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Typology of Rural Women's Digital Capital: A Proposal on the Dikmen-Sinop Case

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 43 - 58, 27.06.2025

Abstract

This study examines rural women’s digital capital, and how they access, use and benefit from information and communication technologies (ICTs). Digital inequality is multidimensional and intersectional. Rural population is not a homogenous group of which members are all similarly deprived of digital capital. To shed light on the gendered complexity of digital inequality, the study analyses the quantitative and qualitative data collected in five villages in Dikmen-Sinop. A survey was conducted with 218 women in 2013. Participants were selected by purposive sampling method in a way to include women of different age groups and marital and employment statuses. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 women who were selected from the participants of the survey in 2014. The data were analysed thematically and comparatively from a feminist perspective. The study proposes a typology of rural women’s digital capital. Women’s digital capital, as well as ICT’s patriarchal implication, differ in accordance with marital and employment statuses. While non-working women depend on their brothers or sons for accessing and using a mobile phone and see its limited benefits, working women purchase digital devices by themselves and especially young women actively use social media and explore new social space beyond monotonous village life.

References

  • Akca M. B. & Kaya B. 2016, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Digital Bölünme ve Farklı Yaklaşımlar”. Intermedia International e-Journal. 3/5, 301-319.
  • Arun Ö., Binark M., Özsoy T. D., Kandemir B. & Şahinkaya G. 2022, “Yaşlıların Toplumsal Sınıfı, Dijital Sermayeleri ve COVID-19 Salgınında Bağlantıda Kalma Pratikleri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 42(2), 387-410.
  • Baker S. 2013, “Conceptualising the use of Facebook in Ethnographic Research: As Tool, As Data and As Context”. Ethnography and Education 8(2) 131-145.
  • DiMaggio P. J. & Hargittai E. 2001, “From the “Digital Divide” to “Digital Inequality”: Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases”. Working Paper #15. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University - Princeton, N.J.. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/rhqmu Kaynak: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/rhqmu
  • Dimaggio P, Hargittai E., Celeste C. & Shafer S. 2004, “Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use”. Ed. K. Neckerman, Social Inequality. NY, 355-400.
  • Duque M. 2022, Ageing with Smartphones in Urban Brazil: A Work in Progress. UCL Press, London.
  • Ertürk Y. 2004. “Considering the Role of Men in Gender Agenda Setting: Conceptual and Policy Issues”. Feminist Review 78, 3-21.
  • Ferreira D., Vale M., Carmo R.M., Encalada-Abarca L. & Marcolin C. 2021, “The Three Levels of the Urban Digital Divide: Bridging Issues of Coverage, Usage and Its Outcomes in VGI Platforms”. Geoforum, 124, 195-206.
  • Fiğan M. & Özdemir Y. D. (Eds.) 2020, Dijital Kültür, Dijital Eşitsizlikler ve Yaşlanma. Alternatif Bilişim Derneği, Ankara.
  • Garvey P. & Miller D. 2021, Ageing with Smartphones in Ireland: When Life Becomes Craft. UCL Press, London.
  • Gündüz Hoşgör A. & Suzuki Him M. 2016, “Küreselleşme ve Türkiye’de Kırsal Kadınların Ücretli Emeği: Rapana Venosa Üretim Zinciri Üzerinden Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Bir Vaka Analizi”. Sosyoloji Araştırmalar Dergisi 19/2, 108-130.
  • Haapio-Kirk L. 2024, Ageing with Smartphones in Japan: Care in a Visual Digital Age. UCL Press, London.
