Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Burnout and Self-Compassion Experiences of Non-Governmental Organization Employees

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 673 - 687

Fatma Kolukırık Erol , Tuba Büyükbeşe

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1685796

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore in-depth the experiences of burnout and self-compassion among individuals working in non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The study was conducted between November 2024 and December 2024 using a qualitative research method. A phenomenological design was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face and online with 10 volunteer participants. The data obtained from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in the identification of four main themes. These themes are: the factors leading to compassion fatigue, the manifestation of burnout, self-compassion, and the visible aspect of self-compassion. NGO workers are at risk of burnout due to heavy workloads, emotional labor, and resource shortages. Self-compassion is considered an important psychological resource in coping with such challenging work conditions. Furthermore, it was identified as an effective strategy for alleviating emotional burdens, managing stress, and maintaining psychological well-being. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of individual and organizational intervention programs aimed at supporting the well-being of professionals working in the NGOs.

Keywords

Compassion fatigue burnout self-compassion non-governmental organizations thematic analysis

References

  • Abdollahi, A., Taheri, A., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Self‐compassion moderates the perceived stress and self‐care behaviors link in women with breast cancer. Psycho‐oncology, 29(5), 927–933.
  • Abdollahi, J., Irani, A. J., & Nouri-Moghaddam, B. (2021). Modeling and forecasting Spread of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran until Sep 22, 2021, based on deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.08178.
  • Akıncı, S. (2014). Sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve sivil toplum kuramcıları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 5(11), 192–216.
  • Akyüz, A. A. (2010). Civic agency at work: Sense making and labour process of professionals in issue based non-governmental organizations in Turkey (Doctoral dissertation, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi).
  • Ardahan, F. (2010). Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının etkin yönetimi için stratejik işbirliği ve Türkiye Eğitim Gönüllüleri Vakfı (TEGV) Suna-İnan Kıraç Antalya Eğitim Parkı örneği. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 210–233.
  • Arı, G. S., & Erdoğan, I. (2022). Sosyal hizmet çalışanlarında tükenmişlik ve iş doyumu: Örgütsel faktörlerin etkisi. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 50–65.
  • Atkinson, D., Rodman, J., Thuras, P., Shiroma, P. R., & Lim, K. O. (2017). Examining burnout, depression, and self-compassion in Veterans Affairs mental health staff. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.
  • Bedük, A., Usta, S., & Kocaoğlu, M. (2006). Avrupa Birliği’ne giriş sürecinde Türkiye’de sivil toplum kuruluşları ve demokratikleşme sürecindeki misyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İİBF Dergisi, 10, 1–17.
  • Begin, M., Gilbert-Ouimet, M., & Truchon, M. (2024). Compassion-based interventions in the workplace: Effects on burnout and wellbeing. Occupational Health Psychology Review, 7(1), 22–37.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brenninkmeijer, V., & VanYperen, N. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout: Advantages and disadvantages of a unidimensional approach in burnout research. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(suppl 1), i16–i20.
  • Cieslak, R., Korczynska, J., Strelau, J., & Kaczmarek, M. (2008). Burnout predictors among prison officers: The moderating effect of temperamental endurance. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 666–672.
  • Coaston, S. C. (2017). Self-care through self-compassion: A balm for burnout. Professional Counselor, 7(3), 285–297.
  • Cocker, F., & Joss, N. (2016). Compassion fatigue among healthcare, emergency, and community service workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
  • Conrad, D., & Kellar-Guenther, Y. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Dev, F., Fernando III, A. T., Lim, A. C., & Consedine, N. S. (2018). Does self-compassion mitigate the relationship between burnout and barriers to compassion? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 81, 81–88.
  • Dev, V., Fernando, A. T., & Consedine, N. S. (2020). Self-compassion as a stress moderator: A cross-sectional study of 1700 doctors, nurses, and medical students. Mindfulness, 11, 1170–1181.
  • Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS One, 13(2), e0192022.
  • Gerber, Z., & Anaki, D. (2020). The role of self-compassion in emotional well-being among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 24(5), 769–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1544215
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208.
  • Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 42–55.
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
  • Hashem, H., & Zeinoun, P. (2020). Burnout and its relationship to mental health among Lebanese social workers. Journal of Social Service Research, 46(6), 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2020.1763692
  • Hick-Pass, S. (2022). Compassion fatigue and burnout in social work: Prevention and resilience. Social Work Education, 41(2), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1727450
  • Jang, M. H., Jeong, Y. M., & Park, G. (2022). Influence of the subfactors of self-compassion on burnout among hospital nurses: A cross-sectional study in South Korea. Journal of nursing management, 30(4), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13572
  • Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939–963.
