Sosyalist Ülkeye Dışarıdan Bakmak: Andre Gide, Lion Feuchtwanger ve Suat Derviş’in Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki Bazı Meselelere Yaklaşım Biçimleri (1936-1937)
Abstract
Rus coğrafyası, Sovyetler Birliği’nin (1922) kuruluşundan sonra ve bilhassa 1930’lu yıllarda birçok aydının, gazetecinin, siyasinin ve gezginin merakını depreştirmişti. Kimileri bu şansa erişmiş, gizem dolu coğrafyaya seyahat ederek merakını gidermişti. Çoğu zaman Sovyetlerin propagandasına hizmet etme beklentisiyle misafir edilenlerin gezip görebileceği yerler önceden tayin edilirdi. 1925 yılında kurulan VOKS’un davetlisi olarak Leningrad veyahut Moskova’ya ayak basılırdı. Sovyetleri ziyaret etmek genellikle belirli bir plan dahilinde yapıldığından ziyaretçilere de bu plana sadık kalmak düşerdi. Ancak seyahat edenin talebine bağlı olarak Kafkasya, Ukrayna veya Sibirya gezi programına dahil edilebilirdi. Gezginler, sosyalist sisteme, kültüre, siyasete ve toplumsal yaşama dair gözlemlerini kaleme aldılar. Sonuç olarak geniş çaplı bir literatür meydana geldi. Öyle ki ziyaret edenlerin geride bıraktığı notlar, gezi yazıları ve kitaplar sonraki yıllarda, özellikle de Batı’da, spesifik çalışmalara konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmaya dahil edilen Andre Gide’in Retour de L’U.R.S.S of 1936 ve Lion Feuchtwanger’in Moskow 1937 ve Suat Derviş’in Niçin Sovyetler Birliği’nin Dostuyum? eserleri birer örnektir. Adı geçen üç yazarın eserleri diğerlerine oranla ayrı bir önem taşıyor. Çünkü yazıldıkları dönemde ve sonrasında en çok tartışılan politik gezi metinleri olarak değerlendirilebilir.
References
- Abrioux, O. M. M. (1972). Andre Gide's writings on social problems. McMaster University.
- Belli, M. (1999). Mihri Belli’nin anıları: İnsanlar tanıdım I. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
- Benjamin, W. (2018). Letter from Paris: André Gide and his new antagonist (C. Gelman, Çev.). Barricade: A Journal of Antifascism & Translation, 1, 25–52.
- Cabak, R. A. (2001). Russia in a western mirror: A presentation of Denis Diderot, Mme de Stael and Andre Gide (CFE Working Paper Series; 13).
- Cornick, M., Hurcombe, M. ve Kershaw, A. (2017). French political travel writing in the inter-war years. Taylor & Francis.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 22). Moskova’da ilk geceyi nasıl geçirdim? Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 25). Sovyet Rusya’da çocuk meselesi ve çocuk müzesi. Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 28). Sovyet Rusya’da küçükler için büyük işler başarılıyor. Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1944). Niçin Sovyetler Birliği’nin dostuyum? İstanbul: Arkadaş Matbaası.
- Estraikh, G. (2004). Jews as Cossacks: A symbiosis in literature and life. H. Murav ve G. Estraikh (Ed.), Soviet Jews in World War II: Fighting, witnessing, remembering (s. 85–103) içinde. Boston.
- Fayet, J. F. (2017). The international echoes of the commemorations of the October Revolution (1918–1990). Twentieth Century Communism, 13, 9–16.
- Feuchtwanger, A. J. L. (1991). Between fascism and Stalinism: Lion Feuchtwanger’s political engagement from 1930s to the 1950s (Doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California.
- Feuchtwanger, L. (1937). Moskow 1937: My visit described for my friends (I. Josephy, Trans.). New York.
- Fitzpatrick, S. (2008). Foreigner observed: Moscow visitors in the 1930s under the gaze of their Soviet guides. Russian History, 35(1–2), 215–234.
- Friedberg, M. (1954). Foreign authors and Soviet readers. The Russian Review, 13(4), 266–275.
- Garan, B. (2015). “Seyahat notları” çerçevesinde Suat Derviş’in yurt dışı izlenimleri. G. S. İşçi (Ed.), Yıldızları seyreden kadın: Suat Derviş edebiyatı (s. 255–296) içinde. İstanbul: İthaki.
- Gide, A. (1937). Return from the U.S.S.R. (D. Bussy, Trans.). New York.
- Gleb, J. A. (2020). "I have no qualms about...": Aleksandr Lozovskii's 1920 reports about travels with foreign delegates. International Newsletter of Communist Studies, 24/25(31–32), 85–100.
