceptions, empathy, and their children's levels of psychological resilience, as well as to investigate the moderating role of parents' empathy levels in the relationship between gender role perceptions and children's levels of psychological resilience. The study sample consists of 206 parents (196 mothers and 10 fathers) with children attending preschool. Participants were provided with measures of gender role perceptions, empathy, and psychological resilience along with a personal information form. The research was conducted within the framework of a correlational survey model. The findings indicated significant relationships between parents' gender role perceptions, empathy, and their children's levels of psychological resilience. However, the findings did not provide evidence for the moderating role of parents' empathy levels in the relationship between parents' gender role perceptions and their children's levels of psychological resilience. The results underscore the importance of considering the strong role of parents' gender role perceptions in their children's levels of psychological resilience. The research findings are discussed in the light of literature.

Keywords

Gender role perceptions Empathy Psychological resilience Early childhood Parents

References

  • Arslan, Z. G., & Demircioğlu, H. (2023). The impact of fathers’ gender perspectives and involvement on children’s resilience. Early Child Development and Care, 193(3), 417-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2022.2096600
  • Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı: Ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 48-63.
  • Benzies, K., & Mychasiuk, R. (2009). Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00586.x
  • Bernard, B. (1995). Fostering resilience in children. ERIC Digest.
  • Bi, S., & Keller, P. S. (2021). Parental empathy, aggressive parenting, and child adjustment in a noncustodial high-risk sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), NP10371-NP10392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519870165
  • Brems, C., & Sohl, M. A. (1995). The role of empathy in parenting strategy choices. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 44(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.2307/584808
  • Brooks, J. E. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: Maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/28.2.69
  • Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2007). Modeling the dynamics of paternal influences on children over the life course. Applied Development Science, 11(4), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762027
  • Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.022
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
  • Demircioğlu, H., & Günindi, Y. (2021). Okul öncesi dönem psikososyal risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 1-31.
  • Denckla, C. A., Cicchetti, D., Kubzansky, L. D., Seedat, S., Teicher, M. H., Williams, D. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2020). Psychological resilience: An update on definitions, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1822064. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1822064
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Erlbaum.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Maszk, P., Holmgren, R., & Suh, K. (1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8(1), 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457940000701X
  • Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review Psychology, 69, 275-298.
  • Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., van der Pol, L. D., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers‐Haalboom, E. T., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2017). Gender differences in child aggression: Relations with gender‐differentiated parenting and parents’ gender‐role stereotypes. Child Development, 88(1), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12589
  • Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018). The gendered family process model: An integrative framework of gender in the family. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 877-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8
  • Gassman-Pines, A., & Yoshikawa, H. (2006). The effects of antipoverty programs on children's cumulative level of poverty-related risk. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 981. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.981
  • Gizir, C. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(28), 113-128.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (methodology in the social sciences) (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Hoffman, L. W., & Kloska, D. D. (1995). Parents' gender-based attitudes toward marital roles and child rearing: Development and validation of new measures. Sex Roles, 32(5-6), 273-295.
  • Huerta, M., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Fathers’ leave, fathers’ involvement and child development: Are they related? Evidence from four OECD countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 140, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4dlw9w6czq-en
  • Karadağ, A., & Akcinar, B. (2022). Babaların toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve çocuklarının uyumlu sosyal davranışı arasındaki ilişkide çocuk yetiştirme tutumunun rolü. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 93-106.
  • Khaleque, A. (2017). Perceived parental hostility and aggression, and children’s psychological maladjustment, and negative personality dispositions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(4), 977-988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0637-9
  • Levesque, C., Lafontaine, M. F., Caron, A., Flesch, J. L., & Bjornson, S. (2014). Dyadic empathy, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A dyadic model. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 118-134.
  • Lussier, I., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., Bergevin, T., & Ellenbogen, S. (2007). Youth gambling behaviors: An examination of the role of resilience. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.165
  • Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739-795). John Wiley &Sons, Inc..
  • Malmberg, L. E., & Flouri, E. (2011). The comparison and interdependence of maternal and paternal influences on young children’s behavior and resilience. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.563469
  • Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
  • Morelli, S. A., Lieberman, M. D., & Zaki, J. (2015). The emerging study of positive empathy. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 57-68.
  • Önder, A., & Gülay-Ogelman, H. (2011). The reliability-validity study for the ego resiliency scale (teacher-mother-father forms) for children aged between 5 and 6. Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 5-21.
  • Quach, A. S., Epstein, N. B., Riley, P. J, Falconier, & M. K., Fang, X. (2013). Effects of parental warmth and academic pressure on anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9818-y
  • Ringwald, W. R., & Wright, A. G. (2021). The affiliative role of empathy in everyday interpersonal interactions. European Journal of Personality, 35(2), 197-211.
  • Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessments, 91(1), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381
  • Steele, B. (1980). Psycodynamic and biological factors in child maltreatment. In C. Kempe & R. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child (pp. 73-103). University of Chicago Press.
  • Totan, T., Dogan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2012). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Evaluation of psychometric properties among Turkish university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 179-198.
  • Trask-Tate, A., Cunningham, M., & Lang-DeGrange, L. (2010). The importance of family: The impact of social support on symptoms of psychological distress in African American girls. Research in Human Development, 7(3), 164-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2010.504458
  • Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(4), 192-200.
  • Wachs, T. D., Georgieff, M., Cusick, S., & McEwen, B. S. (2015). Issues in the timing of integrated early interventions: Contributions from nutrition, neuroscience, and psychological research. In C. Croft (Ed.), Prenatal and childhood nutrition: Evaluating the neurocognitive connections (pp. 363-397). Apple Academic Press/Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18040-19
  • Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721-.ep10772327
  • Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
  • Zeyneloğlu, S., & Terzioğlu, F. (2011). Development and psychometric properties gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 409-420.