  • Lathren, C., Bluth, K., & Park, J. (2019). Adolescent self-compassion moderates the relationship between perceived stress and internalizing symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 36–41.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 297–308.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Li, M., & Wang, L. (2024). A network analysis of self-compassion and burnout in a sample of Chinese nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(1), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16333
  • Lyon, D., & Galbraith, J. (2023). Mindfulness and self-compassion programs for workplace stress reduction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000310
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99–113.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.).
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111.
  • McCade, D., Frewen, P. A., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2021). Burnout beyond the workplace: A systematic review of spillover effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 87, 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102036
  • McCormack, H. M., MacIntyre, T. E., O'Shea, D., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018). The prevalence and cause(s) of burnout among applied psychologists: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1897.
  • Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., & Baer, R. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience: A meta-analysis of their relationship and contribution to psychological well-being. Mindfulness, 11(5), 998–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01300-5
  • Montero-Marin, J., Zubiaga, F., Cereceda, M., Marcos Piva Demarzo, M., Trenc, P., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020). Correction: Burnout subtypes and absence of self-compassion in primary healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study. PloS One, 15(4), e0231370.
  • Nazari, A. M., Shahabi, M., Shad, N., Khosravi, A. G., & Rafiei, M. (2024). The relationship between self-compassion and burnout in healthcare professionals: A narrative review. Journal of Nursing Reports in Clinical Practice.
  • Nazari, M. A., Bayat, S., Zargar, F., & Razaei, F. (2024). Protective roles of self-compassion against burnout in healthcare workers: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01022-w
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264–274.
  • Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916.
  • Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
  • Özpeynirci, R., & Kırmızı, C. (2020). Öz Şefkat Kavramı ve Örgütsel Yansımaları. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2924-2952.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Reed, K., Cochran, K. L., Edelblute, A., Manzanares, D., Sinn, H., Henry, M., & Moss, M. (2020). Creative arts therapy as a potential intervention to prevent burnout and build resilience in health care professionals. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 31(2), 179–190.
  • Román-Calderón, J. P., Bernal-Romero, S., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2022). Self-compassion, burnout and wellbeing in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 827209. https://doi.org/10.3389-/fpsyg.2022.827209
  • Scanlan, J. N., & Still, M. (2019). Relationships between burnout, turnover intention, job satisfaction, job demands and job resources for mental health personnel in an Australian mental health service. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 1–11.
  • Schaufeli, W., & De Witte, H. (2017). Work engagement: Real or redundant? Burnout Research, 5, 1–2.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J. J., Kaltiainen, J., & Kok, R. (2023). How to assess severe burnout? Cutoff points for the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) based on three European samples. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 49(4), 293.
  • Seferoğlu, S. S., Yıldız, H., & Yücel, Ü. A. (2014). Öğretmenlerde tükenmişlik: Tükenmişliğin göstergeleri ve bu göstergelerin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(174).
  • Shaheen, A., Bibi, F., & Karim, J. (2020). Self-compassion as a predictor of resilience and hope in adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(1), 175–191.
  • Shoji, K., Cieslak, R., Smoktunowicz, E., Rogala, A., Benight, C. C., & Luszczynska, A. (2016). Associations between job burnout and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(4), 367–386.
  • Slatten, L. A., Carson, K. D., & Carson, P. P. (2020). Compassion Fatigue and Burnout: What Managers Should Know. The health care manager, 39(4), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1097-/HCM.0000000000000306
  • Slocum-Gori, S., Hemsworth, D., Chan, W. W., Carson, A., & Kazanjian, A. (2013). Understanding compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout: A survey of the hospice palliative care workforce. Palliative medicine, 27(2), 172-178.
  • Solak, D. C. (2020). Okullarda farklı kademelerde çalışan öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik ve öz-şefkat düzeyinin incelenmesi. (Master’s thesis, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi). İstanbul.
  • Sürgevil, O. (2006). Çalışma hayatında tükenmişlik sendromu: Tükenmişlikle mücadele teknikleri. Nobel Yayın.
  • Şahin, H. (2019). Sivil toplum kuruluşlarında hizmet veren kişilerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin, dayanıklılık ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile ilişkisi: Sığınmacı ve mültecilerle çalışanlarda farklılaşır mı? (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Şahin, L., & Öztürk, M. (2008). Küreselleşme sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşları ve Türkiye'deki durumu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi (54), 3–29.
  • Taris, T. W., Ybema, J. F., & van Beek, I. (2017). Burnout and engagement: Identical twins or just close relatives? Burnout Research, 5, 3–11.
  • Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246.
  • Torun, A. (1995). Tükenmişlik, aile yapısı ve sosyal destek ilişkileri üzerine bir inceleme. (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul).
  • Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
  • World Health Organization. (2019, May 28). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: classification of diseases. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
  • Yang, Y., & Hayes, J. A. (2020). Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature. Psychotherapy, 57(3), 426.

