Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Trade and Investment Dynamics in South Africa: Implications for Environmental Sustainability

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 17 - 34, 30.06.2025

Hasan Harmancı , Hasan Umutlu

Abstract

With climate change and environmental pollution worsening each year, especially developing countries are seeking to attract environmentally friendly foreign direct investment (FDI) while reducing dependence on imported energy. In countries like South Africa that rely heavily on coal and other fossil fuels, environmental pollution is increasing, sustainable development is being hampered and the importance of renewable energy sources is becoming more and more recognized. This study examines the relationships between renewable energy consumption, ecological footprint (EF), trade balance and FDI in South Africa over the period 1990-2021 using ARDL bounds test and finds that there is a long run cointegration relationship between these variables. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test results show that the variables affect each other in the long run; FDI, renewable energy consumption and trade balance affect EF, while EF and trade balance affect FDI. An increase in renewable energy consumption contributes to environmental improvement, while an improvement in the trade balance can reduce South Africa's EF. The study also suggests that the use of renewable energy can positively affect the trade balance and provides policy recommendations, constraints and suggestions for future research.

Keywords

Renewable Energy Ecological Footprint Trade Balance Foreign Direct Investment South Africa

References

  • Akinbami, O. M., Oke, S. R., & Bodunrin, M. O. (2021). The state of renewable energy development in South Africa: An overview. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(6), 5077–5093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.065
  • Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., & Akram, V. (2022). Main determinants for ecological footprint: an econometric perspective from G20 countries. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 7(3), 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-022-00240-x
  • Ayamolowo, O. J., Manditereza, P. T., & Kusakana, K. (2022). South Africa power reforms: The Path to a dominant renewable energy-sourced grid. Energy Reports, 8, 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.100
  • Bakari, S., & Mabrouki, M. (2017). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth: New evidence from Panama. Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 2(1), 67–79.
  • Buckley, P. J., & Strange, R. (2015). The Governance of the Global Factory: Location and Control of World Economic Activity. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2013.0113
  • Caglar, A. E., Guloglu, B., & Gedikli, A. (2022). Moving towards sustainable environmental development for BRICS: Investigating the asymmetric effect of natural resources on CO2. Sustainable Development, 30(5), 1313–1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2318
  • Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı, İ. (2006). Satın alma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin sıfır frekansta spektrum tahmincisine dayanan birim kök testleri ile incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 121–137.
  • Chen, B., Chen, G. Q., Yang, Z. F., & Jiang, M. M. (2007). Ecological footprint accounting for energy and resource in China. Energy Policy, 35(3), 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.019
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047
  • Christoforidis, T., & Katrakilidis, C. (2021). The dynamic role of institutional quality, renewable and non-renewable energy on the ecological footprint of OECD countries: do institutions and renewables function as leverage points for environmental sustainability? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(38), 53888–53907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13877-8
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
  • Dhrifi, A., Jaziri, R., & Alnahdi, S. (2020). Does foreign direct investment and environmental degradation matter for poverty? Evidence from developing countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 52, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.09.008
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Footprintnetwork. (2024). Country Trends. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=202&type=BCtot,EFCtot
  • Ghauri, P., Strange, R., & Cooke, F. L. (2021). Research on international business: The new realities. International Business Review, 30(2), 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101794
  • Idroes, G. M., Hardi, I., Rahman, Md. H., Afjal, M., Noviandy, T. R., & Idroes, R. (2024). The dynamic impact of non-renewable and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint in Indonesia. Carbon Research, 3(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-024-00117-0
  • IEA. (2024). South Africa. https://www.iea.org/countries/south-africa
  • Iqbal, A., Tang, X., & Rasool, S. F. (2023). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports and economic growth: evidence from BRICS countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(3), 2234–2263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02128-6
  • Jebli, B. M., Youssef, B. S., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration— with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Joshua, U., & Alola, A. A. (2020). Accounting for environmental sustainability from coal-led growth in South Africa: the role of employment and FDI. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), 17706–17716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08146-z
  • Karataş, A. R., & Ergül, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile Kanıtlar. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences, 5, 222–236.
  • Khan, Z. U., Ahmad, M., & Khan, A. (2020). On the remittances-environment led hypothesis: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16460–16471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07999-8
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2021). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 28(4), 1406–1432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1949086
  • Kızılgöl, Ö. A., & Öndes, H. (2021). Savunma Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme arasındaki İlişki: NATO Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. In A. N. Ozker (Ed.), İşletme ve İktisadi Bilimler Araştırma ve Teori (pp. 195–222). Livre de Lyon.
