Abstract
Bu çalışma, insan iskelet kalıntılarında cinsiyeti tahmin etmek için patella kemiği ölçümlerinin kullanılmasının güvenilirliğini araştırmaktadır. Havuzdere (Yalova-Türkiye) Orta Çağ popülasyonunda toplam 123 erişkin birey (49 kadın ve 74 erkek) incelenmiştir. Patella kemiğinden; maksimum yükseklik, maksimum genişlik ve maksimum kalınlık olmak üzere üç temel ölçüm alınmıştır ve toplam 346 ölçüm elde edilmiştir. Veriler SPSS 23 paket programında t-testi, Wilks Lambda testi, F-testi ve Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analizi gibi istatistiksel testler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Yapılan analizler patella ölçümlerinin cinsiyet belirlemede güvenilir doğruluk sağladığını ortaya koymuştur. Maksimum patella yüksekliği %85,6 (%82,2 kadın ve %87,9 erkek) ile en yüksek doğruluk oranına sahipken, bunu %81,4 ile maksimum patella genişliği (%78,3 kadın ve %83,6 erkek) ölçüsü izlemiştir. En düşük doğruluk %77,9 ile maksimum patella kalınlığı ölçüsünde (%83,7 kadın ve %74,0 erkek) bulunmuştur. Cinsiyet tahmin doğruluğu kadınlarda 1 ölçümde, erkeklerde ise 2 ölçümde daha yüksektir. Tüm ölçümler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde cinsiyeti doğru ayırt etme oranı artmıştır.
Bu bulgular, patella kemiğinin metrik ölçümlerinin antropolojik, biyoarkeolojik ve adli bağlamlarda cinsiyet tahmini için güvenilir bir yöntem olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, iskelet kalıntılarından cinsiyet belirlemenin gerekli olduğu durumlarda patella ölçümlerinin kullanılmasının önemini vurgulayarak hem akademik araştırmalara hem de adli soruşturmalardaki pratik uygulamalara katkıda bulunmaktadır.
Supporting Institution
Türk Tarih Kurumu
Thanks
Bu makalede sunulan çalışma, doktora tezimden üretilmiştir ve doktora tezime Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından sağlanan burs ile destek sağlanmıştır. Bu değerli destek için teşekkür ederim.
References
- Akhlaghi, Mitra, Ardeshir Sheikhazadi, Ali Naghsh and Gholamali Dorvashi. “Identification of Sex in Iranian Population Using Patella Dimensions”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17 (3), (2010): 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.11.005
- Bidmos, Mubarak A., Oladiran I. Olateju, Sabiha Latiff, Tawsifur Rahman and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury. “Machine Learning and Discriminant Function Analysis in the Formulation of Generic Models for Sex Prediction Using Patella Measurements”, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 137(2), (2023): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7
- Dayal, Manisha Ramanlal and Mubarak Ariyo Bidmos. “Discriminating Sex in South African Blacks Using Patella Dimensions”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(6), (2005): 1294–1297.
- Gülhan Öznur. “Pelvis’ten Radyolojik Yöntemler ile Cinsiyet Taiyini: Türkiye Örneklemi”, Antropoloji, 36, (2018): 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000358
- Güleç Erksin, Mehmet Sağır and İsmail Özer. “İnsan İskeletlerinde Foramen Magnumdan Cinsiyet Tayini.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, S.2 (2003): 1-9.
- Indra, Lara, Werner Vach, Jocelyne Desideri, Marie Besse, “Testing the Validity of Population-Specific Sex Estimation Equations: An Evaluation Based on Talus and Patella Measurements”, Science & Justice, 61(5), (2021): 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.06.011
- Introna Jr, Francesco, Giancarlo Di Vella, Carlo Pietro Campobasso, “Sex Determination by Discriminant Analysis of Patella Measurements”, Forensic Science International, 95(1), (1998): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00080-2
- Kalaycı, Şeref. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2014.
- Kemkes-Grottenthaler Ariane. “Sex Determination by Discriminant Analysis: An Evaluation of the Reliability of Patella Measurements”, Forensic Science International, 147(2-3), (2005): 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.075
- Martin, Rudolf (1928). “Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in Systematischer Darstellung mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der anthropologischen Methoden für Studierende”, Ärtze und Forschungsreisende. Vol 2: Kraniologie, Osteologie (1928).
