Abstract
Moğol dönemi ceza sistemine bakıldığında Tang yasalarının belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle batının temel prensiplerine hitap eden bu yasalar; hırsızlık, cinayet gibi adi suçların yanı sıra sosyal ve siyasi düzeni bozmaya yönelik faaliyetleri de içeren suçların cezalandırılmasında yol gösterici bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Elbette ki tarih boyunca devletlerin toplum düzenini sağlayabilmek adına birçok yasa çıkardıkları ve bu yasalar çerçevesinde de cezalandırma yöntemleri uyguladıkları bilinmektedir. Bu çerçevede devletler genellikle tarafsız bir noktada yer almak suretiyle sadece yasaların işleyiş kontrolünü sağlamaya çalışmışlardır. Özellikle Orta Çağ dönemi devletlerinin yasalarında hukukun, mağduru tazmin etmek yerine toplumu hiçe sayan suçları cezalandırmaya yönelik bir politika izledikleri görülmektedir. Bu ceza sistemlerinden biri de hiç şüphesiz Yuan Hanedanı’nın ceza hukuku çerçevesinde cinayet faillerine ödemesini zorunlu tuttuğu “shaomaiyin (燒埋銀)”adlı ödenektir. “Shaomaiyin” kelimesi “shao+mai+yin” sözcüklerinin birleşiminden oluşmakta olup “cenaze ve gömü masrafları için gümüş” anlamına gelmektedir. Kelime köken itibariyle Çince olup Yuan Hanedanı’nın bu coğrafyada uzun süre kalması dolayısıyla Çince kelimelerin kullanımı her alanda görülmüştür. Çin’de varlık gösteren Kitan, Ming ve Qing adındaki hanedanlar Yuan Hanedanı’nın idare, teşkilat ve hukuk alanlarına önemli ölçüde etkileri olmuştur. Buna rağmen özellikle hukuk kuralları ve kanunlar çerçevesinde Yuan Hanedanı’nın zaman zaman onları kendi etkisi altında bıraktığı da bilinen bir durumdur. Bu etkiye en güzel örnek shaomaiyin uygulamasıdır. Zira bu hanedanlar farklı isimler vererek kullanmış oldukları uygulamayı Yuan etkisiyle oluşturmuşlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Yuan Hanedanı’nın ceza hukuku çerçevesinde cinayet faillerine ödemesini zorunlu tuttuğu “shaomaiyin (燒埋銀)” adlı uygulamayı tanıtmak ve tüm yönleriyle ortaya koymaktır.
Keywords
References
- Alinge, Curt, Moğol Kanunları, Çev. Prof. Dr. Coşkun Üçok, Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası, 1967.
- Allsen, Thomas T., Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Aubin, Françoise, “Les sanctions et les peines chez les Mongols,” Transactions of the Jean Bodin Society for Comparative Institutional History, Volume LVIII, Punishment, Non European Worlds, Brussels: De Boeck University,1991.
- Aubin, Françoise, “Some Characteristics of Penal Legislation among the Mongols (13th–21st Centuries),” in Central Asian Law: A Historical Overview: A Festschrift for the Ninetieth Birthday of Hebert Franke, Ed. Wallace Johnson and Irina Popova, Society for Asian Legal History, Lawrence Kansas, 2004.
- Ayalon, David, “The Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan”, Stvdia İslamica, Paris 1971, 97-140.
- Birge, Bettine, “How the Mongols Mattered: A Perspective from Law”, How Mongolia Matters: War, Law, and Society, Brill’s Inner Asian Library Edited by Michael R. Drompp Devin DeWeese Mark C. Elliott Volume 36 Edited by Morris Rossabi, Leiden Boston: Brill, 2017.
- Birge, Bettine, “Law of the Liao, Chin, and Yuan and Its Impact on the Chinese Legal Tradition,” in New Perspectives on Chinese History, Legal History: The Formation and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Legal Culture, Ed. Liu Liyan, Taipei: Academia Sinica-Lianjing, 2008.
- Cahun, Leon, Asya Tarihine Giriş Kökenlerden 1405’e Türkler ve Moğollar, Çev. Sabit İnan Kaya, Ankara: Seç Yayın Dağıtım, 2006.
- Cheng, Wang王稱, “Chu zhibige xiebiao” 除直秘閣謝表, Dongdu shilüe 東都事略, Ed. Songshi ziliao cuibian 宋史資料萃編, Taibei, 1967.
