Abstract
Her mimar tasarım sürecinde önceki deneyimlerinden topladığı kişisel bir bellek arşivine başvurur. Bu deneyimler için hatırlama mekanizması, tasarım sürecinde önemli bir yer tutar. Bu çalışma, hatırlama ve tasarım eylemi arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlanan kodlar aracılığı ile incelemektedir. Bu kodlar; hatırlama, tanıma, tahmin etme, önerme, analiz etme ve değerlendirme olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, hatırlama ve tasarım eylemi ilişkisini ortaya çıkarmak için araştır-ve-tasarla yöntemini uygular ve yüksek sesle düşünme prosedürü aracılığıyla protokol analizi yöntemini analiz yöntemi olarak kullanır. Araştır-ve-tasarla yöntemi için iki aşamalı bir yarı-deney yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Deney süresince, denekler verilen yirmi bina cephesi görüntüsünü inceler ve tasarım bölümünde, deneklerden yeni bir cephe tasarlamaları istenir. Tasarlama sürecinde deneklere inceledikeri örnekleri serbestçe hatırlamaları için izin verilir. Sonuçlar, tasarımcıların tasarımdaki hata oranlarını en aza indirmek ve tasarım görevini belirli bir sürede tamamlamak amacıyla hatırlama ve tasarım eylemlerindeki stratejilerini düzenleidklerini göstermektedir. Hatırlama eylemi serbest çağrışımlarla ortaya çıkar ve odak kaymaları hatırlama eylemleri ile birlikte sıklıkla meydana gelir. Sonuçlara göre hatırlama eylemi kodları ile tasarım eylemi kodları birbirleri ile ilişkili belli örüntüler üzerinden meydana gelir. Bu çalışma, farklı geri çağırma eylemleri için farklı tasarım stratejileri sağlayarak, geri çağırma ve tasarım eylemleri arasındaki oluşum örüntüsünün doğasını ortaya koymaktadır.
References
- Akin, Ö. (1990). Necessary conditions for design expertise and creativity. Design Studies, 11(2), 107-113.
- Atilola, O. and Linsey, J. (2015). Representing analogies to influence fixation and creativity: A study comparing computer-aided design, photographs, and sketches. AI EDAM, 29(2), 161-171.
- Casakin, H. (2004). Visual Analogy as a Cognitive Strategy in the Design Process. Expert Versus Novice Performance. Journal of Design Research, 4(2), 197-217.
- Chan, J., Dow, S. P. and Shunn C. D. (2015). Do the best design ideas (really) come from conceptually distant sources of inspiration? Design Studies, 36, 31-58.
- Cleary, M. (2018). Dependent measures in memory research: From free recall to recognition, H. Otani, B. L. Schwartz, Routledge, 19-35.
- Crismond, D. (2001). Learning and using science ideas when doing investigate‐and‐redesign tasks: A study of naive, novice, and expert designers doing constrained and scaffolded design work. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(7), 791-820.
- Donaldson, W. (1996). The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing. Memory & Cognition, 24(4), 523-533.
- Eastmen, C., Newstetter, W. and McCracken, M. (2001). Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education, Elsevier.
- Ericsson, A. and Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215-251.
- Ericsson, A. (2017). Protocol Analysis, W. Bechtel, G. Graham. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 425-432.
- Freund, R.D., Brelsford, J.W., Atkinson, R.C. (1969). Recognition vs. Recall: Storage or Retrieval Differences? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(3), 214-224.
- Gardiner, J.M., Ramponi, C. and Klavehn, A.R. (2002). Recognition memory and decision processes: A meta-analysis of remember, know, and guess responses. Memory, 10(2), 83-98.
- Gero, J.S. and Milovanovic, J. (2020). A framework for studying design thinking through measuring designers’ minds, bodies, and brains. Design Science, 6, e19.
- Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 123-143.
- Hart, J. T. (1965). Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience, Journal of Educational Psychology.
- Jennings, J. R. and Hall Jr, S. W. (1980). Recall, recognition, and rate: Memory and the heart. Psychophysiology, 17(1), 37-46.
- Jia, M., Jiang S. Ju, J. and Qi. J. (2022). Toward understanding sources and influences of design fixation: A focus on example stimuli and background of novice designers. Journal of Mechanical Design, 145(5).
- Koronis, G., Casakin, H., Silva, A. and Siew, J. W. W. (2021). The use of analogies and the design brief information: Impact on creative outcomes. in Conf. International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Online.
