Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 601 - 617, 31.12.2021

Sevinc Ozturk

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1041550

Abstract

References

  • Barberis, N. C. (2013). Thirty years of prospect theory in economics: A review and assessment. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1), 173–196. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.1.173
  • Berejekian, J. (1997). The Gains Debate: Framing State Choice. The American Political Science Review, 91(4), 789–805.
  • Berejikian, J. D. (2002). A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence. Journal of Peace Research, 39(2), 165–183.
  • Boettcher, W. A. (2004). The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion. Political Psychology, 25(3), 331–362.
  • Borszik, O. (2016). International sanctions against Iran and Tehran’s responses: political effects on the targeted regime. Contemporary Politics, 22(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2015.1112951
  • Brown, C. S. (2007). Turkey in the Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003. Turkish Studies, 8(1), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840601162054
  • Bueno De Mesquita, B. ve Mcdermott, R. (2004). Crossing No Man’s Land: Cooperation from the Trenches. Political Psychology, 25(2), 271–287.
  • Butler, C. K. (2007). Prospect theory and coercive bargaining. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706297703
  • Chan, S. (2012). Loss Aversion and Strategic Opportunism: Third-Party Intervention’s Role in War Instigation by the Weak. Peace & Change, 37(2), 171–194.
  • Chiu, A. ve Wu, G. (2011). Prospect Theory. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470400531.eorms0687
  • Croson, R. ve Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
  • Demir, İ. (2017). The Red-Bull Effect: Causes and Consequences of Overconfidence in Foreign Policy Decision Making. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 107–124.
  • Ert, E. ve Erev, I. (2013). On the descriptive value of loss aversion in decisions under risk: Six clarifications. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 214–235.
  • Farnham, B. (1992). Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory. Political Psychology, 13(2), 205–235.
  • Farnham, B. (1995). Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7763
  • Feng, H. ve He, K. (2018). Prospect theory, operational code analysis, and risk-taking behaviour: a new model of China’s crisis behaviour. Contemporary Politics, 24(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1407986
  • Fordham, B. (1998). Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(4), 418–439.
  • Haas, M. L. (2001). Prospect Theory and the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Studies Quarterly, 45(2), 241–270.
  • Hartog, J., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. ve Jonker, N. (2002). Linking measured risk aversion to individual characteristics. Kyklos, 55(1), 3–26.
  • He, K. ve Feng, H. (2013). Prospect theory and foreign policy analysis in the Asia Pacific : rational leaders and risky behavior (1st ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Hobbes, T. (1982). Leviathan. Harmondswort: Penguin Classics.
  • Horowitz, M. C. ve Stam, A. C. (2014). How prior military experience influences the future militarized behavior of leaders. International Organization, 68(3), 527–559. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818314000046
  • Houghton, D. P. (2014). Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Jervis, R. (1992). Political Implications of Loss Aversion. Political Psychology, 13(2), 187–204.
  • Jervis, R. (2004). The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values. Political Psychology, 25(2), 163–176.
  • Kahneman, D. (2013). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.
  • Kameda, T. ve Davis, J. H. (1990). The Function of the Reference Point in Individual and Group Risk Decision Making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46(1), 55–76.
  • Kanner, M. D. (2004). Framing and the Role of the Second Actor: An Application of Prospect Theory to Bargaining. Political Psychology, 25(2), 214–239.
  • Ledgerwood, A. ve Boydstun, A. E. (2014). Sticky prospects: Loss frames are cognitively stickier than gain frames. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032310
  • Levi, A. S. ve Whyte, G. (1997). A Cross-Cultural Exploration of the Reference Dependence of Crucial Group Decisions under Risk: Japan’s 1941 Decision for. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(6), 792–813.
  • Levin, I. P., Snyder, M. A. ve Chapman, D. P. (1988). The interaction of experiential and situational factors and gender in a simulated risky decision-making task. The Journal of Psychology, 122, 183–181.
  • Levy, J. (2003). Applications of Prospect Theory to Political Science. Synthese, 135(2), 215–241. https://doi.org/doi:10.1023/A:1023413007698
  • Levy, J. S. (1992a). An Introduction to Prospect Theory. Political Psychology, 13(2), 171–186.
  • Levy, J. S. (1992b). Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems. Political Psychology, 13(2), 283–310.
  • Levy, J. S. (1996). Loss Aversion, Framing, and Bargaining: The Implications of Prospect Theory for International Conflict. International Political Science Association, 17(2), 179–195.
  • Levy, J. S. (1997). Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations. International Studies Quarterly, 41, 87–112.