- Chi, Song-Ou-Yang-xiu, “Tang İmparatorluğunun Yeni Tarihi”, (宋祁、欧阳修:《新唐书), 卷二一九,(北狄), 第), Volume 219, Kuzey Türkler Monografisi, , Pekin: Zhong- Hua Kitapçılık Bürosu 1975.
- Cunyi, Duli 讀例存疑, Comp. Xue Yunsheng 薛允升, Volume 5, Chinese Materials and Research Aids Taibei: Service Center, 1970.
- Da Ming lu, The Great Ming Code, Translated by Jiang Yonglin, Asian Law Series, University of Washington Press, 2014.
- Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 大元聖政國朝典章 [called Yuan dianzhang] (Photo reprint of 1322 Yüan edition), Taipei: Gugong bowu guan, 1976.
- Daming lü jijie fuli 大明律集解附例, Ed. Wanli, Taiwan Xuesheng shuju, Taipei, 1970.
- Eberhard, Wolfram, Çin Tarihi, Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu Basımevi, 1947.
- Franke, Herbert, “Jurchen Customary Law and the Chinese Law of the Chin Dynasty,” in State and Law in East Asia: Festschrift Karl Bünger, Ed. Dieter Eikemeier and Herbert Franke, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981.
- Giles, Herbert Allen, A Chinese-English Dictionary, Part I-II, Kelly and Walsh, Shanghai.
- Gökalp, Türükoğlu, Türk Kağanlığının Kuruluşundan Çingiz’in Zuhuruna Kadar Altaylarda ve İç Moğolistan’da Boylar, İstanbul: Bilgeoğuz Yayınları, 2022.
- Heng, Paul -Chao Ch’en, Chinese Legal Tradition under the Mongols, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
- Herbert Franke, “Chinese Law in a Multinational Society: The Case of the Liao,” Asia Major, 3rd Series 5:2 (1992).
- Jagchid, Sechin, The Kitans And Their Cities, Central Asiatic Journal 25 (1/2): (1981), 70-88.
- Janhunen, Juha A., Mongolian, London Oriental and African Language Library, 19, John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 2012.
- Jiaben, Shen 沈家本, Geçmiş Hanedanlıkların Ceza Hukuku Hakkında Araştırma- Lidai Xingfa Kao 历代刑法考. vol. 1. Beijing 北京: Shangwu Yinshuguan 商务印书馆, 2011.
- Kane, Daniel, “The Great Central Liao Kitan State”, Journal Of Song-Yuan Studies, (43): (2013), 27-50.
- Liaoshi 遼史, History of the Liao Dynasty, Volume 5, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974.
- Morgan, D. O., “The Great Yasa Chingiz Khan’ And The Mongol Law in The İlkhanate”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 49,No. 1, In Honour of Ann K. S. Lambton (1986), Cambridge University Press, 163-176.
- Qianzhao, Ye葉潛昭, Jinlü zhi yanjiu 金律之研究, Taibei: Shangwu chubanshe, 1972.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, “Die Mongolische Rechtsinstitution der Busse in der Chinesischen Gesetzgebung der Yüan-Zeit,” in Studia Sino-Altaica: Festschrift für Erich Haenisch zum 80, Ed. Herbert Franke, Verlag: Geburtstag, 1961.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, “Die Yasa (Jasaq) Činggis-khans und ihre Problematik”, Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Asiatischen Völker, Protokollband der XII.Tagung der Permanent İnternational Altaistic Conference 1969 Berlin, Herausgegeben von: Gerorg Hazai und Peter Zieme, Akademie Verlag, 1974, 471-487.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, Un Code des Yuan, Volume 4, Collège de France, Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1972–1985.
- Song Lian 宋濂, Yuan shi 元史, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976.
- Tao, Li李燾, Xu Zizhi tongjian changbian 續資治通鑑長編, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
- Tingyu, Zhang張廷玉, Ming Yıllığı-Mingshi明史, Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1974.
- The Great Qing Code, Trans by William Jones, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
- Vernadsky, George, “Cengiz Han Yasası”, Türk Hukuk Tarihi Dergisi, C. I, (1944), 107-132.
- Wu, Kang (吳鋼)- Ching-yang Wang (王京陽), Ch’üan T’ang Wen Pu-i 全唐文補遺 (Tang Metinleri Derlemesine İlaveler), C.3, Hsi-an, 1996.
