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The Mediating Role of Social Media Usage in Mental Well-Being: A Gender Perspective

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 821 - 832

Murat Uygurtaş , Nazlı Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1686931

Abstract

This study examines the mediating role of social media usage characteristics in the association between gender and mental well-being among university students. Data were collected from 655 university students using a demographic information form, the Mental Well-Being Scale, and the Social Media Usage Characteristics Questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed four key aspects: daily usage time, unplanned use, perceived contribution, and sense of freedom on social media. Mediation analyses were conducted to explore how these factors link gender and mental well-being. Results indicate that all four variables act as significant mediators in this relationship. Specifically, female students reported higher social media usage and lower sense of freedom, which were associated with lower mental well-being. In contrast, male students reported greater sense of freedom and perceived contribution, factors linked to higher mental well-being. These findings underscore the importance of gender-specific patterns in social media use and their implications for mental well-being. The study highlights the need for tailored interventions that promote healthier social media habits among university students.

Keywords

Mental Well-Being Social Media University Students Gender Mediator Variable Analysis

References

  • Acar, N. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin platform kullanım amaçlarına göre sosyal ağ yorgunluk düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35, 286-287.
  • Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184.
  • Atalay, H., Akbay, S. E., & Yıldız, M. (2022). The relationship between social media use and depression among Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. Current Psychology, 41(8), 5543-5552. https://doi.org/10.-1007/s12144-020-01228-8
  • Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 321. https://doi.org/-10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
  • Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2020). Predicting adaptive and maladaptive responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(3), 183-191.
  • Chen, W., & Lee, K. H. (2013). Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? The pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 728-734.
  • Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2020) . Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106160. https://doi.org/10.1016-/j.chb.2019.106160
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
  • Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2016). Social role theory of sex differences. In N. A. Naples (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1-3). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1-5.
  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745-774.
  • Gahramanlı, F., & Şahin, C. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisi. The Journal of International Educational Sciences, 39, 198-229.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 8.
  • Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
  • Kavaklı, M., & Ünal, G. (2021) . The relationship between social media addiction and psychological symptoms in Turkish university students: The mediating role of rumination. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1473-1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23099
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020) . A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93. https://-doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
  • Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2019) . Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222.
  • Kimbrough, A. M., Guadagno, R. E., Muscanell, N. L., & Dill, J. (2013). Gender differences in mediated communication: Women connect more than do men. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 896-900.
  • Kılıç, B., Kefinsiz, N. E., & Kaya, Y. (2024). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Sosyal Ortamlardaki Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ile Öznel İyi Oluş Arasındaki Aracılık Rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (53), 36-45.
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2024). Sosyal medya kullanım alışkanlıkları ve siber zorbalığa maruz kalma: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. e-GİFDER, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Eling, N., & Buxmann, P. (2017). Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(4), 261-284.
  • Limayem, M., Hirt, S. G., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2007). How habit limits the predictive power of intention: The case of information systems continuance. MIS Quarterly, 31(4), 705–737.
  • McComb, C. A., Vanman, E. J., & Tobin, S. J. (2023) . A meta-analysis of the effects of social media exposure to upward comparison targets on self-evaluations and emotions. Media Psychology, 26(5), 612-635. https://doi.org/10.-1080/15213269.2023.2180647
  • Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401-1415.
  • Na, J., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. J. (2024) . Moderating effect of cultural differences on the association between social media use and mental health outcomes: A cross-cultural study. PLOS ONE, 19(3), e0316365. https://doi.org/-10.1371/journal.pone.0316365
  • Orosz, G., Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Melher, D. (2016). Too many swipes for today: The development of the Problematic Tinder Use Scale (PTUS). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 518-523.
  • Pamuk, Z. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile sosyal medya bağımlılıkları arasındaki ilişki. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Plackett, R., Sheringham, J., & Dykxhoorn, J. (2023) . The longitudinal impact of social media use on UK adolescents' mental health: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1), e43213. https://doi.-org/10.2196/43213
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the Goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204-215.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95-102.
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
  • Stanford Law School. (2024). Social media addiction and mental health: The growing concern for youth well-being. https://law.stanford.edu/2024/05/20/social-media-addiction-and-mental-health-the-growing-concern-for-youth-well-being/ (Erişim tarihi: 18 Mart 2025)
  • Svensson, R., Johnson, B., & Olsson, A. (2022) . Does gender matter? The association between different digital media activities and adolescent well-being. BMC Public Health, 22, 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12670-7
  • Tifferet, S., & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2018). Self-presentation in LinkedIn portraits: Common features, gender, and occupational differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 33-48.
  • Topal, M., Küçük-Avcı, Ş., & İstanbullu, A. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problemli sosyal medya kullanımının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim, 53(244), 2013-2044.
  • Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Media use is linked to lower psychological well-being: Evidence from three datasets. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 311-331.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması, 2024. https://data.tuik.-gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53492 (Erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2025)
  • Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020). Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: Evidence from three large datasets. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 91-102.
  • Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274-302.
  • Viner, R. M., Gireesh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L. D., Goddings, A. L., Ward, J. L., & Nicholls, D. E. (2019) . Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(10), 685-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)-30186-5

