Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi

Fatma Yıldırım; Tuğçe Fafal

doi:10.31020/mutftd.1625732

Research Article

Evaluation of rosemary essential oil samples in terms of quality control

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 631 - 639, 30.05.2025

Fatma Yıldırım , Tuğçe Fafal

https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1625732

Abstract

Objective: In this study, four different commercial rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil samples obtained from the market and the essential oil samples obtained by distillation in laboratory conditions were analyzed according to the quality control parameters included in the Aetheroleum Rosmarini monograph in the Turkish Pharmacopoeia.
Method: Four commercially available rosemary essential oils and essential oil samples obtained by distillation were used as study materials. All samples were subjected to quality control analyses in the Aetheroleum Rosmarini monograph in the Turkish Pharmacopoeia. Analytical measurements were performed in accordance with standard working protocols.
Results: Macroscopic evaluation, relative density, refractive index and alcohol solubility analyses showed general similarity among the samples and no serious deviations were observed in these parameters. In gas chromatography analysis, only two of the commercial samples had eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) content within the range prescribed by the pharmacopoeia (38-55%), while the amount of this major component in the other two samples remained below the pharmacopoeia limits. In the spot test, the presence of fixed oil was detected in three of the commercial essential oils.
Conclusion: Gas chromatography and spot test results revealed that some essential oil samples did not comply with the pharmacopoeia criteria. The essential oil sample obtained by distillation from the collected drug complied with the Turkish Pharmacopoeia standards. These findings show that quality control of essential oils available on the market, checking their compliance with pharmacopoeial criteria and including this information on the product label are important for consumer safety and therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords

aetheroleum, Aetheroleum Rosmarini, Rosmarinus officinalis

References

1. Davis P H. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands; Edinburgh University Press, vol.7; 1982. pp:75-6.
2. Celep F, Dirmenci T. Systematic and biogeographic overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey. Nat Volatiles Essent Oils 2017;4(4):14-27.
3. Baytop T. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi (geçmişte ve bugün), İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1984. pp:184
4. Çınar O, Tokgöz H, Gölükcü M, Uysal Bayar F. Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) uçucu yağ kalite parametrelerinin hasat zamanı ve lokasyona göre değişimi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2022;11(2):1114-23. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1048411
5. Yanishlieva NV, Marinovaa E, Pokorny J. Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2006;108:776-93.
6. Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C. Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot‐plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1996;73(5):645-52.
7. Abe F, et al. Ursolic acid as a trypanocidal constituent in rosemary. Bio Pharm Bull 2022;25(11):1485-7. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1485
8. Pérez-Fons L, Garzón MT, Micol V. Relationship between the antioxidant capacity and effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) polyphenols on membrane phospholipid order. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:161-71. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9026487
9. Borges RS et al. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: A review of its phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory activity, and mechanisms of action involved. J Ethnopharmacol 2019;229:29-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.038
10. Pérez-Fons L, et al. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes affect lipid polymorphism and fluidity in phospholipid membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006;453(2):224-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.004
11. del Baño, MJ, et al. Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(15):4247-53. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0300745
12. Mahmoud AA, Al-Shihry SS, Son, BW. Diterpenoid quinones from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Phytochem 2005;66(14):1685-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.041
13. Akbulut B, Akbulut S, Bayramoğlu M. The Trade and use of some medical and aromatic herbs in Turkey. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2013;7(2):67-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2013.11886446
14. Özbay Z. Rosmarinus officinalis in biyolojik aktivitesinin araştırılması, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi; 2017.
15. Allegra A, et al. Anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients 2020;10;12(6):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061739
16. Amaral GP, et al. Protective action of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in gastric ulcer prevention induced by ethanol in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55:48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.038
17. Raskovic A, et al. Analgesic effects of rosemary essential oil and its interactions with codeine and paracetamol in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015;19:165-72.
18. Yehia RM, Lamie C, Attia DA. Microsponges-mediated targeted topical delivery of rosemary oil for hair growth promotion: optimization and in-vivo studies. Pharm Dev Technol. 2024;29(6):604-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2372572
19. Raskovic A, et al. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complenet Altern Med 2014;14:225. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225
20. Satos P, et al. Assessment of cytotoxic activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) essential oils in cervical cancer cells (HeLa), Sci World J 2016;9278073. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9273078
21. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo C. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review. Medicines (Basel) 2018;7:98. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030098
22. Ayaz M, et al. Neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants. Front Aging Neurosci 2017;9:168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00168
23. Martínez AL, et al. Antinociceptive effect and GC/MS analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from its aerial parts. Planta Med 2009;75(5):508-11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1185319
24. Hussain AI, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Braz J Microbiol 2010;41:1070-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838220100004000027
25. Rašković A, et al. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225
26. Başkaya Ş, Ayanoğlu B, Bahadırlı NP. Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) bitkisinin uçucu yağ oranı, uçucu yağ bileşenleri ve antioksidan içeriğinde morfogenetik ve ontogenetik varyabilite. MKU J Agric Sci 2016;21(1):12-20.
27.Celiktas OY, et al. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chem 2007;100(2):553-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.011
28. Do TKT, Hadji-Minaglou F, Antoniotti S, Fernandez X. Authenticity of essential oils. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2015;66:146-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.007?
29. Onbaşlı D, Dal A. Türk Farmakopesindeki tıbbi bitkilerinin incelenmesi. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;7(1):22-36.
30. Türk Farmakopesi II, Avrupa Farmakopesi Adaptasyonu; 2016. pp:369-70.
31. McLafferty FW, Stauffer DB. The Wiley/NBS registry of mass spectral data. New York: J Wiley and Sons; 1989.
32. Ospina JD, et al. Relationship between refractive index and thymol concentration in essential oils of Lippia origanoides Kunth. Chil J Agric Anim Sci 2016;32(2):127-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902016000200006
33. Tanker M, Tanker N, Farmakognozi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, cilt 2; 2003. pp:281.

Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 631 - 639, 30.05.2025

Fatma Yıldırım , Tuğçe Fafal

https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1625732

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, piyasadan temin edilen dört farklı ticari biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) uçucu yağı ile laboratuvar koşullarında distilasyon yoluyla elde edilen uçucu yağ örneği Türk Farmakope’sinde Aetheroleum Rosmarini monografında yer alan kalite kontrol parametrelerine göre analiz edilmiştir.
Yöntem: Çalışma materyali olarak, ticari olarak temin edilen dört biberiye uçucu yağı ve distilasyonla elde ettiğimiz uçucu yağ örneği kullanılmıştır. Tüm örnekler, Türk Farmakope’sinde yer alan Aetheroleum Rosmarini monografında yer alan kalite kontrol analizlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Analitik ölçümler standart çalışma protokollerine uygun şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Makroskobik değerlendirme, bağıl yoğunluk, kırılma indisi ve alkolde çözünürlük analizleri, örnekler arasında genel olarak benzerlik göstermiştir ve bu parametrelerde ciddi bir sapma gözlenmemiştir. Gaz kromatografisi analizinde ise ticari örneklerden yalnızca ikisi, farmakope tarafından öngörülen aralıkta ökaliptol (1,8-sineol) içeriğine sahipken (%38-55), diğer iki örnekte bu majör bileşenin miktarı farmakope limitlerinin altında kalmıştır. Leke testinde ise ticari uçucu yağların üçünde sabit yağ varlığı saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Gaz kromatografisi ve leke testi sonuçları, bazı uçucu yağ örneklerinin farmakope kriterlerine uygun olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Toplanan drogtan distilasyon ile elde edilen uçucu yağ örneği Türk Farmakopesi standartlarıyla uyum göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, piyasada bulunan uçucu yağların kalite kontrolünün yapılmasının, farmakope kriterlerine uygunluklarının denetlenmesinin ve etiket ile bu bilgilerin ürün üzerinde yer almasının tüketici güvenliği ve terapötik etkinlik açısından önem taşıdığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