- Wu, Yixuan, Xibei Normal University, Research on Color Performance Dunhuang Magao Grottoes Murals in the Tang dynasty, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Xibei: Fine Arts, 2017.
- Xiu, Ouyang; Song Qi, “Yeni Tang Tarihi” (欧阳修 宋祁; “新唐书” 北京: 中华书局), Pekin: Zhonghua Shuju,1975.
Abstract
When examining the Mongol-era penal system, it is evident that Tang laws had a significant influence. Notably, these laws, which address fundamental principles relevant to the West, served as a guiding force in the punishment of crimes, including not only common offences such as theft and murder but also crimes aimed at disrupting social and political order. It is well-known that throughout history, states have enacted numerous laws to maintain societal order and have applied various methods of punishment within the framework of these laws. In this context, states have generally sought to remain neutral, focusing solely on ensuring the enforcement of laws. In particular, it is observed that medieval states' laws followed a policy of punishing crimes that disregarded society rather than compensating victims. One such penal system is undoubtedly the “shaomaiyin (燒埋銀)” payment mandated by the Yuan Dynasty for perpetrators of murder. The term “shaomaiyin” is composed of the words “shao+mai+yin”, meaning “silver for funeral and burial expenses”. This term is of Chinese origin, and due to the Yuan Dynasty's prolonged presence in this region, the use of Chinese terms was widespread. The Kitan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, which existed in China, had significant influences on the administration, organization, and legal domains of the Yuan Dynasty. Despite this, it is known that the Yuan Dynasty sometimes exerted its influence over these legal rules and laws. An excellent example of this influence is the practice of shaomaiyin. Other dynasties adopted similar practices under different names and were influenced by Yuan practices.
This study aims to introduce and thoroughly explore the “shaomaiyin (燒埋銀)” practice mandated by the Yuan Dynasty for murder perpetrators within the criminal law framework.
Keywords
References
- Alinge, Curt, Moğol Kanunları, Çev. Prof. Dr. Coşkun Üçok, Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası, 1967.
- Allsen, Thomas T., Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Aubin, Françoise, “Les sanctions et les peines chez les Mongols,” Transactions of the Jean Bodin Society for Comparative Institutional History, Volume LVIII, Punishment, Non European Worlds, Brussels: De Boeck University,1991.
- Aubin, Françoise, “Some Characteristics of Penal Legislation among the Mongols (13th–21st Centuries),” in Central Asian Law: A Historical Overview: A Festschrift for the Ninetieth Birthday of Hebert Franke, Ed. Wallace Johnson and Irina Popova, Society for Asian Legal History, Lawrence Kansas, 2004.
- Ayalon, David, “The Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan”, Stvdia İslamica, Paris 1971, 97-140.
- Birge, Bettine, “How the Mongols Mattered: A Perspective from Law”, How Mongolia Matters: War, Law, and Society, Brill’s Inner Asian Library Edited by Michael R. Drompp Devin DeWeese Mark C. Elliott Volume 36 Edited by Morris Rossabi, Leiden Boston: Brill, 2017.
- Birge, Bettine, “Law of the Liao, Chin, and Yuan and Its Impact on the Chinese Legal Tradition,” in New Perspectives on Chinese History, Legal History: The Formation and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Legal Culture, Ed. Liu Liyan, Taipei: Academia Sinica-Lianjing, 2008.
- Cahun, Leon, Asya Tarihine Giriş Kökenlerden 1405’e Türkler ve Moğollar, Çev. Sabit İnan Kaya, Ankara: Seç Yayın Dağıtım, 2006.
- Cheng, Wang王稱, “Chu zhibige xiebiao” 除直秘閣謝表, Dongdu shilüe 東都事略, Ed. Songshi ziliao cuibian 宋史資料萃編, Taibei, 1967.
- Chi, Song-Ou-Yang-xiu, “Tang İmparatorluğunun Yeni Tarihi”, (宋祁、欧阳修:《新唐书), 卷二一九,(北狄), 第), Volume 219, Kuzey Türkler Monografisi, , Pekin: Zhong- Hua Kitapçılık Bürosu 1975.
- Cunyi, Duli 讀例存疑, Comp. Xue Yunsheng 薛允升, Volume 5, Chinese Materials and Research Aids Taibei: Service Center, 1970.