Sivil Toplum Çalışanlarının Tükenmişlik ve Öz Şefkat Deneyimleri

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 673 - 687

Fatma Kolukırık Erol , Tuba Büyükbeşe

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1685796

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sivil toplum kuruluşlarında çalışan bireylerin tükenmişlik ve öz şefkat deneyimlerini derinlemesine incelemektir. Çalışma Kasım 2024- Aralık 2024 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilerek nitel araştırma yöntemiyle yürütülmüştür. Fenomenolojik desenle yürütülen bu çalışmada 10 gönüllü katılımcıyla yüz yüze ve çevrimiçi yolla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen veriler, tematik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve sonucunda 4 ana tema açığa çıkmıştır. Bu temalar; şefkat yorgunluğuna neden olan konular, tükenmişliğin yansıması, öz şefkat ve öz şefkatin görünür yüzü olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sivil toplum çalışanları, yoğun iş yükü, duygusal emek ve kaynak yetersizlikleri nedeniyle tükenmişlik riskiyle karşı karşıyadır. Öz şefkat, bu tür zorlayıcı iş koşullarıyla başa çıkmada önemli bir psikolojik kaynak olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Öte yandan, öz şefkatin bireylerin duygusal yüklerini hafifletmede, stresle başa çıkmada ve psikolojik iyilik hâllerini sürdürmede etkili bir strateji olarak kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulguların, sivil toplum alanında çalışan profesyonellerin iyi oluşunu desteklemeye yönelik bireysel ve kurumsal müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