- Grinberg, M. (2019). The Soviet Jewish scripture. In P. Lerner ve F. Stern (Eds.), Feuchtwanger and Judaism: History, imagination. Oxford: Peter Lang.
- Gruber, H. (1965). Willi Münzenberg: Propagandist for and against the Comintern. International Review of Social History, 10(2), 188–210.
- Hollander, P. (2000). Gide and Soviet Communism. T. Conner (Ed.), André Gide’s politics: Rebellion and ambivalence (s. 161–178) içinde. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Işık, E. S. Ç. (2021). Eylemi kaleminde bir muharrir: Suat Derviş siyaset, toplum ve kadın üzerine röportajlar-yazılar (1935–1942). İstanbul: Libra Kitap.
- Kingstone, B. D. (1981). Jef Last and André Gide: The record of a friendship. Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, 3(1–2), 91–94.
- Kopeć, Z. (2011). Moskow: A living or a dead city? Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, 3, 153–163.
- Kulagina, O. (2019). [Языковая репрезентация взаимодействия...]. Conversatoria Litteraria, 13, 153–160.
- Laamanen, V. (2017). VOKS, cultural diplomacy and the shadow of the Lubianka. Journal of Contemporary History, 52(4), 1022–1041.
- Livak, L. (2022). Jef Last, Mon ami André Gide (B. Kingstone, Ed. ve Trans.). Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, 42, 171–176.
- Lopatkina, K. (2017). From Mexican artists to the Soviet state: The story of an unwanted gift. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 17(3), 379–397.
- Mazgaj, P. (2002). Engagement and the French nationalist right. European History Quarterly, 32(2), 207–232. Medvedev, R. A. (1971). Let history judge: The origins and consequences of Stalinism. New York.
- Platonov, R. ve Safiullina, N. (2012). Literary translation and Soviet cultural politics in the 1930s. Russian Literature, 72(2), 239–269.
- Sukovata, V. (2020). The Moscow underground of the Stalin time. ICOMOS – Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees, 74, 60–65.
- Tikhonov, V. (2017). Red capital, colonial eyes. Korea Journal, 57(3), 5–30.
- Усенок, Д. Д. (2022). «Возвращение из СССР» Андре Жида: до и после. Литература в школе, 1, 54–65.
- Харитонова, Н. Ю. (2016). К истории публикации «Возвращения из СССР». Studia Litterarum, 1(3–4), 184–192.
- Харитонова, Н. (2017). Андре Жид — друг СССР. Литературный факт, 3, 164–180.
- Zumkof, T. N. ve Show, K. J. (2020). Don’t tell: Education and historical representations. J. Overhoff (Ed.), Geschichte ist etwas Fließendes (s. 31–48) içinde. Germany.
Looking at the Socialist Country from the Outside: Andre Gide, Lion Feutchwanger and Suat Derviş's Approach to Some Issues in the Soviet Union (1936-1937)
Abstract
After the establishment of the Soviet Union (1922) and especially in the 1930s, Russian geography depressed the curiosity of many intellectuals, journalists, politicians and travelers. Some had this chance and satisfied their curiosity by traveling to the mysterious geography. Most of the time, the places where the guests could visit and see in anticipation of serving the Soviet propaganda were predetermined. Founded in 1925, VOKS used to land in Leningrad or Moscow at the invitation of VOKS. Since visiting the Soviets was usually done according to a specific plan, it was up to the visitors to stick to this plan. However, depending on the traveler's request, the Caucasus, Ukraine or Siberia could be included in the itinerary. The travelers wrote down their observations on the socialist system, culture, politics, and social life. As a result, a large literature has emerged. So much so that the notes, travel writings and books left behind by the visitors were the subject of specific studies in the following years, especially in the West. Included in this work is Andre Gide's Retour de L'U. R.S.S of 1936 and Lion Feuchtwanger's Moscow 1937 and Suat Derviş's Why Am I a Friend of the Soviet Union? His works are exemplary. The works of the three authors mentioned are of particular importance compared to the others. Because they can be considered as the most discussed political travel texts at the time they were written and after.
References
- Abrioux, O. M. M. (1972). Andre Gide's writings on social problems. McMaster University.
- Belli, M. (1999). Mihri Belli’nin anıları: İnsanlar tanıdım I. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
- Benjamin, W. (2018). Letter from Paris: André Gide and his new antagonist (C. Gelman, Çev.). Barricade: A Journal of Antifascism & Translation, 1, 25–52.
- Cabak, R. A. (2001). Russia in a western mirror: A presentation of Denis Diderot, Mme de Stael and Andre Gide (CFE Working Paper Series; 13).
- Cornick, M., Hurcombe, M. ve Kershaw, A. (2017). French political travel writing in the inter-war years. Taylor & Francis.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 22). Moskova’da ilk geceyi nasıl geçirdim? Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 25). Sovyet Rusya’da çocuk meselesi ve çocuk müzesi. Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1937, Haziran 28). Sovyet Rusya’da küçükler için büyük işler başarılıyor. Tan.