- Da Ming lu, The Great Ming Code, Translated by Jiang Yonglin, Asian Law Series, University of Washington Press, 2014.
- Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 大元聖政國朝典章 [called Yuan dianzhang] (Photo reprint of 1322 Yüan edition), Taipei: Gugong bowu guan, 1976.
- Daming lü jijie fuli 大明律集解附例, Ed. Wanli, Taiwan Xuesheng shuju, Taipei, 1970.
- Eberhard, Wolfram, Çin Tarihi, Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu Basımevi, 1947.
- Franke, Herbert, “Jurchen Customary Law and the Chinese Law of the Chin Dynasty,” in State and Law in East Asia: Festschrift Karl Bünger, Ed. Dieter Eikemeier and Herbert Franke, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981.
- Giles, Herbert Allen, A Chinese-English Dictionary, Part I-II, Kelly and Walsh, Shanghai.
- Gökalp, Türükoğlu, Türk Kağanlığının Kuruluşundan Çingiz’in Zuhuruna Kadar Altaylarda ve İç Moğolistan’da Boylar, İstanbul: Bilgeoğuz Yayınları, 2022.
- Heng, Paul -Chao Ch’en, Chinese Legal Tradition under the Mongols, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
- Herbert Franke, “Chinese Law in a Multinational Society: The Case of the Liao,” Asia Major, 3rd Series 5:2 (1992).
- Jagchid, Sechin, The Kitans And Their Cities, Central Asiatic Journal 25 (1/2): (1981), 70-88.
- Janhunen, Juha A., Mongolian, London Oriental and African Language Library, 19, John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 2012.
- Jiaben, Shen 沈家本, Geçmiş Hanedanlıkların Ceza Hukuku Hakkında Araştırma- Lidai Xingfa Kao 历代刑法考. vol. 1. Beijing 北京: Shangwu Yinshuguan 商务印书馆, 2011.
- Kane, Daniel, “The Great Central Liao Kitan State”, Journal Of Song-Yuan Studies, (43): (2013), 27-50.
- Liaoshi 遼史, History of the Liao Dynasty, Volume 5, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974.
- Morgan, D. O., “The Great Yasa Chingiz Khan’ And The Mongol Law in The İlkhanate”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 49,No. 1, In Honour of Ann K. S. Lambton (1986), Cambridge University Press, 163-176.
- Qianzhao, Ye葉潛昭, Jinlü zhi yanjiu 金律之研究, Taibei: Shangwu chubanshe, 1972.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, “Die Mongolische Rechtsinstitution der Busse in der Chinesischen Gesetzgebung der Yüan-Zeit,” in Studia Sino-Altaica: Festschrift für Erich Haenisch zum 80, Ed. Herbert Franke, Verlag: Geburtstag, 1961.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, “Die Yasa (Jasaq) Činggis-khans und ihre Problematik”, Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur der Asiatischen Völker, Protokollband der XII.Tagung der Permanent İnternational Altaistic Conference 1969 Berlin, Herausgegeben von: Gerorg Hazai und Peter Zieme, Akademie Verlag, 1974, 471-487.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul, Un Code des Yuan, Volume 4, Collège de France, Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1972–1985.
- Song Lian 宋濂, Yuan shi 元史, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976.
- Tao, Li李燾, Xu Zizhi tongjian changbian 續資治通鑑長編, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
- Tingyu, Zhang張廷玉, Ming Yıllığı-Mingshi明史, Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1974.
- The Great Qing Code, Trans by William Jones, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
- Vernadsky, George, “Cengiz Han Yasası”, Türk Hukuk Tarihi Dergisi, C. I, (1944), 107-132.
- Wu, Kang (吳鋼)- Ching-yang Wang (王京陽), Ch’üan T’ang Wen Pu-i 全唐文補遺 (Tang Metinleri Derlemesine İlaveler), C.3, Hsi-an, 1996.
- Wu, Yixuan, Xibei Normal University, Research on Color Performance Dunhuang Magao Grottoes Murals in the Tang dynasty, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Xibei: Fine Arts, 2017.
- Xiu, Ouyang; Song Qi, “Yeni Tang Tarihi” (欧阳修 宋祁; “新唐书” 北京: 中华书局), Pekin: Zhonghua Shuju,1975.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Medieval Asian History |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 25, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 26, 2025 |
| Submission Date | September 11, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 3, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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