Research Article
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Optimizing Planting Arrangement and Density for Enhanced Oil Yield and Fatty Acid Composition in a Non-Shattering Sesame Cultivar

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 91 - 102, 26.06.2025

Hossein Zeinalzadeh Tabrizi , Alireza Pirzad Fatemeh Samadzadeh

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1652581

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a globally significant oilseed crop valued for its high-quality oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, yet its production faces challenges such as low yield, shattering losses, and variable oil quality, particularly in semi-arid regions like Iran where domestic demand necessitates enhanced local cultivation. This study aimed to investigate how row spacing (30, 45, 60 cm) and plant density (5, 8, 11, 14 cm) affect oil yield and fatty acid composition in the non-shattering sesame cultivar. Conducted in 2020 at the Moghan Agricultural Research Station in Northwest Iran, the experiment utilized a strip plot design based on a completely randomized block design with four replications. Treatments combined row spacings and plant densities, with oil content and fatty acid profiles analyzed via gas chromatography, and data evaluated using ANOVA, LSD and regression tests. Results revealed that a row spacing of 45 cm with plant spacings of 8–11 cm (20–28 plants/m²) maximized oil content at 55.45% and optimized fatty acid profiles, particularly increasing linoleic acid (up to 48.31%) while maintaining oleic acid levels (up to 40.85%), with significant RS × PS interactions (P < 0.01) highlighting their combined influence. These findings provide practical recommendations for Iranian farmers to enhance sesame oil quality and yield, contributing to sustainable production systems in semi-arid regions and reducing reliance on imported edible oils, while suggesting further multi-year studies to address environmental variability in fatty acid biosynthesis.

Keywords

Agronomic practices inter-row spacing intra-row spacing oil quality oleic acid

Ethical Statement

N/A

Supporting Institution

N/A

Thanks

The authors express their gratitude to the Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Iran, for providing the field facilities that supported this research.