  • Koç, Ş., Mercan, B., & Gömleksiz, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Bilgi Taşmaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 207–221.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Exports, imports, Foreign Direct Investment and CO2 emissions in North Africa: Spatial analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 2403–2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.08.038
  • Merem, E. C., Twumasi, Y. A., Wesley, J., Olagbegi, D., Crisler, M., Romorno, C., Alsarari, M., Isokpehi, P., Alrefai, M., Ochai, S., Nwagboso, E., Fageir, S., & Leggett, S. (2021). The Assessment of China’s Scramble for Natural Resources Extraction in Africa. World Environment, 11(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.env.20211101.02
  • Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26), 32933–32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
  • Musakwa, M. T., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment Dynamics in South Africa: Reforms, Trends and Challenges. Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, 29(2), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.2478/sues-2019-0007
  • Nathaniel, S., & Iheonu, C. O. (2019). Carbon dioxide abatement in Africa: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Science of The Total Environment, 679, 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.011
  • Nathaniel, S., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709
  • Noorymotlagh, M., & Çiftçioğlu, S. (2023). Relationship between Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Top Oil Energy-Consuming Countries. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 15(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v15i1299
  • Özşahin, Ş., & Şahin, T. (2023). 1960 Sonrası Türkiye Ekonomisinde Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Nedensellik Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 52–76.
  • Pata, U. K., Karlilar, S., & Eweade, B. S. (2023). An environmental assessment of non-renewable, modern renewable, and combustible renewable energy in Cameroon. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2023, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04192-y
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis: Vol. Windows Version. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182
  • Prince, A. I., Onoh, U. C., Ayodele, O. J., Juda, A. E., & Nwimo, C. P. (2023). Examining the Social and Economic Impact of Climate Change on Rural Communities and the Role of Global Governance in Addressing These Challenges. IIARD International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 9(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.56201/ijgem.v9.no4.2023.pg1.18
  • PwC. (2024, April 29). South Africa Economic Outlook - April 2024. https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/a1/en/press-release/south-africa-economic-outlook-april-2024.html
  • Saaed, A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth : evidence from Tunisia. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 6(1), 13–21.
  • Sahoo, M., & Sethi, N. (2021). The intermittent effects of renewable energy on ecological footprint: evidence from developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56401–56417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14600-3
  • Saqib, N., Ozturk, I., Usman, M., Sharif, A., & Razzaq, A. (2023). Pollution Haven or Halo? How European countries leverage FDI, energy, and human capital to alleviate their ecological footprint. Gondwana Research, 116, 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.12.018
  • Sarıkovanlık, V., Koy, A., Akkaya, M., Yıldırım, H. H., & Kantar, L. (2019). Finans Biliminde Ekonometri Uygulamaları. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sazcha, O., Maria, C., & Bruno, L. (2020). Effects of Climate Change on Corn and Quinoa Production: Analyzing the Production of Mexico and Bolivia a Semi-Ricardian Approach. Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies, 6(5), 682–685. https://doi.org/10.31031/EAES.2020.06.000649
  • Sekhri, S. (2022). Agricultural trade and depletion of groundwater. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102800
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Abbas, F., & Anis, O. (2015). Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high-, middle-, and low-income countries? Energy Economics, 51, 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.014
  • Shao, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q., & Balogh, L. (2019). Pollution haven hypothesis revisited: A comparison of the BRICS and MINT countries based on VECM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 724–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.206
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
  • Udeagha, M. C., & Ngepah, N. (2022). Does trade openness mitigate the environmental degradation in South Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(13), 19352–19377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17193-z
  • UNCTAD. (2023). World Investment Report 2023 Investing in sustainable energy for all. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023
  • UNCTAD. (2024). World Investment Report 2024 Investment facilitation and digital government. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2024
  • Usman, M., Khalid, K., & Mehdi, M. A. (2021). What determines environmental deficit in Asia? Embossing the role of renewable and non-renewable energy utilization. Renewable Energy, 168, 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.012
  • Wackernagel, M., & Monfreda, C. (2004). Ecological Footprints and Energy. In C. J. Cleveland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Energy (Vol. 2, pp. 1–11). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00120-0
  • WITS. (2024). Trade Summary For South Africa. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2022/Summary
  • World Bank. (2024a). External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) - South Africa. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.RSB.GNFS.ZS?locations=ZA
  • World Bank. (2024b). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - South Africa. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=ZA
  • World Bank. (2024c). Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) - South Africa.
  • World Bank. (2024d). The World Bank in South Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview#3
  • Xue, L., Haseeb, M., Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Murshed, M. (2021). Renewable Energy Use and Ecological Footprints Mitigation: Evidence from Selected South Asian Economies. Sustainability, 13(4), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041613
  • Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Yu, C., Qi, J., Yang, C., Cheng, B., & Liang, S. (2020). Global timber harvest footprints of nations and virtual timber trade flows. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250, 119503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119503

