Research Article
Comparıson of Physıcal Performance of Soccer Referees ın Regıonal, Provıncıal and Candıdate Referee Classıfıcatıons
Abstract
The physical performance of football referees is crucial, as their proximity to positions and ability to capture the correct angle directly influence the accuracy of their decisions. Therefore, understanding and enhancing their physical performance is of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the aerobic and anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, vertical jump, and speed performance of football referees from different classifications. A total of 25 male football referees voluntarily participated in the study, categorized into three groups: 7 candidate referees (age: 19.85±1.34 years; height: 177.42±4.79 cm; body weight: 62.37±7.59 kg), 11 provincial referees (age: 23.36±3.38 years; height: 179±5.70 cm; body weight: 68.01±8.48 kg), and 7 regional referees (age: 27.28±3.35 years; height: 179.42±6.37 cm; body weight: 73.32±6.74 kg). Participants' strength values (Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer) and anaerobic power performance (Wingate Cycle Ergometer) were measured in a laboratory setting, while aerobic power (Cooper Test), vertical jump (iVMES Athlete), and speed performance were assessed in a field setting. The normality of data distribution was examined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the physical performance of referees across classifications (regional, provincial, and candidate referees). No significant differences were found among the classifications in terms of VO2max, vertical jump, speed, relative peak power (w/kg), and isokinetic strength performance (p>0.05). However, significant differences were observed in favor of regional referees in absolute peak power (regional referees: 781.63±105.91; provincial referees: 705.82±122.78; candidate referees: 603.50±115.86), relative peak power (regional referees: 10.86±1.41; provincial referees: 10.34±1.10; candidate referees: 9.66±1.39), and relative mean power (regional referees: 7.55±0.40; provincial referees: 6.83±0.71; candidate referees: 6.60±0.68) (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that some performance parameters differed between regional, provincial, and candidate referees and that regional referees had higher physical performance.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee permission was obtained for the research from Mersin University Sports Sciences Ethics Committee with the decision number 052 dated 28.11.2022.
References
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- Bozdoğan, T. K., Kızılet, A., Çağlayan, A., Erdem, K., & Demirel, N. (2016). Farklı lig düzeylerindeki müsabakalarda görev yapan üst klasman hakemlerinin fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.18474.
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- Catteeuw, P., Helsen, W., Gilis, B., & Wagemans, J. (2009). Decision-making skills, role specificity and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903079179.
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- Cooper, K. H. (1968). A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: correlation between field and treadmill testing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 203(3), 201-204.
- Cortis, C., Tessitore, A., Lupo, C., Perroni, F., Pesce, C., & Capranica, L. (2013). Changes in jump, sprint, and coordinative performances after a senior soccer match. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(11), 2989-2996. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182897a46.
- Da Silva, A. I. (2011). Somatotype and physical fitness of the assistant referees in soccer. International Journal of Morphology, 29(3), 792-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022011000300020.
- Dolci, F., Hart, N. H., Kilding, A. E., Chivers, P., Piggott, B., & Spiteri, T. (2020). Physical and energetic demand of soccer: a brief review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(3), 70-77. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000533.
- Gomez-Carmona, C., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2016). Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2016.114.01.
- Helsen, W., & Bultynck, J. B. (2004). Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641502.
- Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: Effect of intense intermittent exercise training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(11), 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113831.
- Krustrup, P., Helsen, W., Randers, M. B., Christensen, J. F., Macdonald, C., Rebelo, A. N., & Bangsbo, J. (2009). Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1167-1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903220310.
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- Mallo, J., Navarro, E., García-Aranda, J. M., Gilis, B., & Helsen, W. (2008). Analysis of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815fa1d3.