  • Levy, J. S. ve Vakili, L. I. (1992). Diversionary Action by Authoritarian Regimes: Argentina in the Falklands/Malvinas Case. In M. Midlarsky (Ed.), The Internationalization of Communal Strife (pp. 118–146). London: Routledge.
  • Linde, J. ve Vis, B. (2017). Do Politicians Take Risks Like the Rest of Us? An Experimental Test of Prospect Theory Under MPs. Political Psychology, 38(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12335
  • Manis, A. (2015). Explaining Risk-Taking and Risk-Averse Behaviours in Peacemaking: A Prospect Theory Reading of the AKP Leadership’s Behaviour vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia. London. Retrieved from http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/3322
  • Masters, D. ve Alexander, R. M. (2008). Prospecting for War: 9/11 and Selling the Iraq War. Contemporary Security Policy, 29(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260802514787
  • McDermott, R. (2001). Risk-Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10847
  • McDermott, R., Fowler, J. H. ve Smirnov, O. (2008). On the evolutionary origin of prospect theory preferences. Journal of Politics, 70(2), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080341
  • McHugh, K. A. (2016). How elected leaders prolong unpopular wars: Examining American policy during the Vietnam War and French policy during the Algerian War. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1250337
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (1st ed.). New York ; London : Norton.
  • Mercer, J. (2005). Prospect Theory and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104911
  • Morgan, A. (2020, May 22). Coronavirus: Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro’s deadly gamble with COVID-19 | Culture Clash. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/22/coronavirus-brazil-president-jair-bolsonaro-s-deadly-gamble-with-covid-19-culture-clash
  • Morrow, J. D. (1994). Utility Theory. In Game Theory for Political Scientists (pp. 16–50). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Niv-Solomon, A. (2016). When risky decisions are not surprising: An application of prospect theory to the Israeli war decision in 2006. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(4), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716640837
  • Perla, H. (2011). Explaining public support for the use of military force: The impact of reference point framing and prospective decision making. International Organization, 65(1), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000330
  • Quattrone, G. A. ve Tversky, A. (1988). Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice. American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/1962487
  • Ransom, R. L. (2018). Gambling On War: Confidence, Fear, and the Tragedy of the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rothman, S. B. (2011). Domestic Politics and Prospect Theory in International Conflict: Explaining Japan’s War Decision in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. Asia Pacific World. https://doi.org/10.3167/apw.2011020206
  • Samson, A. (2018). Social Psychology v. Behavioral Economics: 3 Key Differences | Psychology Today. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from Psychology Today website: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consumed/201808/social-psychology-v-behavioral-economics-3-key-differences
  • Simon, H. A. (1976). From substantive to procedural rationality (T. J. Kastelein, S. K. Kuipers, W. A. Nijenhuis, ve G. R. Wagenaar, Ed.). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4367-7_6
  • Simon, H. A. (1986). Rationality in Psychology and Economics. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 209–224.
  • Stein, J. G. (2017). The Micro-Foundations of International Relations Theory: Psychology and Behavioral Economics. International Organization, 71(S1), S249–S263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000436
  • Steinberg, J. (2020, May 20). Donald Trump’s Gamble on Reopening May Not Pay Off. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-20/donald-trump-s-gamble-on-reopening-may-not-pay-off
  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2004a). Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2004b). Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Political Psychology, 25(2), 177–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00368.x
  • Taubman, G. L. (1997). Nationalism, Loss-Gain Framing and the Confederate States of America. Nations and Nationalism, 3(2), 251–271.
  • Taydaş, Z. ve Özdamar, Ö. (2013). A Divided Government, an IdeologAnatomy of the Transformatioical Parliament, and an Insecure Leader: Turkey’s Indecision about Joining the Iraq War. Social Science Quarterly, 94(1), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00871.x
  • Tetlock, P. E. ve Mellers, B. A. (2002). The Great Rationality Debate. Psychological Science, 13(1), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00418
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 211, 453–458.
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 251–278.
  • Vis, B. ve Kuijpers, D. (2018). Prospect theory and foreign policy decision-making: Underexposed issues, advancements, and ways forward. Contemporary Security Policy, 39(4), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1499695

Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 601 - 617, 31.12.2021

Sevinc Ozturk

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1041550

Abstract

Beklenti teorisinin dış politika yapımının açıklanmasına olan büyük katkılarına rağmen, teorinin avantajlarına kıyasla kısıtlılıkları hala tartışmalıdır. Beklenti teorisinin dış politikada karar verme konusuna uygulanabilirliği, deneysel çalışmaların genellenebilirlikten yoksunluğu konusundaki tipik konuların ötesinde de problemlidir. Bu makalede, beklenti teorisinin temel prensipleri dış politika uygulamaları ile taranarak, teorinin dış politikada karar alma süreci üzerine olan uygulamalarındaki güçlü ve zayıf yönleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, karar alıcıların referans noktasının belirlenmesinin, çerçevelerinin sınıflandırılmasının ve karar alıcıların çerçevelemesi ile riskli davranışları arasındaki ilişkide nedenselliğin belirlenmesinin bir kesinlik içermeyip tartışmalı olmasının, teorinin uygulamalarındaki güvenilirliğin sorgulanmasına yol açtığı savunulmuştur.

Keywords

Beklenti Teorisi Dış Politika Çerçeveleme Referans Noktası Risk Eğilimi

References

  • Barberis, N. C. (2013). Thirty years of prospect theory in economics: A review and assessment. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1), 173–196. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.1.173
  • Berejekian, J. (1997). The Gains Debate: Framing State Choice. The American Political Science Review, 91(4), 789–805.
  • Berejikian, J. D. (2002). A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence. Journal of Peace Research, 39(2), 165–183.
  • Boettcher, W. A. (2004). The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion. Political Psychology, 25(3), 331–362.
  • Borszik, O. (2016). International sanctions against Iran and Tehran’s responses: political effects on the targeted regime. Contemporary Politics, 22(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2015.1112951
  • Brown, C. S. (2007). Turkey in the Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003. Turkish Studies, 8(1), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840601162054
  • Bueno De Mesquita, B. ve Mcdermott, R. (2004). Crossing No Man’s Land: Cooperation from the Trenches. Political Psychology, 25(2), 271–287.
  • Butler, C. K. (2007). Prospect theory and coercive bargaining. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706297703
  • Chan, S. (2012). Loss Aversion and Strategic Opportunism: Third-Party Intervention’s Role in War Instigation by the Weak. Peace & Change, 37(2), 171–194.
  • Chiu, A. ve Wu, G. (2011). Prospect Theory. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470400531.eorms0687
  • Croson, R. ve Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
  • Demir, İ. (2017). The Red-Bull Effect: Causes and Consequences of Overconfidence in Foreign Policy Decision Making. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 107–124.
  • Ert, E. ve Erev, I. (2013). On the descriptive value of loss aversion in decisions under risk: Six clarifications. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(3), 214–235.
  • Farnham, B. (1992). Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory. Political Psychology, 13(2), 205–235.
  • Farnham, B. (1995). Avoiding Losses/Taking Risks. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7763
  • Feng, H. ve He, K. (2018). Prospect theory, operational code analysis, and risk-taking behaviour: a new model of China’s crisis behaviour. Contemporary Politics, 24(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1407986
  • Fordham, B. (1998). Partisanship, Macroeconomic Policy, and U.S. Uses of Force, 1949-1994. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(4), 418–439.
  • Haas, M. L. (2001). Prospect Theory and the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Studies Quarterly, 45(2), 241–270.
  • Hartog, J., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. ve Jonker, N. (2002). Linking measured risk aversion to individual characteristics. Kyklos, 55(1), 3–26.
  • He, K. ve Feng, H. (2013). Prospect theory and foreign policy analysis in the Asia Pacific : rational leaders and risky behavior (1st ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Hobbes, T. (1982). Leviathan. Harmondswort: Penguin Classics.
  • Horowitz, M. C. ve Stam, A. C. (2014). How prior military experience influences the future militarized behavior of leaders. International Organization, 68(3), 527–559. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818314000046