References

  • Abeje, Y., Tadesse, T., & Ousman, Y. (2020). Effects of inter and intrarow spacing on yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L.) under rain fed condition in North western Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 10(8), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.7176/JBAH/10-8-05
  • Ali, A. Y. A., Guisheng, Z., Hassan, A., Yagoub, S. O., Farah, G. A., Ahamed, N. E., Ibrahim, E., Ibrahim, M. E. H., Su-liman, M., & Elradi, S. B. (2020). Sesame seed yield and growth traits response to different row spacings in semi-arid regions. Univers. J. Agric. Res, 8(4), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2020.080402
  • Alpaslan, M., Boydak, E., Hayta, M., Gerçek, S., & Simsek, M. (2001). Effect of row space and irrigation on seed com-position of Turkish sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 78(9), 933-935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0366-0
  • Babu, S. G., Saraswathi, R., Mahalingam, A., Paramasivan, M., & Manivannan, N. (2024). Outlook on nutritional im-portance and breeding strategies for oil and quality improvement in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Plant Sci-ence Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4216
  • Bhardwaj, H. L., Hamama, A. A., Kraemer, M. E., & Langham, D. R. (2015). Characterization of oil yield and quality in shatter-resistant dwarf sesame produced in Virginia, USA. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(4), 87. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n4p87
  • El Harfi, M., Charafi, J., Houmanat, K., Hanine, H., & Nabloussi, A. (2021). Assessment of genetic diversity in Moroc-can sesame (Sesamum indicum) using ISSR molecular markers. OCL, 28, 3. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020066
  • FAOSTAT. (2023). Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (2023). Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Accessed Jenuary 2023.
  • Filimon, Y., & Worku, W. (2018). Determination of optimum inter-row spacing and phosphorus level for sesame pro-duction (Sesamum indicum L) under irrigation at Arbaminch Zurya District, Southern Ethiopia. Food Sci. Quality Manag, 75: 24-29.
  • Gebremichael, D. E. (2017). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) breeding in Ethiopia. International Journal of Novel Re-search in Life Sciences, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Gedifew, S. (2024). Multivariate analyses of shattering and seed yield related morphological traits reveal high yielding sesame genotypes exhibit low degree of shattering. Middle East Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(3): 58-71. https://doi.org/10.36348/merjbs.2024.v04i03.002
  • Gholamhoseini, M. (2022). Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of Iranian sesame cultivars for grain yield and oil quality. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 108, 104448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104448
  • Gholamhoseini, M., & Dolatabadian, A. (2024). Sesame renaissance: Iran’s emerging influence in the global sesame market. OCL, 31, 24. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2024024
  • Gholamhoseini, M., Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi, H., Abbasali Andarkhor, S., Mansouri, S., Shariati, F., & Parchami-Araghi, F. (2024). The Effect of planting arrangement and plant density on the yield of non-dehiscent sesame in Sari and Moghan. Journal of Plant Production Research, 31(1), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2023.21410.3045
  • Gouveia, L., Zago, L., & Moreira, A. (2017). Physical-chemical characterization and nutritional quality of sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science, 5(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2017.00100
  • Habibzadeh, F., & Gholamhoseini, M. (2022). Selection of the best planting method and plant density for two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars with different growth types in Karaj region. Journal of Plant Production Re-search, 29(1), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2021.19024.2808
  • Imo, M. (2012). Analysis of nutritional interactions in cropping systems. Crop Production Technologies. https://doi.org/10.5772/28508
  • IRIMO. (2021). Iranian Meteorological Office Data Processing Center. Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office.
  • Khan, M. A. H., & Islam, M. (2023). Performance of row spacing on the yield of sesame varieties. Bangladesh Agron-omy Journal, 26(1), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v26i1.47645
  • Kim, K.-S., Ryu, S.-N., & Chung, H.-G. (2006). Influence of drought stress on chemical composition of sesame seed. Korean Journal of Crop Science, 51(1), 73-80.
  • Koocheki, A., Mahallati, M., Nourbakhsh, F., & Nehbandani, A. (2017). The effect of planting pattern and density on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i1.33089
  • Kouighat, M., Guirrou, I., El Antari, A., El Fechtali, M., Bouchyoua, A., & Nabloussi, A. (2025). Exploring fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties in oils of newly developed sesame mutant lines in Morocco. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 102(2), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12879
  • Langyan, S., Yadava, P., Sharma, S., Gupta, N. C., Bansal, R., Yadav, R., Kalia, S., & Kumar, A. (2022). Food and nutraceutical functions of sesame oil: An underutilized crop for nutritional and health benefits. Food Chemis-try, 389, 132990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132990
  • Mohammadi, M., Hajeb, P., Seyyedian, R., Hossein Mohebbi, G., & Barmak, A. (2013). Evaluation of oxidative quali-ty parameters in imported edible oils in Iran. British Food Journal, 115(6), 789-795. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-feb-2011-0035
  • Ngala, A. L., Dugje, I. Y., & Yakubu, H. (2013). Effects of inter-row spacing and plant density on performance of ses-ame (Sesamum indicum L.) in a nigerian Sudan Savanna. Science International (Lahore), 25(3), 513- 519.
  • Oboulbiga, E. B., Douamba, Z., Compaoré-Sérémé, D., Semporé, J. N., Dabo, R., Semde, Z., Tapsoba, F. W.-B., Hama-Ba, F., Songré-Ouattara, L. T., & Parkouda, C. (2023). Physicochemical, potential nutritional, antioxidant and health properties of sesame seed oil: a review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1127926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1127926
  • Ozer, H. (2003). The effect of plant population densities on growth, yield and yield components of two spring rapeseed cultivars. Plant Soil and Environment, 49(9), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.17221/4151-pse
  • Öztürk, Ö., & Şaman, O. (2012). Effects of different plant densities on the yield and quality of second crop sesame. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 6(9), 800-805.
  • Rauf, S., Basharat, T., Gebeyehu, A., Elsafy, M., Rahmatov, M., Ortiz, R., & Kaya, Y. (2024). Sesame, an underutilized oil seed crop: breeding achievements and future challenges. Plants, 13(18), 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182662
  • Sanni, G. B., Ezin, V., Chabi, I. B., Missihoun, A. A., Florent, Q., Hamissou, Z., Niang, M., & Ahanchede, A. (2024). Production and achievements in sesamum indicum industry in the world: past and current state. Oil Crop Sci-ence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2024.06.006
  • Tas, I., Akcura, S., Kaplan, M., Jagosz, B., Atılgan, A., Kocięcka, J., Rolbiecki, R., Liberacki, D., & Rolbiecki, S. (2024). The effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen levels on the oil and fatty acid composition of sesame and its eco-nomic analysis. Agronomy, 14(9), 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092092
  • Teboul, N., Magder, A., Zilberberg, M., & Peleg, Z. (2022). Elucidating the pleiotropic effects of sesame kanadi1 locus on leaf and capsule development. The Plant Journal, 110(1), 88-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15655
  • Wacal, C., Musinguzi, S. P., Ewaju, E., Atibo, C., Alowo, D., Alipa, J., & Basalirwa, D. (2024). Unravelling the potential benefits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in cropping systems, nutritional, health, and industrial uses of its seeds–a review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2360766. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2360766
  • Yadav, R., Kalia, S., Rangan, P., Pradheep, K., Rao, G. P., Kaur, V., Pandey, R., Rai, V., Vasimalla, C. C., & Langyan, S. (2022). Current research trends and prospects for yield and quality improvement in sesame, an important oilseed crop. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 863521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.863521
  • Yol, E., Basak, M., Kızıl, S., Lucas, S. J., & Uzun, B. (2021). A high-density SNP genetic map construction using ddRAD-seq and mapping of capsule shattering trait in sesame. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 679659. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.679659