Ebeveynlerin Cinsiyet Rolü Algılarının Okul Öncesi Çocuklarda Psikolojik Dayanıklılığı Yordamadaki Rolü: Empatinin Düzenleyici Etkisinin Araştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 27.06.2025

Pınar Karababa , Mine Koyuncu Şahin

https://doi.org/10.52826/mcbuefd.1527368

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı ebeveynlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı, empati ve çocuklarının psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki doğrudan ilişkileri ve toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ile çocukların psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide ebeveynlerin empati düzeylerinin düzenleyici rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmanın katılımcı grubunu okul öncesi eğitimine devam eden çocuğa sahip 206 (196 anne ve 10 baba) ebeveyn oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılara kişisel bilgi formu ile birlikte toplumsal cinsiyet algısı, empati ve psikolojik sağlamlık ölçümleri sunulmuştur. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeli ışığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular ebeveynlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı, empati ve çocuklarının psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı ilişkileri göstermiştir. Bulgular ebeveynlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı düzeyleri ile çocuklarının psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide ebeveynlerin empati düzeylerinin düzenleyici rolünü kanıtlamamıştır. Son olarak, araştırma bulguları literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı Empati Psikolojik sağlamlık Erken çocukluk dönemi Ebeveynler