  • Harding S. 1986, The Science Question in Feminism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.
  • Hilbert M. 2011, “Digital Gender Divide or Technologically Empowered Women in Developing Countries?: A Typical Case of Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics”. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34/6, 479-489.
  • Norris P. 2001. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Öztürk L. 2005, “Türkiye’de Digital Eşitsizlik: Tübitak-Bilten Anketleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 24, 111-131.
  • Rebollo-Catalan A. & Vico-Bosch A. 2014, “Perceived Social Support as a Factor of Rural Women’s Digital Inclusion in Online Social Networks”. Comunicar 43(22), 173-180.
  • Ragnedda M. 2017, The Third Digital Divide: A Weberian Approach to Digital Inequalities. Routledge, London & NY.
  • Ragnedda M. 2018, “Conceptualizing Digital Capital”. Thematics and Informatics. 35, 2366-2375.
  • Ragnedda M. & Gladkova A. Eds. 2020, Digital Inequalities in the Global South. Palgrave, London.
  • Ragnedda M. & Ruiu M. L. 2020, Digital Capital: A Bourdieusian Perspective on the Digital Divide. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley.
  • Ragnedda M., Ruiu M. L. & Addeo F. 2020, “Measuring Digital Capital: An Empirical Investigation”. New Media and Society. 22(5), 793–816.
  • Ragnedda M., Ruiu M. L., Addeo F., & Delli Paoli, A. 2022, “Converting Digital Capital in Five Key Life Realms”. Italian Sociological Review 12/1, 19-40.
  • Ragnedda M., Addeo F., & Laura Ruiu M. 2024, “How Offline Backgrounds Interact with Digital Capital. New Media & Society 26/4, 2023-2045.
  • Roberts E., Beel D., Philip L. & Townsend L. 2017, “Rural resilience in a digital society: Editorial”. Journal of Rural Studies 54, 355-359.
  • Simmel G. 1950, “The Metropolis and Mental Life”. Ed. K. Wolff. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Free Press, New York, 409-424.
  • Suzuki Him M. & Gündüz Hoşgör A. 2017, “Feminisation of Rural Work and Young Women’s Dis/empowerment: A Case Study of Mountain Villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”. KADIN/WOMAN 2000 Journal for Women’s Studies/Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi. 18/1, 1-22.
  • Suzuki Him M. & Gündüz Hoşgör A. 2019, “Challenging Geographical Disadvantages and Social Exclusion: A Case Study of Gendered Rural Transformation in Mountain Villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey” Sociologia Ruralis. 59/3, 540-559.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumlar). 2014, İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. TÜİK Yayını - Ankara.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumlar). 2024, “İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023”. Kaynak: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023-53710#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal&text=Ya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%20n%C3%BCfus%20olarak%20kabul%20edilen,10%2C2'ye%20y%C3%BCkseldi
  • UCL Press. 2024, Ageing with Smartphones. Kaynak: https://uclpress.co.uk/book-series/ageing-with-smartphones/
  • van Dijk J. A. 2005, The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. Sage Publications – Thousand Oaks, California.
  • Vega-Caro L., Vico-Bosch A. & Rebollo-Catalán A. 2015, “Motives for Using Social Networking Sites in the Development of Rural Women’s Social Capital”. Icono 4(13), 142-162.
  • Wang Y & Sandner J. 2019, “Like a “Frog in a Well”? An Ethnographic Study of Chinese Rural Women’s Social Media Practices Through The Wechat Platform”. Chinese Journal of Communication 12(3), 324-339.
  • Warschauer M. 2003, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Kırsal Kadınların Dijital Sermayesinin Tipolojisi: Dikmen-Sinop Örneği Üzerine Bir Öneri