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 91 - 102, 26.06.2025

Hossein Zeinalzadeh Tabrizi , Alireza Pirzad Fatemeh Samadzadeh

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1652581

Abstract

References

  • Abeje, Y., Tadesse, T., & Ousman, Y. (2020). Effects of inter and intrarow spacing on yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L.) under rain fed condition in North western Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 10(8), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.7176/JBAH/10-8-05
  • Ali, A. Y. A., Guisheng, Z., Hassan, A., Yagoub, S. O., Farah, G. A., Ahamed, N. E., Ibrahim, E., Ibrahim, M. E. H., Su-liman, M., & Elradi, S. B. (2020). Sesame seed yield and growth traits response to different row spacings in semi-arid regions. Univers. J. Agric. Res, 8(4), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2020.080402
  • Alpaslan, M., Boydak, E., Hayta, M., Gerçek, S., & Simsek, M. (2001). Effect of row space and irrigation on seed com-position of Turkish sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 78(9), 933-935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0366-0
  • Babu, S. G., Saraswathi, R., Mahalingam, A., Paramasivan, M., & Manivannan, N. (2024). Outlook on nutritional im-portance and breeding strategies for oil and quality improvement in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Plant Sci-ence Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.4216
  • Bhardwaj, H. L., Hamama, A. A., Kraemer, M. E., & Langham, D. R. (2015). Characterization of oil yield and quality in shatter-resistant dwarf sesame produced in Virginia, USA. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(4), 87. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n4p87
  • El Harfi, M., Charafi, J., Houmanat, K., Hanine, H., & Nabloussi, A. (2021). Assessment of genetic diversity in Moroc-can sesame (Sesamum indicum) using ISSR molecular markers. OCL, 28, 3. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020066
  • FAOSTAT. (2023). Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (2023). Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Accessed Jenuary 2023.
  • Filimon, Y., & Worku, W. (2018). Determination of optimum inter-row spacing and phosphorus level for sesame pro-duction (Sesamum indicum L) under irrigation at Arbaminch Zurya District, Southern Ethiopia. Food Sci. Quality Manag, 75: 24-29.
  • Gebremichael, D. E. (2017). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) breeding in Ethiopia. International Journal of Novel Re-search in Life Sciences, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Gedifew, S. (2024). Multivariate analyses of shattering and seed yield related morphological traits reveal high yielding sesame genotypes exhibit low degree of shattering. Middle East Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(3): 58-71. https://doi.org/10.36348/merjbs.2024.v04i03.002
  • Gholamhoseini, M. (2022). Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of Iranian sesame cultivars for grain yield and oil quality. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 108, 104448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104448
  • Gholamhoseini, M., & Dolatabadian, A. (2024). Sesame renaissance: Iran’s emerging influence in the global sesame market. OCL, 31, 24. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2024024
  • Gholamhoseini, M., Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi, H., Abbasali Andarkhor, S., Mansouri, S., Shariati, F., & Parchami-Araghi, F. (2024). The Effect of planting arrangement and plant density on the yield of non-dehiscent sesame in Sari and Moghan. Journal of Plant Production Research, 31(1), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2023.21410.3045
  • Gouveia, L., Zago, L., & Moreira, A. (2017). Physical-chemical characterization and nutritional quality of sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science, 5(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2017.00100
  • Habibzadeh, F., & Gholamhoseini, M. (2022). Selection of the best planting method and plant density for two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars with different growth types in Karaj region. Journal of Plant Production Re-search, 29(1), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2021.19024.2808
  • Imo, M. (2012). Analysis of nutritional interactions in cropping systems. Crop Production Technologies. https://doi.org/10.5772/28508
  • IRIMO. (2021). Iranian Meteorological Office Data Processing Center. Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office.
  • Khan, M. A. H., & Islam, M. (2023). Performance of row spacing on the yield of sesame varieties. Bangladesh Agron-omy Journal, 26(1), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v26i1.47645
  • Kim, K.-S., Ryu, S.-N., & Chung, H.-G. (2006). Influence of drought stress on chemical composition of sesame seed. Korean Journal of Crop Science, 51(1), 73-80.