  • Houghton, D. P. (2014). Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Jervis, R. (1992). Political Implications of Loss Aversion. Political Psychology, 13(2), 187–204.
  • Jervis, R. (2004). The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values. Political Psychology, 25(2), 163–176.
  • Kahneman, D. (2013). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.
  • Kameda, T. ve Davis, J. H. (1990). The Function of the Reference Point in Individual and Group Risk Decision Making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46(1), 55–76.
  • Kanner, M. D. (2004). Framing and the Role of the Second Actor: An Application of Prospect Theory to Bargaining. Political Psychology, 25(2), 214–239.
  • Ledgerwood, A. ve Boydstun, A. E. (2014). Sticky prospects: Loss frames are cognitively stickier than gain frames. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032310
  • Levi, A. S. ve Whyte, G. (1997). A Cross-Cultural Exploration of the Reference Dependence of Crucial Group Decisions under Risk: Japan’s 1941 Decision for. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(6), 792–813.
  • Levin, I. P., Snyder, M. A. ve Chapman, D. P. (1988). The interaction of experiential and situational factors and gender in a simulated risky decision-making task. The Journal of Psychology, 122, 183–181.
  • Levy, J. (2003). Applications of Prospect Theory to Political Science. Synthese, 135(2), 215–241. https://doi.org/doi:10.1023/A:1023413007698
  • Levy, J. S. (1992a). An Introduction to Prospect Theory. Political Psychology, 13(2), 171–186.
  • Levy, J. S. (1992b). Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems. Political Psychology, 13(2), 283–310.
  • Levy, J. S. (1996). Loss Aversion, Framing, and Bargaining: The Implications of Prospect Theory for International Conflict. International Political Science Association, 17(2), 179–195.
  • Levy, J. S. (1997). Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations. International Studies Quarterly, 41, 87–112.
  • Levy, J. S. ve Vakili, L. I. (1992). Diversionary Action by Authoritarian Regimes: Argentina in the Falklands/Malvinas Case. In M. Midlarsky (Ed.), The Internationalization of Communal Strife (pp. 118–146). London: Routledge.
  • Linde, J. ve Vis, B. (2017). Do Politicians Take Risks Like the Rest of Us? An Experimental Test of Prospect Theory Under MPs. Political Psychology, 38(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12335
  • Manis, A. (2015). Explaining Risk-Taking and Risk-Averse Behaviours in Peacemaking: A Prospect Theory Reading of the AKP Leadership’s Behaviour vis-à-vis Cyprus and Armenia. London. Retrieved from http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/3322
  • Masters, D. ve Alexander, R. M. (2008). Prospecting for War: 9/11 and Selling the Iraq War. Contemporary Security Policy, 29(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260802514787
  • McDermott, R. (2001). Risk-Taking in International Politics: Prospect Theory in American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10847
  • McDermott, R., Fowler, J. H. ve Smirnov, O. (2008). On the evolutionary origin of prospect theory preferences. Journal of Politics, 70(2), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080341
  • McHugh, K. A. (2016). How elected leaders prolong unpopular wars: Examining American policy during the Vietnam War and French policy during the Algerian War. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1250337
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (1st ed.). New York ; London : Norton.
  • Mercer, J. (2005). Prospect Theory and Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104911
  • Morgan, A. (2020, May 22). Coronavirus: Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro’s deadly gamble with COVID-19 | Culture Clash. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/22/coronavirus-brazil-president-jair-bolsonaro-s-deadly-gamble-with-covid-19-culture-clash
  • Morrow, J. D. (1994). Utility Theory. In Game Theory for Political Scientists (pp. 16–50). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Niv-Solomon, A. (2016). When risky decisions are not surprising: An application of prospect theory to the Israeli war decision in 2006. Cooperation and Conflict, 51(4), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716640837