- Michiue, Tomomi, Asmaa Mohammed Hishmat, Shigeki Oritani, Kazunori Miyamoto, Mohamed Farghally Amin, Takaki Ishikawa and Hitoshi Maeda, “Virtual Computed Tomography Morphometry of the Patella for Estimation of Sex Using Postmortem Japanese Adult Data in Forensic Identification.”, Forensic Science International, 285, (2018): 206.e1–206.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.029
- Özer İsmail, “Dilkaya (Van) Populasyonunun Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analizi ve Anadolu Toplulukları Arasındaki Yeri,” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1999.
- Özer İsmail, “Eski Anadolu ve Japon İskeletlerinde Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analiziyle Cinsiyet Tayini.” OLBA, 22, S.2-3 (2014): 1-14.
- Phoophaleea, Paolo, Sukon Prasitwattanasereeb, Suda Riengrojpitaka and Pasuk Mahakkanukrauhd, “Sex Determination by Patella Measurements in Thais.” The 1st ASEAN Plus Three Graduate Research Congress (AGRC2012), (2012): 472-477.
- Rahmani, Ehsan, Sousan Mohammadi, Asrin Babahajian, Khaled Rahmani and Vahid Yousefinejad, “Anthropometric Characteristics of Patella for sex Estimation Using Magnetic Resonance Images”, Forensic Imaging, 23, (2020): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2020.200412
- Srinak, Nattida, Panisa Sukvitchai, “Sex Estimation from Patella Using Discriminant Analysis in Central Thai Population”, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, (2023): 1-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085030.2023.2175956
- Stanford, Craig., John S. Allen, and Susan C. Anton, “Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology.” Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind in, 528-560. Third edition, 2013.
- Ubelaker, Douglas H. Human Skeletal Remains, Smithsonian Institution. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1978.
- WEA (Workshop of European Anthropologists), “Recommendation for Age and Sex Diagnoses of Skeleton”, Journal of Human Evolution, 9, (1980): 517-549.
- White, Tim D., Michael T. Black, and Pieter A. Folkens. Human Osteology, USA: Academic Press, Third Edition, 2012.
- Yasar Teke, Hacer, Özge Ünlütürk, Elif Günaydin, Semra Duran and Sait Özsoy, “Determining Gender by Taking Measurements from Magnetic Resonance Images of the Patella”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 58, (2018): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.05.002
Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)
Abstract
This study investigates the reliability of using patella bone measurements for estimating sex in human skeletal remains. A total of 123 adult individuals (49 females and 74 males) from the Havuzdere (Yalova-Türkiye) population, dating back to the Middle Ages, were examined. Three key measurements were taken from the patella bone: maximum height, width, and thickness, resulting in 346 measurements. The data were analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS 23, including the t-test, Wilks’ Lambda test, F-test, and Discriminant Function Analysis.
The analysis demonstrated that patella measurements provide reliable accuracy for determining sex. Maximum patella height had the highest accuracy rate at 85.6% (82.2% females and 87.9% males), followed by maximum patella width at 81.4% (78.3% females and 83.6% males). The lowest accuracy was found in maximum patella thickness at 77.9% (83.7% females and 74.0% males). Sex estimation accuracy was higher for females in one measurement and for males in two measurements. When all measurements were evaluated together, the accuracy of correctly distinguishing sex increased.
These findings highlight that metric measurements of the patella bone are a reliable method for sex estimation in anthropological, bioarchaeological, and forensic contexts. The study underscores the value of using patella measurements in cases where sex determination from skeletal remains is necessary, contributing to both academic research and practical applications in forensic investigations.
Supporting Institution
Turkish Historical Society
Thanks
The study presented in this article was produced from my doctoral thesis and was supported by a scholarship provided by the Turkish Historical Society. I thank you for this valuable support.