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Bölgesel, İl ve Aday Hakem Klasmanlarındaki Futbol Hakemlerinin Fiziksel Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması
Abstract
Futbol hakemlerinin, pozisyonlara yakın olmaları ve doğru açıyı yakalayabilmeleri, verilen kararların doğruluğunu etkileyeceği için fiziksel performanslarının bilinmesi ve artırılması oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı klasmandaki futbol hakemlerinin; aerobik ve anaerobik güç, izokinetik kuvvet, dikey sıçrama ve sürat performanslarının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya 25 erkek futbol hakemi gönüllü olarak katılmış ve hakemler 7 aday hakem (yaş:19,85±1,34 yıl; boy uzunluğu:177,42±4,79 cm.; vücut ağırlığı:62,37±7,59 kg.), 11 il hakemi (yaş:23,36±3,38 yıl; boy uzunluğu:179±5,70 cm.; vücut ağırlığı:68,01±8,48 kg.) ve 7 bölgesel hakem (yaş:27,28±3,35 yıl; boy uzunluğu:179,42±6,37 cm.; vücut ağırlığı:73,32±6,74 kg.) olmak üzere 3 (üç) klasmanda değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcıların kuvvet değerleri (Cybex Izokinetik Dinamometre) ve anaerobik güç performansları (Wingate Bisiklet Ergometresi) laboratuvar ortamında, aerobik güç (Cooper Testi), dikey sıçrama (iVMES Athlete) ve sürat performansları saha ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin normallik dağılımına uygunluğu Shapiro-Wilk testi ile incelenmiştir. Hakemlerin fiziksel performanslarının klasmanlarına (bölgesel hakem, il hakemi ve aday hakem) göre karşılaştırılmasında Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) testi kullanılmıştır. Hakemlerin VO2max, dikey sıçrama, sürat, relatif zirve güç (w/kg) ve izokinetik kuvvet performanslarının klasmanlarına göre farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir (p>0,05). Mutlak zirve güç (bölgesel hakem: 781,63±105,91; il hakemi: 705,82±122,78; aday hakem: 603,50±115,86), relatif zirve güç (bölgesel hakem: 10,86±1,41; il hakemi: 10,34±1,10; aday hakem: 9,66±1,39) ve relatif ortalama güç (bölgesel hakem: 7,55±0,40; il hakemi: 6,83±0,71; aday hakem: 6,60±0,68) değerlerinde ise bölgesel hakemler lehine anlamlı farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, bölgesel hakemler, il hakemleri ve aday hakemler arasındaki bazı performans parametrelerinin farklılaştığı ve bölgesel hakemlerin fiziksel performanslarının daha yüksek seviyede olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Araştırma için Mersin Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Etik Kurulu’ndan 28.11.2022 tarihli ve 052 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.
References
- Acar, N. E., & Umutlu, G. (2022). Comparison of the Contributions of Knee and Hip Muscle Strength on Maximum Oxygen Consumption Parameters During Continuous and Constant Test Protocols. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.995087.
- Ai, K., Oldrich, R., Tan, H., & Xu, P. (2020). Sustainable innovation in football referee training in Czech Republic. Sustainability, 12(7), 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072821.
- Aoba, Y., Yoshimura, M., Miyamori, T., & Suzuki, S. (2011). Assessment of soccer referee performance during games. Football Science, 8, 8-15.
- Barbero-Álvarez, J., Boullosa, D. A., Nakamura, F. Y., Andrín, G., & Castagna, C. (2012). Physical and physiological demands of field and assistant soccer referees during America's cup. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1383-1388. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825183c5.
- Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M., & Bradley, P. (2014). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(13), 1095-1100. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375695.
- Bartha, C., Petridis, L., Hamar, P., Puhl, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Fitness test results of Hungarian and international-level soccer referees and assistants. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818ebb84.
- Bozdoğan, T. K., Kızılet, A., Çağlayan, A., Erdem, K., & Demirel, N. (2016). Farklı lig düzeylerindeki müsabakalarda görev yapan üst klasman hakemlerinin fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.18474.
- Büyükyazı, G. (2020). İnsan performansının ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi, Gazi Kitabevi.
- Can, İ., Ersoy, K., & Bayrakdaroğlu, S. (2016). Gümüşhane il aday futbol hakemlerinin bazı performans parametrelerinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 23-40.