uçucu yağ, Aetheroleum Rosmarini, Rosmarinus officinalis

References

1. Davis P H. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands; Edinburgh University Press, vol.7; 1982. pp:75-6.
2. Celep F, Dirmenci T. Systematic and biogeographic overview of Lamiaceae in Turkey. Nat Volatiles Essent Oils 2017;4(4):14-27.
3. Baytop T. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi (geçmişte ve bugün), İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1984. pp:184
4. Çınar O, Tokgöz H, Gölükcü M, Uysal Bayar F. Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) uçucu yağ kalite parametrelerinin hasat zamanı ve lokasyona göre değişimi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2022;11(2):1114-23. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1048411
5. Yanishlieva NV, Marinovaa E, Pokorny J. Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2006;108:776-93.
6. Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C. Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot‐plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1996;73(5):645-52.
7. Abe F, et al. Ursolic acid as a trypanocidal constituent in rosemary. Bio Pharm Bull 2022;25(11):1485-7. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1485
8. Pérez-Fons L, Garzón MT, Micol V. Relationship between the antioxidant capacity and effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) polyphenols on membrane phospholipid order. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:161-71. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9026487
9. Borges RS et al. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: A review of its phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory activity, and mechanisms of action involved. J Ethnopharmacol 2019;229:29-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.038
10. Pérez-Fons L, et al. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes affect lipid polymorphism and fluidity in phospholipid membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006;453(2):224-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.004
11. del Baño, MJ, et al. Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(15):4247-53. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0300745
12. Mahmoud AA, Al-Shihry SS, Son, BW. Diterpenoid quinones from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Phytochem 2005;66(14):1685-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.041
13. Akbulut B, Akbulut S, Bayramoğlu M. The Trade and use of some medical and aromatic herbs in Turkey. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2013;7(2):67-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2013.11886446
14. Özbay Z. Rosmarinus officinalis in biyolojik aktivitesinin araştırılması, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi; 2017.
15. Allegra A, et al. Anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients 2020;10;12(6):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061739
16. Amaral GP, et al. Protective action of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in gastric ulcer prevention induced by ethanol in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55:48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.038
17. Raskovic A, et al. Analgesic effects of rosemary essential oil and its interactions with codeine and paracetamol in mice. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015;19:165-72.
18. Yehia RM, Lamie C, Attia DA. Microsponges-mediated targeted topical delivery of rosemary oil for hair growth promotion: optimization and in-vivo studies. Pharm Dev Technol. 2024;29(6):604-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2372572
19. Raskovic A, et al. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complenet Altern Med 2014;14:225. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225
20. Satos P, et al. Assessment of cytotoxic activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) essential oils in cervical cancer cells (HeLa), Sci World J 2016;9278073. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9273078
21. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo C. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review. Medicines (Basel) 2018;7:98. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030098
22. Ayaz M, et al. Neuroprotective and anti-aging potentials of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants. Front Aging Neurosci 2017;9:168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00168
23. Martínez AL, et al. Antinociceptive effect and GC/MS analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from its aerial parts. Planta Med 2009;75(5):508-11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1185319
24. Hussain AI, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Braz J Microbiol 2010;41:1070-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838220100004000027
25. Rašković A, et al. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225
26. Başkaya Ş, Ayanoğlu B, Bahadırlı NP. Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) bitkisinin uçucu yağ oranı, uçucu yağ bileşenleri ve antioksidan içeriğinde morfogenetik ve ontogenetik varyabilite. MKU J Agric Sci 2016;21(1):12-20.
27.Celiktas OY, et al. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chem 2007;100(2):553-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.011
28. Do TKT, Hadji-Minaglou F, Antoniotti S, Fernandez X. Authenticity of essential oils. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2015;66:146-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.007?
29. Onbaşlı D, Dal A. Türk Farmakopesindeki tıbbi bitkilerinin incelenmesi. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;7(1):22-36.
30. Türk Farmakopesi II, Avrupa Farmakopesi Adaptasyonu; 2016. pp:369-70.
31. McLafferty FW, Stauffer DB. The Wiley/NBS registry of mass spectral data. New York: J Wiley and Sons; 1989.
32. Ospina JD, et al. Relationship between refractive index and thymol concentration in essential oils of Lippia origanoides Kunth. Chil J Agric Anim Sci 2016;32(2):127-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902016000200006
33. Tanker M, Tanker N, Farmakognozi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, cilt 2; 2003. pp:281.

There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Naturopathy
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Fatma Yıldırım 0009-0001-6795-5149 Tuğçe Fafal 0000-0002-7445-5855
Early Pub Date	May 28, 2025
Publication Date	May 30, 2025
Submission Date	January 23, 2025
Acceptance Date	April 20, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Yıldırım, F., & Fafal, T. (2025). Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 15(2), 631-639. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1625732
AMA	Yıldırım F, Fafal T. Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. May 2025;15(2):631-639. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1625732
Chicago	Yıldırım, Fatma, and Tuğçe Fafal. “Biberiye uçucu Yağ örneklerinin Kalite Kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 15, no. 2 (May 2025): 631-39. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1625732.
EndNote	Yıldırım F, Fafal T (May 1, 2025) Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 15 2 631–639.
IEEE	F. Yıldırım and T. Fafal, “Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi”, Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 631–639, 2025, doi: 10.31020/mutftd.1625732.
ISNAD	Yıldırım, Fatma - Fafal, Tuğçe. “Biberiye uçucu Yağ örneklerinin Kalite Kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 15/2 (May 2025), 631-639. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1625732.
JAMA	Yıldırım F, Fafal T. Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2025;15:631–639.
MLA	Yıldırım, Fatma and Tuğçe Fafal. “Biberiye uçucu Yağ örneklerinin Kalite Kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi Ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025, pp. 631-9, doi:10.31020/mutftd.1625732.
Vancouver	Yıldırım F, Fafal T. Biberiye uçucu yağ örneklerinin kalite kontrol açısından değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2025;15(2):631-9.

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