Güney Afrika’da Ticaret ve Yatırım Dinamikleri: Çevresel Sürdürülebilirliğe Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 17 - 34, 30.06.2025

Hasan Harmancı , Hasan Umutlu

Abstract

iİklim değişikliği ve çevre kirliliğinin her geçen yıl daha da kötüleşmesiyle birlikte, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler ithal enerjiye olan bağımlılıklarını azaltırken çevre dostu doğrudan yabancı yatırımları (DYY) çekmeye çalışmaktadır. Güney Afrika gibi büyük ölçüde kömür ve diğer fosil yakıtlara dayanan ülkelerde çevre kirliliği artmakta, sürdürülebilir kalkınma engellenmekte ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemi giderek daha fazla kabul görmektedir. Bu çalışma, Güney Afrika'da 1990-2021 döneminde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekolojik ayak izi (EA), ticaret dengesi ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasındaki ilişkileri ARDL sınır testi kullanarak incelemekte ve bu değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğunu tespit etmektedir. Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi sonuçları, değişkenlerin uzun vadede birbirlerini etkilediğini göstermektedir; DYY, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ticaret dengesi EA'yı etkilerken, EA ve ticaret dengesi DYY'yi etkilemektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki bir artış çevresel iyileşmeye katkıda bulunurken, ticaret dengesindeki bir iyileşme Güney Afrika'nın EA'sını azaltabilir. Çalışma ayrıca yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının ticaret dengesini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğini öne sürmekte ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için politika önerileri, kısıtlamalar ve öneriler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Yenilenebilir Enerji Ekolojik Ayak İzi Ticaret Dengesi Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Güney Afrika