- Koronis, G., Casakin, H., and Silva, A. (2023). An experimental comparison of analogy representation effects on creative design outcomes. Journal of Creative Behavior, 57(4), 711-729.
- Malhotra, Thomas, J. C., Carroll, J. M. and Miller, L. A. (1980). Cognitive processes in design. International journal of man-machine studies, 12(2), 119-140.
- Novick, L. R. (1988). Analogical transfer, problem similarity, and expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 510-520.
- Rugg, M.DM. and Yonelinas A.P. (2003). Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 313-319, doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00131-1.
- Sauder, J. and Jin, Y. (2016). A qualitative study of collaborative stimulation in group design thinking J. S. Gero, P. Papalambros. Cambridge University Press, 1-25.
- Schacter, D.L. (1995). Memory distortion: how minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past, Harvard University Press.
- Shen, D., Yao, X., Bao, D. and Yu, Y. (2023). Content categorization for memory retrieval: A method for evaluating design performance. PloS one, 8(1).
- Smith, D. (2014). Age differences in encoding, storage, and retrieval,” L. Poon, J. Fozard, L. Cermak, D. Arenberg, L. Thompson, Psychology Press, 23-45.
- Someren, W. V., Barnard, Y.F. and Sandberg, J. A. C. (1994). Sandberg, The think aloud method: a practical approach to modelling cognitive, UK: Academic Press.
- Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1-12.
- Uner, O., (2018). Do Recall and Recognition Lead to Different Retrieval Experiences? The American Journal of Psychology, 135(1), 33-43.
- Verstijnen, M., Van-Leeuwen, C., Goldschmidt, G., Hamel, R. and Hennessy, J. M. (1998). Creative discovery in imagery and perception: Combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch. Acta Psychologica, 99(2), 177-200.
- Watkins, M.J. and Gardiner J.M. (1979). An appreciation of generate-recognize theory of recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 687-704.
- Watkins, M.J., Tulving, E. (1975). Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(1), 5-29.
- Watson, B. (1920). Is Thinking Merely Action of Language Mechanism? British Journal of Psychology. General Section ,11(1), 87-104.
- William, F. (1891). Memory. Its Logical Relations and Cultivation, Second Edition, London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.
- Yuan, H., Liu, M., Lu, K., Yang, C. and Hao, N. (2023). The effect of example abstraction on creativity from the perspectives of example modality and generality. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47, 101234.
Abstract
Every architect has a personal archive of pictures and details that they use to help them develop their architectural design that, for the most part, embodies their vocabulary within their memory from earlier experiences. The retrieval mechanism for these experiences is vital in the design process. This study examines the relationship between retrieval and design action, particularly through the specified codes: recall, recognize, guess, propose, analyze, and evaluate to understand the underlying design strategies based on these retrieval actions. This study applies the investigate-and-redesign method to reveal the retrieval and design action patterns and conducts protocol analysis through the think-aloud procedure. We use a two-stage quasi-experiment method for “investigate and redesign” parts. In the investigate part, subjects study the twenty given building facade images, and in the redesign part, subjects are asked to design a new facade, and they are allowed to apply free recall from the studied examples. Results show that designers are shifting or modifying their strategies on retrieval and design actions to minimize the error rates in design and accomplish the task in a given time. Design actions are more focus-demanding than retrieval actions. Retrieval actions appear with free associations, and focus shifts occur frequently in retrieval actions. All the codes of retrieval action and proposed code of design action are associated. Overall, this study reveals the nature of the occurrence pattern between retrieval and design actions by providing different design strategies for different retrieval actions.
Ethical Statement
This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set forth by the Altınbaş University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee and received approval from the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee at Altınbaş University. The ethical committee approval number for this study is 2024/14 and the approval date is 02.05.2024.
References
- Akin, Ö. (1990). Necessary conditions for design expertise and creativity. Design Studies, 11(2), 107-113.
- Atilola, O. and Linsey, J. (2015). Representing analogies to influence fixation and creativity: A study comparing computer-aided design, photographs, and sketches. AI EDAM, 29(2), 161-171.
- Casakin, H. (2004). Visual Analogy as a Cognitive Strategy in the Design Process. Expert Versus Novice Performance. Journal of Design Research, 4(2), 197-217.
- Chan, J., Dow, S. P. and Shunn C. D. (2015). Do the best design ideas (really) come from conceptually distant sources of inspiration? Design Studies, 36, 31-58.