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 43 - 58, 27.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, kırsal kesimdeki kadınların dijital sermayesini ve bilgi-iletişim teknolojilerine (BİT) nasıl eriştiklerini, kullandıklarını ve yararlandıklarını incelemektedir. Dijital eşitsizlik çok boyutlu ve kesişimsellik içeren bir kavramdır. Kırsal nüfus dijital sermaye sahipliği açısından farklılıklar içermektedir. Çalışma da, dijital eşitsizliğin toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı karmaşıklığına ışık tutmak amacıyla, Dikmen-Sinop'un beş köyünden toplanan niceliksel ve niteliksel veriler analiz edilmiştir. 2013 yılında 218 kadına anket uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar, kadınlar arasında farklı yaş grubu, medeni durum ve çalışma statündeki farklılıkları da gözeterek amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiştir. 2014 yılında ise araştırmaya katılanların bulgularına dayanarak seçilen 27 kadınla derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler feminist bakış açısıyla tematik ve karşılaştırmalı açıdan analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kırsal kesimdeki kadınların dijital sermayesinin bir tipolojisini önermektedir. Kadınların dijital sermayesi ve BİT'in patriyarka iması, medeni durum ve istihdam durumuna göre farklılıklar içermektedir. Çalışmayan kadınlar cep telefonuna erişim ve kullanım konusunda erkek kardeşlerine veya oğullarına bağımlıyken ve bunun faydalarından sınırlı yararlanmaktadır. Çalışan kadınlar ise kullandıkları dijital cihazları kendileri satın alabilmekte ve özellikle genç kadınlar sosyal medyayı aktif olarak kullanarak monoton köy yaşamının ötesinde yeni sosyal ağlar ve alanlar keşfetmektedir.