References

  • Akinbami, O. M., Oke, S. R., & Bodunrin, M. O. (2021). The state of renewable energy development in South Africa: An overview. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(6), 5077–5093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.065
  • Ansari, M. A., Haider, S., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., & Akram, V. (2022). Main determinants for ecological footprint: an econometric perspective from G20 countries. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 7(3), 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-022-00240-x
  • Ayamolowo, O. J., Manditereza, P. T., & Kusakana, K. (2022). South Africa power reforms: The Path to a dominant renewable energy-sourced grid. Energy Reports, 8, 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.100
  • Bakari, S., & Mabrouki, M. (2017). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth: New evidence from Panama. Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 2(1), 67–79.
  • Buckley, P. J., & Strange, R. (2015). The Governance of the Global Factory: Location and Control of World Economic Activity. Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2013.0113
  • Caglar, A. E., Guloglu, B., & Gedikli, A. (2022). Moving towards sustainable environmental development for BRICS: Investigating the asymmetric effect of natural resources on CO2. Sustainable Development, 30(5), 1313–1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2318
  • Çağlayan, E., & Saçaklı, İ. (2006). Satın alma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin sıfır frekansta spektrum tahmincisine dayanan birim kök testleri ile incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 121–137.
  • Chen, B., Chen, G. Q., Yang, Z. F., & Jiang, M. M. (2007). Ecological footprint accounting for energy and resource in China. Energy Policy, 35(3), 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.019
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047
  • Christoforidis, T., & Katrakilidis, C. (2021). The dynamic role of institutional quality, renewable and non-renewable energy on the ecological footprint of OECD countries: do institutions and renewables function as leverage points for environmental sustainability? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(38), 53888–53907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13877-8
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
  • Dhrifi, A., Jaziri, R., & Alnahdi, S. (2020). Does foreign direct investment and environmental degradation matter for poverty? Evidence from developing countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 52, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.09.008
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Footprintnetwork. (2024). Country Trends. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=202&type=BCtot,EFCtot
  • Ghauri, P., Strange, R., & Cooke, F. L. (2021). Research on international business: The new realities. International Business Review, 30(2), 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101794
  • Idroes, G. M., Hardi, I., Rahman, Md. H., Afjal, M., Noviandy, T. R., & Idroes, R. (2024). The dynamic impact of non-renewable and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint in Indonesia. Carbon Research, 3(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-024-00117-0
  • IEA. (2024). South Africa. https://www.iea.org/countries/south-africa
  • Iqbal, A., Tang, X., & Rasool, S. F. (2023). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports and economic growth: evidence from BRICS countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(3), 2234–2263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02128-6
  • Jebli, B. M., Youssef, B. S., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration— with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Joshua, U., & Alola, A. A. (2020). Accounting for environmental sustainability from coal-led growth in South Africa: the role of employment and FDI. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), 17706–17716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08146-z
  • Karataş, A. R., & Ergül, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile Kanıtlar. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences, 5, 222–236.
  • Khan, Z. U., Ahmad, M., & Khan, A. (2020). On the remittances-environment led hypothesis: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16460–16471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07999-8
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2021). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 28(4), 1406–1432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1949086
  • Kızılgöl, Ö. A., & Öndes, H. (2021). Savunma Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme arasındaki İlişki: NATO Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. In A. N. Ozker (Ed.), İşletme ve İktisadi Bilimler Araştırma ve Teori (pp. 195–222). Livre de Lyon.
  • Koç, Ş., Mercan, B., & Gömleksiz, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Bilgi Taşmaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 207–221.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Exports, imports, Foreign Direct Investment and CO2 emissions in North Africa: Spatial analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 2403–2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.08.038
  • Merem, E. C., Twumasi, Y. A., Wesley, J., Olagbegi, D., Crisler, M., Romorno, C., Alsarari, M., Isokpehi, P., Alrefai, M., Ochai, S., Nwagboso, E., Fageir, S., & Leggett, S. (2021). The Assessment of China’s Scramble for Natural Resources Extraction in Africa. World Environment, 11(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.env.20211101.02
  • Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: a new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26), 32933–32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
  • Musakwa, M. T., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment Dynamics in South Africa: Reforms, Trends and Challenges. Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, 29(2), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.2478/sues-2019-0007
  • Nathaniel, S., & Iheonu, C. O. (2019). Carbon dioxide abatement in Africa: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Science of The Total Environment, 679, 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.011