References
- Akhlaghi, Mitra, Ardeshir Sheikhazadi, Ali Naghsh and Gholamali Dorvashi. “Identification of Sex in Iranian Population Using Patella Dimensions”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17 (3), (2010): 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.11.005
- Bidmos, Mubarak A., Oladiran I. Olateju, Sabiha Latiff, Tawsifur Rahman and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury. “Machine Learning and Discriminant Function Analysis in the Formulation of Generic Models for Sex Prediction Using Patella Measurements”, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 137(2), (2023): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7
- Dayal, Manisha Ramanlal and Mubarak Ariyo Bidmos. “Discriminating Sex in South African Blacks Using Patella Dimensions”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(6), (2005): 1294–1297.
- Gülhan Öznur. “Pelvis’ten Radyolojik Yöntemler ile Cinsiyet Taiyini: Türkiye Örneklemi”, Antropoloji, 36, (2018): 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000358
- Güleç Erksin, Mehmet Sağır and İsmail Özer. “İnsan İskeletlerinde Foramen Magnumdan Cinsiyet Tayini.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, S.2 (2003): 1-9.
- Indra, Lara, Werner Vach, Jocelyne Desideri, Marie Besse, “Testing the Validity of Population-Specific Sex Estimation Equations: An Evaluation Based on Talus and Patella Measurements”, Science & Justice, 61(5), (2021): 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.06.011
- Introna Jr, Francesco, Giancarlo Di Vella, Carlo Pietro Campobasso, “Sex Determination by Discriminant Analysis of Patella Measurements”, Forensic Science International, 95(1), (1998): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00080-2
- Kalaycı, Şeref. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2014.
- Kemkes-Grottenthaler Ariane. “Sex Determination by Discriminant Analysis: An Evaluation of the Reliability of Patella Measurements”, Forensic Science International, 147(2-3), (2005): 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.075
- Martin, Rudolf (1928). “Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in Systematischer Darstellung mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der anthropologischen Methoden für Studierende”, Ärtze und Forschungsreisende. Vol 2: Kraniologie, Osteologie (1928).
- Michiue, Tomomi, Asmaa Mohammed Hishmat, Shigeki Oritani, Kazunori Miyamoto, Mohamed Farghally Amin, Takaki Ishikawa and Hitoshi Maeda, “Virtual Computed Tomography Morphometry of the Patella for Estimation of Sex Using Postmortem Japanese Adult Data in Forensic Identification.”, Forensic Science International, 285, (2018): 206.e1–206.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.029
- Özer İsmail, “Dilkaya (Van) Populasyonunun Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analizi ve Anadolu Toplulukları Arasındaki Yeri,” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1999.
- Özer İsmail, “Eski Anadolu ve Japon İskeletlerinde Diskriminant Fonksiyon Analiziyle Cinsiyet Tayini.” OLBA, 22, S.2-3 (2014): 1-14.
- Phoophaleea, Paolo, Sukon Prasitwattanasereeb, Suda Riengrojpitaka and Pasuk Mahakkanukrauhd, “Sex Determination by Patella Measurements in Thais.” The 1st ASEAN Plus Three Graduate Research Congress (AGRC2012), (2012): 472-477.
- Rahmani, Ehsan, Sousan Mohammadi, Asrin Babahajian, Khaled Rahmani and Vahid Yousefinejad, “Anthropometric Characteristics of Patella for sex Estimation Using Magnetic Resonance Images”, Forensic Imaging, 23, (2020): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2020.200412
- Srinak, Nattida, Panisa Sukvitchai, “Sex Estimation from Patella Using Discriminant Analysis in Central Thai Population”, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, (2023): 1-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085030.2023.2175956
- Stanford, Craig., John S. Allen, and Susan C. Anton, “Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology.” Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind in, 528-560. Third edition, 2013.
- Ubelaker, Douglas H. Human Skeletal Remains, Smithsonian Institution. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1978.
- WEA (Workshop of European Anthropologists), “Recommendation for Age and Sex Diagnoses of Skeleton”, Journal of Human Evolution, 9, (1980): 517-549.
- White, Tim D., Michael T. Black, and Pieter A. Folkens. Human Osteology, USA: Academic Press, Third Edition, 2012.
- Yasar Teke, Hacer, Özge Ünlütürk, Elif Günaydin, Semra Duran and Sait Özsoy, “Determining Gender by Taking Measurements from Magnetic Resonance Images of the Patella”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 58, (2018): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.05.002
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Archaeology (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 25, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 26, 2025 |
| Submission Date | September 30, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | June 12, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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