References

  • Akca M. B. & Kaya B. 2016, “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Digital Bölünme ve Farklı Yaklaşımlar”. Intermedia International e-Journal. 3/5, 301-319.
  • Arun Ö., Binark M., Özsoy T. D., Kandemir B. & Şahinkaya G. 2022, “Yaşlıların Toplumsal Sınıfı, Dijital Sermayeleri ve COVID-19 Salgınında Bağlantıda Kalma Pratikleri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 42(2), 387-410.
  • Baker S. 2013, “Conceptualising the use of Facebook in Ethnographic Research: As Tool, As Data and As Context”. Ethnography and Education 8(2) 131-145.
  • DiMaggio P. J. & Hargittai E. 2001, “From the “Digital Divide” to “Digital Inequality”: Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases”. Working Paper #15. Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University - Princeton, N.J.. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/rhqmu Kaynak: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/rhqmu
  • Dimaggio P, Hargittai E., Celeste C. & Shafer S. 2004, “Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use”. Ed. K. Neckerman, Social Inequality. NY, 355-400.
  • Duque M. 2022, Ageing with Smartphones in Urban Brazil: A Work in Progress. UCL Press, London.
  • Ertürk Y. 2004. “Considering the Role of Men in Gender Agenda Setting: Conceptual and Policy Issues”. Feminist Review 78, 3-21.
  • Ferreira D., Vale M., Carmo R.M., Encalada-Abarca L. & Marcolin C. 2021, “The Three Levels of the Urban Digital Divide: Bridging Issues of Coverage, Usage and Its Outcomes in VGI Platforms”. Geoforum, 124, 195-206.
  • Fiğan M. & Özdemir Y. D. (Eds.) 2020, Dijital Kültür, Dijital Eşitsizlikler ve Yaşlanma. Alternatif Bilişim Derneği, Ankara.
  • Garvey P. & Miller D. 2021, Ageing with Smartphones in Ireland: When Life Becomes Craft. UCL Press, London.
  • Gündüz Hoşgör A. & Suzuki Him M. 2016, “Küreselleşme ve Türkiye’de Kırsal Kadınların Ücretli Emeği: Rapana Venosa Üretim Zinciri Üzerinden Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Bir Vaka Analizi”. Sosyoloji Araştırmalar Dergisi 19/2, 108-130.
  • Haapio-Kirk L. 2024, Ageing with Smartphones in Japan: Care in a Visual Digital Age. UCL Press, London.
  • Harding S. 1986, The Science Question in Feminism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.
  • Hilbert M. 2011, “Digital Gender Divide or Technologically Empowered Women in Developing Countries?: A Typical Case of Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics”. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34/6, 479-489.
  • Norris P. 2001. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Öztürk L. 2005, “Türkiye’de Digital Eşitsizlik: Tübitak-Bilten Anketleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 24, 111-131.
  • Rebollo-Catalan A. & Vico-Bosch A. 2014, “Perceived Social Support as a Factor of Rural Women’s Digital Inclusion in Online Social Networks”. Comunicar 43(22), 173-180.
  • Ragnedda M. 2017, The Third Digital Divide: A Weberian Approach to Digital Inequalities. Routledge, London & NY.
  • Ragnedda M. 2018, “Conceptualizing Digital Capital”. Thematics and Informatics. 35, 2366-2375.
  • Ragnedda M. & Gladkova A. Eds. 2020, Digital Inequalities in the Global South. Palgrave, London.
  • Ragnedda M. & Ruiu M. L. 2020, Digital Capital: A Bourdieusian Perspective on the Digital Divide. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley.
  • Ragnedda M., Ruiu M. L. & Addeo F. 2020, “Measuring Digital Capital: An Empirical Investigation”. New Media and Society. 22(5), 793–816.
  • Ragnedda M., Ruiu M. L., Addeo F., & Delli Paoli, A. 2022, “Converting Digital Capital in Five Key Life Realms”. Italian Sociological Review 12/1, 19-40.
  • Ragnedda M., Addeo F., & Laura Ruiu M. 2024, “How Offline Backgrounds Interact with Digital Capital. New Media & Society 26/4, 2023-2045.
  • Roberts E., Beel D., Philip L. & Townsend L. 2017, “Rural resilience in a digital society: Editorial”. Journal of Rural Studies 54, 355-359.
  • Simmel G. 1950, “The Metropolis and Mental Life”. Ed. K. Wolff. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Free Press, New York, 409-424.
  • Suzuki Him M. & Gündüz Hoşgör A. 2017, “Feminisation of Rural Work and Young Women’s Dis/empowerment: A Case Study of Mountain Villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey”. KADIN/WOMAN 2000 Journal for Women’s Studies/Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi. 18/1, 1-22.
  • Suzuki Him M. & Gündüz Hoşgör A. 2019, “Challenging Geographical Disadvantages and Social Exclusion: A Case Study of Gendered Rural Transformation in Mountain Villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey” Sociologia Ruralis. 59/3, 540-559.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumlar). 2014, İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. TÜİK Yayını - Ankara.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumlar). 2024, “İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023”. Kaynak: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023-53710#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal&text=Ya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%20n%C3%BCfus%20olarak%20kabul%20edilen,10%2C2'ye%20y%C3%BCkseldi
  • UCL Press. 2024, Ageing with Smartphones. Kaynak: https://uclpress.co.uk/book-series/ageing-with-smartphones/
  • van Dijk J. A. 2005, The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. Sage Publications – Thousand Oaks, California.
  • Vega-Caro L., Vico-Bosch A. & Rebollo-Catalán A. 2015, “Motives for Using Social Networking Sites in the Development of Rural Women’s Social Capital”. Icono 4(13), 142-162.
  • Wang Y & Sandner J. 2019, “Like a “Frog in a Well”? An Ethnographic Study of Chinese Rural Women’s Social Media Practices Through The Wechat Platform”. Chinese Journal of Communication 12(3), 324-339.
  • Warschauer M. 2003, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Women's Studies, Rural Sociology
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör 0000-0002-9043-5440

Miki Suzuki Him 0000-0002-1426-8695

Publication Date June 27, 2025
Submission Date January 7, 2025
Acceptance Date April 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gündüz Hoşgör, A., & Suzuki Him, M. (2025). Kırsal Kadınların Dijital Sermayesinin Tipolojisi: Dikmen-Sinop Örneği Üzerine Bir Öneri. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.13114/mjh.1615117
Adres:
Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi
Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi
07058 Kampüs, Antalya / TÜRKİYE
E-Posta:
mjh@akdeniz.edu.tr