  • Nathaniel, S., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122709
  • Noorymotlagh, M., & Çiftçioğlu, S. (2023). Relationship between Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Top Oil Energy-Consuming Countries. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 15(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v15i1299
  • Özşahin, Ş., & Şahin, T. (2023). 1960 Sonrası Türkiye Ekonomisinde Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Nedensellik Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 52–76.
  • Pata, U. K., Karlilar, S., & Eweade, B. S. (2023). An environmental assessment of non-renewable, modern renewable, and combustible renewable energy in Cameroon. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2023, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04192-y
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis: Vol. Windows Version. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182
  • Prince, A. I., Onoh, U. C., Ayodele, O. J., Juda, A. E., & Nwimo, C. P. (2023). Examining the Social and Economic Impact of Climate Change on Rural Communities and the Role of Global Governance in Addressing These Challenges. IIARD International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 9(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.56201/ijgem.v9.no4.2023.pg1.18
  • PwC. (2024, April 29). South Africa Economic Outlook - April 2024. https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/a1/en/press-release/south-africa-economic-outlook-april-2024.html
  • Saaed, A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Impact of exports and imports on economic growth : evidence from Tunisia. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 6(1), 13–21.
  • Sahoo, M., & Sethi, N. (2021). The intermittent effects of renewable energy on ecological footprint: evidence from developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56401–56417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14600-3
  • Saqib, N., Ozturk, I., Usman, M., Sharif, A., & Razzaq, A. (2023). Pollution Haven or Halo? How European countries leverage FDI, energy, and human capital to alleviate their ecological footprint. Gondwana Research, 116, 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.12.018
  • Sarıkovanlık, V., Koy, A., Akkaya, M., Yıldırım, H. H., & Kantar, L. (2019). Finans Biliminde Ekonometri Uygulamaları. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sazcha, O., Maria, C., & Bruno, L. (2020). Effects of Climate Change on Corn and Quinoa Production: Analyzing the Production of Mexico and Bolivia a Semi-Ricardian Approach. Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies, 6(5), 682–685. https://doi.org/10.31031/EAES.2020.06.000649
  • Sekhri, S. (2022). Agricultural trade and depletion of groundwater. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102800
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Abbas, F., & Anis, O. (2015). Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high-, middle-, and low-income countries? Energy Economics, 51, 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.014
  • Shao, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Q., & Balogh, L. (2019). Pollution haven hypothesis revisited: A comparison of the BRICS and MINT countries based on VECM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 724–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.206
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
  • Udeagha, M. C., & Ngepah, N. (2022). Does trade openness mitigate the environmental degradation in South Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(13), 19352–19377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17193-z
  • UNCTAD. (2023). World Investment Report 2023 Investing in sustainable energy for all. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023
  • UNCTAD. (2024). World Investment Report 2024 Investment facilitation and digital government. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2024
  • Usman, M., Khalid, K., & Mehdi, M. A. (2021). What determines environmental deficit in Asia? Embossing the role of renewable and non-renewable energy utilization. Renewable Energy, 168, 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.012
  • Wackernagel, M., & Monfreda, C. (2004). Ecological Footprints and Energy. In C. J. Cleveland (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Energy (Vol. 2, pp. 1–11). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00120-0
  • WITS. (2024). Trade Summary For South Africa. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ZAF/Year/2022/Summary
  • World Bank. (2024a). External balance on goods and services (% of GDP) - South Africa. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.RSB.GNFS.ZS?locations=ZA
  • World Bank. (2024b). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) - South Africa. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=ZA
  • World Bank. (2024c). Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) - South Africa.
  • World Bank. (2024d). The World Bank in South Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview#3
  • Xue, L., Haseeb, M., Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Murshed, M. (2021). Renewable Energy Use and Ecological Footprints Mitigation: Evidence from Selected South Asian Economies. Sustainability, 13(4), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041613
  • Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Yu, C., Qi, J., Yang, C., Cheng, B., & Liang, S. (2020). Global timber harvest footprints of nations and virtual timber trade flows. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250, 119503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119503
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Economy, International Corporation, International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Harmancı 0000-0002-5852-2667

Hasan Umutlu 0000-0002-2604-3573

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date April 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Harmancı, H., & Umutlu, H. (2025). Trade and Investment Dynamics in South Africa: Implications for Environmental Sustainability. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 17-34.
 Download Cover Image

Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).