- Cleary, M. (2018). Dependent measures in memory research: From free recall to recognition, H. Otani, B. L. Schwartz, Routledge, 19-35.
- Crismond, D. (2001). Learning and using science ideas when doing investigate‐and‐redesign tasks: A study of naive, novice, and expert designers doing constrained and scaffolded design work. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(7), 791-820.
- Donaldson, W. (1996). The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing. Memory & Cognition, 24(4), 523-533.
- Eastmen, C., Newstetter, W. and McCracken, M. (2001). Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education, Elsevier.
- Ericsson, A. and Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215-251.
- Ericsson, A. (2017). Protocol Analysis, W. Bechtel, G. Graham. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 425-432.
- Freund, R.D., Brelsford, J.W., Atkinson, R.C. (1969). Recognition vs. Recall: Storage or Retrieval Differences? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(3), 214-224.
- Gardiner, J.M., Ramponi, C. and Klavehn, A.R. (2002). Recognition memory and decision processes: A meta-analysis of remember, know, and guess responses. Memory, 10(2), 83-98.
- Gero, J.S. and Milovanovic, J. (2020). A framework for studying design thinking through measuring designers’ minds, bodies, and brains. Design Science, 6, e19.
- Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 123-143.
- Hart, J. T. (1965). Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience, Journal of Educational Psychology.
- Jennings, J. R. and Hall Jr, S. W. (1980). Recall, recognition, and rate: Memory and the heart. Psychophysiology, 17(1), 37-46.
- Jia, M., Jiang S. Ju, J. and Qi. J. (2022). Toward understanding sources and influences of design fixation: A focus on example stimuli and background of novice designers. Journal of Mechanical Design, 145(5).
- Koronis, G., Casakin, H., Silva, A. and Siew, J. W. W. (2021). The use of analogies and the design brief information: Impact on creative outcomes. in Conf. International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Online.
- Koronis, G., Casakin, H., and Silva, A. (2023). An experimental comparison of analogy representation effects on creative design outcomes. Journal of Creative Behavior, 57(4), 711-729.
- Malhotra, Thomas, J. C., Carroll, J. M. and Miller, L. A. (1980). Cognitive processes in design. International journal of man-machine studies, 12(2), 119-140.
- Novick, L. R. (1988). Analogical transfer, problem similarity, and expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 510-520.
- Rugg, M.DM. and Yonelinas A.P. (2003). Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 313-319, doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00131-1.
- Sauder, J. and Jin, Y. (2016). A qualitative study of collaborative stimulation in group design thinking J. S. Gero, P. Papalambros. Cambridge University Press, 1-25.
- Schacter, D.L. (1995). Memory distortion: how minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past, Harvard University Press.
- Shen, D., Yao, X., Bao, D. and Yu, Y. (2023). Content categorization for memory retrieval: A method for evaluating design performance. PloS one, 8(1).
- Smith, D. (2014). Age differences in encoding, storage, and retrieval,” L. Poon, J. Fozard, L. Cermak, D. Arenberg, L. Thompson, Psychology Press, 23-45.
- Someren, W. V., Barnard, Y.F. and Sandberg, J. A. C. (1994). Sandberg, The think aloud method: a practical approach to modelling cognitive, UK: Academic Press.
- Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1-12.
- Uner, O., (2018). Do Recall and Recognition Lead to Different Retrieval Experiences? The American Journal of Psychology, 135(1), 33-43.
- Verstijnen, M., Van-Leeuwen, C., Goldschmidt, G., Hamel, R. and Hennessy, J. M. (1998). Creative discovery in imagery and perception: Combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch. Acta Psychologica, 99(2), 177-200.
- Watkins, M.J. and Gardiner J.M. (1979). An appreciation of generate-recognize theory of recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 687-704.
- Watkins, M.J., Tulving, E. (1975). Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(1), 5-29.
- Watson, B. (1920). Is Thinking Merely Action of Language Mechanism? British Journal of Psychology. General Section ,11(1), 87-104.
- William, F. (1891). Memory. Its Logical Relations and Cultivation, Second Edition, London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.
- Yuan, H., Liu, M., Lu, K., Yang, C. and Hao, N. (2023). The effect of example abstraction on creativity from the perspectives of example modality and generality. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47, 101234.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Architecture (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 16, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 24, 2025 |
| Submission Date | October 7, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 5, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 33 Issue: 1 |
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