  • Koocheki, A., Mahallati, M., Nourbakhsh, F., & Nehbandani, A. (2017). The effect of planting pattern and density on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i1.33089
  • Kouighat, M., Guirrou, I., El Antari, A., El Fechtali, M., Bouchyoua, A., & Nabloussi, A. (2025). Exploring fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties in oils of newly developed sesame mutant lines in Morocco. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 102(2), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12879
  • Langyan, S., Yadava, P., Sharma, S., Gupta, N. C., Bansal, R., Yadav, R., Kalia, S., & Kumar, A. (2022). Food and nutraceutical functions of sesame oil: An underutilized crop for nutritional and health benefits. Food Chemis-try, 389, 132990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132990
  • Mohammadi, M., Hajeb, P., Seyyedian, R., Hossein Mohebbi, G., & Barmak, A. (2013). Evaluation of oxidative quali-ty parameters in imported edible oils in Iran. British Food Journal, 115(6), 789-795. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-feb-2011-0035
  • Ngala, A. L., Dugje, I. Y., & Yakubu, H. (2013). Effects of inter-row spacing and plant density on performance of ses-ame (Sesamum indicum L.) in a nigerian Sudan Savanna. Science International (Lahore), 25(3), 513- 519.
  • Oboulbiga, E. B., Douamba, Z., Compaoré-Sérémé, D., Semporé, J. N., Dabo, R., Semde, Z., Tapsoba, F. W.-B., Hama-Ba, F., Songré-Ouattara, L. T., & Parkouda, C. (2023). Physicochemical, potential nutritional, antioxidant and health properties of sesame seed oil: a review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1127926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1127926
  • Ozer, H. (2003). The effect of plant population densities on growth, yield and yield components of two spring rapeseed cultivars. Plant Soil and Environment, 49(9), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.17221/4151-pse
  • Öztürk, Ö., & Şaman, O. (2012). Effects of different plant densities on the yield and quality of second crop sesame. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 6(9), 800-805.
  • Rauf, S., Basharat, T., Gebeyehu, A., Elsafy, M., Rahmatov, M., Ortiz, R., & Kaya, Y. (2024). Sesame, an underutilized oil seed crop: breeding achievements and future challenges. Plants, 13(18), 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182662
  • Sanni, G. B., Ezin, V., Chabi, I. B., Missihoun, A. A., Florent, Q., Hamissou, Z., Niang, M., & Ahanchede, A. (2024). Production and achievements in sesamum indicum industry in the world: past and current state. Oil Crop Sci-ence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2024.06.006
  • Tas, I., Akcura, S., Kaplan, M., Jagosz, B., Atılgan, A., Kocięcka, J., Rolbiecki, R., Liberacki, D., & Rolbiecki, S. (2024). The effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen levels on the oil and fatty acid composition of sesame and its eco-nomic analysis. Agronomy, 14(9), 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092092
  • Teboul, N., Magder, A., Zilberberg, M., & Peleg, Z. (2022). Elucidating the pleiotropic effects of sesame kanadi1 locus on leaf and capsule development. The Plant Journal, 110(1), 88-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15655
  • Wacal, C., Musinguzi, S. P., Ewaju, E., Atibo, C., Alowo, D., Alipa, J., & Basalirwa, D. (2024). Unravelling the potential benefits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in cropping systems, nutritional, health, and industrial uses of its seeds–a review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2360766. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2360766
  • Yadav, R., Kalia, S., Rangan, P., Pradheep, K., Rao, G. P., Kaur, V., Pandey, R., Rai, V., Vasimalla, C. C., & Langyan, S. (2022). Current research trends and prospects for yield and quality improvement in sesame, an important oilseed crop. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 863521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.863521
  • Yol, E., Basak, M., Kızıl, S., Lucas, S. J., & Uzun, B. (2021). A high-density SNP genetic map construction using ddRAD-seq and mapping of capsule shattering trait in sesame. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 679659. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.679659
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agronomy, Industrial Crops
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hossein Zeinalzadeh Tabrizi 0000-0002-2319-005X

Alireza Pirzad 0000-0001-6122-8728

Fatemeh Samadzadeh 0009-0000-2428-9863

Publication Date June 26, 2025
Submission Date March 8, 2025
Acceptance Date April 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zeinalzadeh Tabrizi, H., Pirzad, A., & Samadzadeh, F. (2025). Optimizing Planting Arrangement and Density for Enhanced Oil Yield and Fatty Acid Composition in a Non-Shattering Sesame Cultivar. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 15(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1652581
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