References

  • Arslan, Z. G., & Demircioğlu, H. (2023). The impact of fathers’ gender perspectives and involvement on children’s resilience. Early Child Development and Care, 193(3), 417-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2022.2096600
  • Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı: Ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 48-63.
  • Benzies, K., & Mychasiuk, R. (2009). Fostering family resiliency: A review of the key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00586.x
  • Bernard, B. (1995). Fostering resilience in children. ERIC Digest.
  • Bi, S., & Keller, P. S. (2021). Parental empathy, aggressive parenting, and child adjustment in a noncustodial high-risk sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), NP10371-NP10392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519870165
  • Brems, C., & Sohl, M. A. (1995). The role of empathy in parenting strategy choices. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 44(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.2307/584808
  • Brooks, J. E. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: Maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/28.2.69
  • Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2007). Modeling the dynamics of paternal influences on children over the life course. Applied Development Science, 11(4), 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762027
  • Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.022
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
  • Demircioğlu, H., & Günindi, Y. (2021). Okul öncesi dönem psikososyal risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 1-31.
  • Denckla, C. A., Cicchetti, D., Kubzansky, L. D., Seedat, S., Teicher, M. H., Williams, D. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2020). Psychological resilience: An update on definitions, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1822064. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1822064
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Erlbaum.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Maszk, P., Holmgren, R., & Suh, K. (1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8(1), 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457940000701X
  • Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review Psychology, 69, 275-298.
  • Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., van der Pol, L. D., van Berkel, S. R., Hallers‐Haalboom, E. T., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2017). Gender differences in child aggression: Relations with gender‐differentiated parenting and parents’ gender‐role stereotypes. Child Development, 88(1), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12589
  • Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018). The gendered family process model: An integrative framework of gender in the family. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 877-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8
  • Gassman-Pines, A., & Yoshikawa, H. (2006). The effects of antipoverty programs on children's cumulative level of poverty-related risk. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 981. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.981
  • Gizir, C. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(28), 113-128.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (methodology in the social sciences) (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Hoffman, L. W., & Kloska, D. D. (1995). Parents' gender-based attitudes toward marital roles and child rearing: Development and validation of new measures. Sex Roles, 32(5-6), 273-295.
  • Huerta, M., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Fathers’ leave, fathers’ involvement and child development: Are they related? Evidence from four OECD countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 140, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4dlw9w6czq-en
  • Karadağ, A., & Akcinar, B. (2022). Babaların toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve çocuklarının uyumlu sosyal davranışı arasındaki ilişkide çocuk yetiştirme tutumunun rolü. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 93-106.
  • Khaleque, A. (2017). Perceived parental hostility and aggression, and children’s psychological maladjustment, and negative personality dispositions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(4), 977-988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0637-9
  • Levesque, C., Lafontaine, M. F., Caron, A., Flesch, J. L., & Bjornson, S. (2014). Dyadic empathy, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A dyadic model. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 118-134.
  • Lussier, I., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., Bergevin, T., & Ellenbogen, S. (2007). Youth gambling behaviors: An examination of the role of resilience. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.165
  • Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739-795). John Wiley &Sons, Inc..
  • Malmberg, L. E., & Flouri, E. (2011). The comparison and interdependence of maternal and paternal influences on young children’s behavior and resilience. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.563469
  • Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
  • Morelli, S. A., Lieberman, M. D., & Zaki, J. (2015). The emerging study of positive empathy. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 57-68.
  • Önder, A., & Gülay-Ogelman, H. (2011). The reliability-validity study for the ego resiliency scale (teacher-mother-father forms) for children aged between 5 and 6. Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 5-21.
  • Quach, A. S., Epstein, N. B., Riley, P. J, Falconier, & M. K., Fang, X. (2013). Effects of parental warmth and academic pressure on anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9818-y
  • Ringwald, W. R., & Wright, A. G. (2021). The affiliative role of empathy in everyday interpersonal interactions. European Journal of Personality, 35(2), 197-211.
  • Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessments, 91(1), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381
  • Steele, B. (1980). Psycodynamic and biological factors in child maltreatment. In C. Kempe & R. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child (pp. 73-103). University of Chicago Press.
  • Totan, T., Dogan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2012). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Evaluation of psychometric properties among Turkish university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 179-198.
  • Trask-Tate, A., Cunningham, M., & Lang-DeGrange, L. (2010). The importance of family: The impact of social support on symptoms of psychological distress in African American girls. Research in Human Development, 7(3), 164-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2010.504458
  • Vinayak, S., & Judge, J. (2018). Resilience and empathy as predictors of psychological wellbeing among adolescents. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(4), 192-200.
  • Wachs, T. D., Georgieff, M., Cusick, S., & McEwen, B. S. (2015). Issues in the timing of integrated early interventions: Contributions from nutrition, neuroscience, and psychological research. In C. Croft (Ed.), Prenatal and childhood nutrition: Evaluating the neurocognitive connections (pp. 363-397). Apple Academic Press/Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18040-19
  • Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721-.ep10772327
  • Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
  • Zeyneloğlu, S., & Terzioğlu, F. (2011). Development and psychometric properties gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 409-420.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pınar Karababa 0000-0001-6769-2740

Mine Koyuncu Şahin 0000-0001-9626-6134

Publication Date June 27, 2025
Submission Date August 2, 2024
Acceptance Date February 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karababa, P., & Koyuncu Şahin, M. (2025). The Role of Parents’ Gender Role Perceptions in Predicting Psychological Resilience in Preschool Children: Exploring the Moderating Effect of Empathy. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.52826/mcbuefd.1527368
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