şefkat yorgunluğu tükenmişlik öz şefkat sivil toplum kuruluşu tematik analiz

References

  • Abdollahi, A., Taheri, A., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Self‐compassion moderates the perceived stress and self‐care behaviors link in women with breast cancer. Psycho‐oncology, 29(5), 927–933.
  • Abdollahi, J., Irani, A. J., & Nouri-Moghaddam, B. (2021). Modeling and forecasting Spread of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran until Sep 22, 2021, based on deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.08178.
  • Akıncı, S. (2014). Sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve sivil toplum kuramcıları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 5(11), 192–216.
  • Akyüz, A. A. (2010). Civic agency at work: Sense making and labour process of professionals in issue based non-governmental organizations in Turkey (Doctoral dissertation, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi).
  • Ardahan, F. (2010). Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının etkin yönetimi için stratejik işbirliği ve Türkiye Eğitim Gönüllüleri Vakfı (TEGV) Suna-İnan Kıraç Antalya Eğitim Parkı örneği. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 210–233.
  • Arı, G. S., & Erdoğan, I. (2022). Sosyal hizmet çalışanlarında tükenmişlik ve iş doyumu: Örgütsel faktörlerin etkisi. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 50–65.
  • Atkinson, D., Rodman, J., Thuras, P., Shiroma, P. R., & Lim, K. O. (2017). Examining burnout, depression, and self-compassion in Veterans Affairs mental health staff. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.
  • Bedük, A., Usta, S., & Kocaoğlu, M. (2006). Avrupa Birliği’ne giriş sürecinde Türkiye’de sivil toplum kuruluşları ve demokratikleşme sürecindeki misyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İİBF Dergisi, 10, 1–17.
  • Begin, M., Gilbert-Ouimet, M., & Truchon, M. (2024). Compassion-based interventions in the workplace: Effects on burnout and wellbeing. Occupational Health Psychology Review, 7(1), 22–37.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brenninkmeijer, V., & VanYperen, N. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout: Advantages and disadvantages of a unidimensional approach in burnout research. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(suppl 1), i16–i20.
  • Cieslak, R., Korczynska, J., Strelau, J., & Kaczmarek, M. (2008). Burnout predictors among prison officers: The moderating effect of temperamental endurance. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 666–672.
  • Coaston, S. C. (2017). Self-care through self-compassion: A balm for burnout. Professional Counselor, 7(3), 285–297.
  • Cocker, F., & Joss, N. (2016). Compassion fatigue among healthcare, emergency, and community service workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
  • Conrad, D., & Kellar-Guenther, Y. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Dev, F., Fernando III, A. T., Lim, A. C., & Consedine, N. S. (2018). Does self-compassion mitigate the relationship between burnout and barriers to compassion? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 81, 81–88.
  • Dev, V., Fernando, A. T., & Consedine, N. S. (2020). Self-compassion as a stress moderator: A cross-sectional study of 1700 doctors, nurses, and medical students. Mindfulness, 11, 1170–1181.
  • Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS One, 13(2), e0192022.
  • Gerber, Z., & Anaki, D. (2020). The role of self-compassion in emotional well-being among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 24(5), 769–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1544215
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208.
  • Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 42–55.
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
  • Hashem, H., & Zeinoun, P. (2020). Burnout and its relationship to mental health among Lebanese social workers. Journal of Social Service Research, 46(6), 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2020.1763692
  • Hick-Pass, S. (2022). Compassion fatigue and burnout in social work: Prevention and resilience. Social Work Education, 41(2), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1727450
  • Jang, M. H., Jeong, Y. M., & Park, G. (2022). Influence of the subfactors of self-compassion on burnout among hospital nurses: A cross-sectional study in South Korea. Journal of nursing management, 30(4), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13572
  • Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939–963.
  • Lathren, C., Bluth, K., & Park, J. (2019). Adolescent self-compassion moderates the relationship between perceived stress and internalizing symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 36–41.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 297–308.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Li, M., & Wang, L. (2024). A network analysis of self-compassion and burnout in a sample of Chinese nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(1), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16333
  • Lyon, D., & Galbraith, J. (2023). Mindfulness and self-compassion programs for workplace stress reduction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000310
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99–113.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.).
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111.
  • McCade, D., Frewen, P. A., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2021). Burnout beyond the workplace: A systematic review of spillover effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 87, 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102036
  • McCormack, H. M., MacIntyre, T. E., O'Shea, D., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018). The prevalence and cause(s) of burnout among applied psychologists: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1897.
  • Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., & Baer, R. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience: A meta-analysis of their relationship and contribution to psychological well-being. Mindfulness, 11(5), 998–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01300-5
  • Montero-Marin, J., Zubiaga, F., Cereceda, M., Marcos Piva Demarzo, M., Trenc, P., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020). Correction: Burnout subtypes and absence of self-compassion in primary healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study. PloS One, 15(4), e0231370.
  • Nazari, A. M., Shahabi, M., Shad, N., Khosravi, A. G., & Rafiei, M. (2024). The relationship between self-compassion and burnout in healthcare professionals: A narrative review. Journal of Nursing Reports in Clinical Practice.
  • Nazari, M. A., Bayat, S., Zargar, F., & Razaei, F. (2024). Protective roles of self-compassion against burnout in healthcare workers: A longitudinal study. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01022-w
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
  • Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264–274.
  • Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–916.
  • Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
  • Özpeynirci, R., & Kırmızı, C. (2020). Öz Şefkat Kavramı ve Örgütsel Yansımaları. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2924-2952.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Reed, K., Cochran, K. L., Edelblute, A., Manzanares, D., Sinn, H., Henry, M., & Moss, M. (2020). Creative arts therapy as a potential intervention to prevent burnout and build resilience in health care professionals. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 31(2), 179–190.
  • Román-Calderón, J. P., Bernal-Romero, S., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2022). Self-compassion, burnout and wellbeing in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 827209. https://doi.org/10.3389-/fpsyg.2022.827209
  • Scanlan, J. N., & Still, M. (2019). Relationships between burnout, turnover intention, job satisfaction, job demands and job resources for mental health personnel in an Australian mental health service. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 1–11.
  • Schaufeli, W., & De Witte, H. (2017). Work engagement: Real or redundant? Burnout Research, 5, 1–2.
  • Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J. J., Kaltiainen, J., & Kok, R. (2023). How to assess severe burnout? Cutoff points for the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) based on three European samples. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 49(4), 293.
  • Seferoğlu, S. S., Yıldız, H., & Yücel, Ü. A. (2014). Öğretmenlerde tükenmişlik: Tükenmişliğin göstergeleri ve bu göstergelerin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(174).
  • Shaheen, A., Bibi, F., & Karim, J. (2020). Self-compassion as a predictor of resilience and hope in adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(1), 175–191.
  • Shoji, K., Cieslak, R., Smoktunowicz, E., Rogala, A., Benight, C. C., & Luszczynska, A. (2016). Associations between job burnout and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(4), 367–386.
  • Slatten, L. A., Carson, K. D., & Carson, P. P. (2020). Compassion Fatigue and Burnout: What Managers Should Know. The health care manager, 39(4), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1097-/HCM.0000000000000306
  • Slocum-Gori, S., Hemsworth, D., Chan, W. W., Carson, A., & Kazanjian, A. (2013). Understanding compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout: A survey of the hospice palliative care workforce. Palliative medicine, 27(2), 172-178.
  • Solak, D. C. (2020). Okullarda farklı kademelerde çalışan öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik ve öz-şefkat düzeyinin incelenmesi. (Master’s thesis, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi). İstanbul.
  • Sürgevil, O. (2006). Çalışma hayatında tükenmişlik sendromu: Tükenmişlikle mücadele teknikleri. Nobel Yayın.
  • Şahin, H. (2019). Sivil toplum kuruluşlarında hizmet veren kişilerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin, dayanıklılık ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile ilişkisi: Sığınmacı ve mültecilerle çalışanlarda farklılaşır mı? (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Şahin, L., & Öztürk, M. (2008). Küreselleşme sürecinde sivil toplum kuruluşları ve Türkiye'deki durumu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi (54), 3–29.
  • Taris, T. W., Ybema, J. F., & van Beek, I. (2017). Burnout and engagement: Identical twins or just close relatives? Burnout Research, 5, 3–11.
  • Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246.
  • Torun, A. (1995). Tükenmişlik, aile yapısı ve sosyal destek ilişkileri üzerine bir inceleme. (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul).
  • Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
  • World Health Organization. (2019, May 28). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: classification of diseases. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
  • Yang, Y., & Hayes, J. A. (2020). Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature. Psychotherapy, 57(3), 426.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Industrial and Organisational Psychology (Incl. Human Factors)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fatma Kolukırık Erol 0009-0004-7590-3340

Tuba Büyükbeşe 0000-0003-4174-9870

Early Pub Date July 27, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date April 28, 2025
Acceptance Date June 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kolukırık Erol, F., & Büyükbeşe, T. (2025). Burnout and Self-Compassion Experiences of Non-Governmental Organization Employees. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 22(4), 673-687. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1685796
 Download Cover Image