- Derviş, S. (1944). Niçin Sovyetler Birliği’nin dostuyum? İstanbul: Arkadaş Matbaası.
- Estraikh, G. (2004). Jews as Cossacks: A symbiosis in literature and life. H. Murav ve G. Estraikh (Ed.), Soviet Jews in World War II: Fighting, witnessing, remembering (s. 85–103) içinde. Boston.
- Fayet, J. F. (2017). The international echoes of the commemorations of the October Revolution (1918–1990). Twentieth Century Communism, 13, 9–16.
- Feuchtwanger, A. J. L. (1991). Between fascism and Stalinism: Lion Feuchtwanger’s political engagement from 1930s to the 1950s (Doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California.
- Feuchtwanger, L. (1937). Moskow 1937: My visit described for my friends (I. Josephy, Trans.). New York.
- Fitzpatrick, S. (2008). Foreigner observed: Moscow visitors in the 1930s under the gaze of their Soviet guides. Russian History, 35(1–2), 215–234.
- Friedberg, M. (1954). Foreign authors and Soviet readers. The Russian Review, 13(4), 266–275.
- Garan, B. (2015). “Seyahat notları” çerçevesinde Suat Derviş’in yurt dışı izlenimleri. G. S. İşçi (Ed.), Yıldızları seyreden kadın: Suat Derviş edebiyatı (s. 255–296) içinde. İstanbul: İthaki.
- Gide, A. (1937). Return from the U.S.S.R. (D. Bussy, Trans.). New York.
- Gleb, J. A. (2020). "I have no qualms about...": Aleksandr Lozovskii's 1920 reports about travels with foreign delegates. International Newsletter of Communist Studies, 24/25(31–32), 85–100.
- Grinberg, M. (2019). The Soviet Jewish scripture. In P. Lerner ve F. Stern (Eds.), Feuchtwanger and Judaism: History, imagination. Oxford: Peter Lang.
- Gruber, H. (1965). Willi Münzenberg: Propagandist for and against the Comintern. International Review of Social History, 10(2), 188–210.
- Hollander, P. (2000). Gide and Soviet Communism. T. Conner (Ed.), André Gide’s politics: Rebellion and ambivalence (s. 161–178) içinde. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Işık, E. S. Ç. (2021). Eylemi kaleminde bir muharrir: Suat Derviş siyaset, toplum ve kadın üzerine röportajlar-yazılar (1935–1942). İstanbul: Libra Kitap.
- Kingstone, B. D. (1981). Jef Last and André Gide: The record of a friendship. Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, 3(1–2), 91–94.
- Kopeć, Z. (2011). Moskow: A living or a dead city? Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, 3, 153–163.
- Kulagina, O. (2019). [Языковая репрезентация взаимодействия...]. Conversatoria Litteraria, 13, 153–160.
- Laamanen, V. (2017). VOKS, cultural diplomacy and the shadow of the Lubianka. Journal of Contemporary History, 52(4), 1022–1041.
- Livak, L. (2022). Jef Last, Mon ami André Gide (B. Kingstone, Ed. ve Trans.). Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, 42, 171–176.
- Lopatkina, K. (2017). From Mexican artists to the Soviet state: The story of an unwanted gift. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 17(3), 379–397.
- Mazgaj, P. (2002). Engagement and the French nationalist right. European History Quarterly, 32(2), 207–232. Medvedev, R. A. (1971). Let history judge: The origins and consequences of Stalinism. New York.
- Platonov, R. ve Safiullina, N. (2012). Literary translation and Soviet cultural politics in the 1930s. Russian Literature, 72(2), 239–269.
- Sukovata, V. (2020). The Moscow underground of the Stalin time. ICOMOS – Hefte des Deutschen Nationalkomitees, 74, 60–65.
- Tikhonov, V. (2017). Red capital, colonial eyes. Korea Journal, 57(3), 5–30.
- Усенок, Д. Д. (2022). «Возвращение из СССР» Андре Жида: до и после. Литература в школе, 1, 54–65.
- Харитонова, Н. Ю. (2016). К истории публикации «Возвращения из СССР». Studia Litterarum, 1(3–4), 184–192.
- Харитонова, Н. (2017). Андре Жид — друг СССР. Литературный факт, 3, 164–180.
- Zumkof, T. N. ve Show, K. J. (2020). Don’t tell: Education and historical representations. J. Overhoff (Ed.), Geschichte ist etwas Fließendes (s. 31–48) içinde. Germany.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | History of The Republic of Turkiye |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 27, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 30, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 24, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1 |
e-ISSN: 2459-0711
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