- Casajus, J. A., & Castagna, C. (2007). Aerobic fitness and field test performance in elite Spanish soccer referees of different ages. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10(6), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.08.004.
- Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D’Ottavio, S. (2004). Activity profile of international level soccer referees during competitive matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), 486-490.
- Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 625-646. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006.
- Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D’Ottavio, S., & Weston, M. (2005). Age-related effects on fitness performance in elite level soccer referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4), 785-790. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-14984.1
- Castagna, C., Bizzini, M., Póvoas, S. C. A., Schenk, K., Büsser, G., & D'Ottavio, S. (2019). Aerobic fitness in top-class soccer referees. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(11), 3098-3104. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002264.
- Castillo, D., Cámara, J., Lozano, D., Berzosa, C., & Yanci, J. (2019). The association between physical performance and match-play activities of field and assistants soccer referees. Research in Sports Medicine, 27(3), 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117.
- Castillo, D., Yanci, J., Cámara, J., & Weston, M. (2016). The influence of soccer match play on physiological and physical performance measures in soccer referees and assistant referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(6), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1101646.
- Castillo, D., Yanci, J., Casajús, J. A., & Cámara, J. (2016). Physical fitness and physiological characteristics of soccer referees. Science & Sports, 31(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2015.11.003.
- Castillo-Rodríguez, A., Muñoz-Arjona, C., & Onetti-Onetti, W. (2022). National vs. non-national soccer referee: Physiological, physical, and psychological characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 93(4), 804-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1923626.
- Catteeuw, P., Helsen, W., Gilis, B., & Wagemans, J. (2009). Decision-making skills, role specificity and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903079179.
- Chatzigiannis, K., & Zacharogiannis, E. (2023). Physiological characteristics of Greek soccer referees of professional and amateur categories. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v10i2.4940.
- Cinthuja, P., Jayakody, J. A. O. A., Perera, M. P. M., Weerarathna, W. V. D. N., Nirosha, S. E., Indeewari, D. K. D. C., ... et al. (2015). Physical fitness factors of school badminton players in Kandy district. European Journal of Sports and Exercise Science, 4(2), 14-25.
- Cooper, K. H. (1968). A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: correlation between field and treadmill testing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 203(3), 201-204.
- Cortis, C., Tessitore, A., Lupo, C., Perroni, F., Pesce, C., & Capranica, L. (2013). Changes in jump, sprint, and coordinative performances after a senior soccer match. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(11), 2989-2996. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182897a46.
- Da Silva, A. I. (2011). Somatotype and physical fitness of the assistant referees in soccer. International Journal of Morphology, 29(3), 792-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022011000300020.
- Dolci, F., Hart, N. H., Kilding, A. E., Chivers, P., Piggott, B., & Spiteri, T. (2020). Physical and energetic demand of soccer: a brief review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(3), 70-77. https://doi.org/ 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000533.
- Gomez-Carmona, C., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2016). Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2016.114.01.
- Helsen, W., & Bultynck, J. B. (2004). Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641502.
- Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: Effect of intense intermittent exercise training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(11), 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113831.
- Krustrup, P., Helsen, W., Randers, M. B., Christensen, J. F., Macdonald, C., Rebelo, A. N., & Bangsbo, J. (2009). Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1167-1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903220310.
- Mallo, J., Navarro, E., García-Aranda, J. M., & Helsen, W. (2009). Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802298227.
- Mallo, J., Navarro, E., García-Aranda, J. M., Gilis, B., & Helsen, W. (2008). Analysis of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815fa1d3.
- Martínez-Torremocha, G., Martin-Sanchez, M. L., Garcia-Unanue, J., Felipe, J. L., Moreno-Pérez, V., Paredes-Hernández, V., ... et al. (2023). Physical demands on professional Spanish football referees during matches. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(2), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2064539.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Training |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 24, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 25, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 30, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 16, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 1 |