  • Perla, H. (2011). Explaining public support for the use of military force: The impact of reference point framing and prospective decision making. International Organization, 65(1), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000330
  • Quattrone, G. A. ve Tversky, A. (1988). Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice. American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/1962487
  • Ransom, R. L. (2018). Gambling On War: Confidence, Fear, and the Tragedy of the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rothman, S. B. (2011). Domestic Politics and Prospect Theory in International Conflict: Explaining Japan’s War Decision in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. Asia Pacific World. https://doi.org/10.3167/apw.2011020206
  • Samson, A. (2018). Social Psychology v. Behavioral Economics: 3 Key Differences | Psychology Today. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from Psychology Today website: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consumed/201808/social-psychology-v-behavioral-economics-3-key-differences
  • Simon, H. A. (1976). From substantive to procedural rationality (T. J. Kastelein, S. K. Kuipers, W. A. Nijenhuis, ve G. R. Wagenaar, Ed.). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4367-7_6
  • Simon, H. A. (1986). Rationality in Psychology and Economics. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 209–224.
  • Stein, J. G. (2017). The Micro-Foundations of International Relations Theory: Psychology and Behavioral Economics. International Organization, 71(S1), S249–S263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000436
  • Steinberg, J. (2020, May 20). Donald Trump’s Gamble on Reopening May Not Pay Off. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-20/donald-trump-s-gamble-on-reopening-may-not-pay-off
  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2004a). Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2004b). Power Politics and the Balance of Risk: Hypotheses on Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Political Psychology, 25(2), 177–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00368.x
  • Taubman, G. L. (1997). Nationalism, Loss-Gain Framing and the Confederate States of America. Nations and Nationalism, 3(2), 251–271.
  • Taydaş, Z. ve Özdamar, Ö. (2013). A Divided Government, an IdeologAnatomy of the Transformatioical Parliament, and an Insecure Leader: Turkey’s Indecision about Joining the Iraq War. Social Science Quarterly, 94(1), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00871.x
  • Tetlock, P. E. ve Mellers, B. A. (2002). The Great Rationality Debate. Psychological Science, 13(1), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00418
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 211, 453–458.
  • Tversky, A. ve Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 251–278.
  • Vis, B. ve Kuijpers, D. (2018). Prospect theory and foreign policy decision-making: Underexposed issues, advancements, and ways forward. Contemporary Security Policy, 39(4), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1499695
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevinc Ozturk 0000-0002-8227-6486

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date April 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ozturk, S. (2021). Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1041550
AMA Ozturk S. Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. December 2021;22(2):601-617. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1041550
Chicago Ozturk, Sevinc. “Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22, no. 2 (December 2021): 601-17. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1041550.
EndNote Ozturk S (December 1, 2021) Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22 2 601–617.
IEEE S. Ozturk, “Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 601–617, 2021, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1041550.
ISNAD Ozturk, Sevinc. “Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22/2 (December 2021), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1041550.
JAMA Ozturk S. Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2021;22:601–617.
MLA Ozturk, Sevinc. “Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 2, 2021, pp. 601-17, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1041550.
Vancouver Ozturk S. Beklenti Teorisinin Dış Politikadaki Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2021;22(2):601-17.
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