Sosyal Medya Kullanımının Mental İyi Oluş Üzerindeki Aracı Rolü: Cinsiyet Perspektifi

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 821 - 832

Murat Uygurtaş , Nazlı Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1686931

Abstract

Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinde cinsiyet ile mental iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide sosyal medya kullanım özelliklerinin aracı rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler, 655 üniversite öğrencisinden demografik bilgi formu, Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve Sosyal Medya Kullanım Özellikleri Anketi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Anket, günlük kullanım süresi, plansız kullanım, algılanan katkı ve sosyal medyada özgürlük hissi gibi dört temel boyutu değerlendirmiştir. Cinsiyet ile mental iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan aracı mekanizmaların incelenmesi için aracılık analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular, bu dört değişkenin de ilişkide anlamlı aracı rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Özellikle kadın öğrencilerin daha fazla sosyal medya kullandığı ve özgürlük hissinin daha düşük olduğu, bu durumun ise düşük mental iyi oluşla ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Erkek öğrencilerin ise daha fazla özgürlük hissettiği ve sosyal medyadan daha fazla katkı algıladığı, bu faktörlerin de yüksek mental iyi oluşla ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, sosyal medya kullanımının cinsiyete göre farklılaştığını ve mental iyi oluş üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik sosyal medya alışkanlıklarını destekleyici, cinsiyete duyarlı müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Mental iyi oluş sosyal medya üniversite öğrencileri cinsiyet aracı değişken analizi

References

  • Acar, N. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin platform kullanım amaçlarına göre sosyal ağ yorgunluk düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35, 286-287.
  • Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184.
  • Atalay, H., Akbay, S. E., & Yıldız, M. (2022). The relationship between social media use and depression among Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. Current Psychology, 41(8), 5543-5552. https://doi.org/10.-1007/s12144-020-01228-8
  • Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 321. https://doi.org/-10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
  • Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2020). Predicting adaptive and maladaptive responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(3), 183-191.
  • Chen, W., & Lee, K. H. (2013). Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? The pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 728-734.
  • Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2020) . Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106160. https://doi.org/10.1016-/j.chb.2019.106160
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
  • Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2016). Social role theory of sex differences. In N. A. Naples (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1-3). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1-5.
  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745-774.
  • Gahramanlı, F., & Şahin, C. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisi. The Journal of International Educational Sciences, 39, 198-229.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 8.
  • Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
  • Kavaklı, M., & Ünal, G. (2021) . The relationship between social media addiction and psychological symptoms in Turkish university students: The mediating role of rumination. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1473-1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23099
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020) . A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93. https://-doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
  • Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2019) . Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222.
  • Kimbrough, A. M., Guadagno, R. E., Muscanell, N. L., & Dill, J. (2013). Gender differences in mediated communication: Women connect more than do men. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 896-900.
  • Kılıç, B., Kefinsiz, N. E., & Kaya, Y. (2024). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Sosyal Ortamlardaki Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ile Öznel İyi Oluş Arasındaki Aracılık Rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (53), 36-45.
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2024). Sosyal medya kullanım alışkanlıkları ve siber zorbalığa maruz kalma: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. e-GİFDER, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Eling, N., & Buxmann, P. (2017). Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 26(4), 261-284.
  • Limayem, M., Hirt, S. G., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2007). How habit limits the predictive power of intention: The case of information systems continuance. MIS Quarterly, 31(4), 705–737.
  • McComb, C. A., Vanman, E. J., & Tobin, S. J. (2023) . A meta-analysis of the effects of social media exposure to upward comparison targets on self-evaluations and emotions. Media Psychology, 26(5), 612-635. https://doi.org/10.-1080/15213269.2023.2180647
  • Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401-1415.
  • Na, J., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. J. (2024) . Moderating effect of cultural differences on the association between social media use and mental health outcomes: A cross-cultural study. PLOS ONE, 19(3), e0316365. https://doi.org/-10.1371/journal.pone.0316365
  • Orosz, G., Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Melher, D. (2016). Too many swipes for today: The development of the Problematic Tinder Use Scale (PTUS). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 518-523.
  • Pamuk, Z. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile sosyal medya bağımlılıkları arasındaki ilişki. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Plackett, R., Sheringham, J., & Dykxhoorn, J. (2023) . The longitudinal impact of social media use on UK adolescents' mental health: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1), e43213. https://doi.-org/10.2196/43213
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
  • Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the Goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204-215.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95-102.
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
  • Stanford Law School. (2024). Social media addiction and mental health: The growing concern for youth well-being. https://law.stanford.edu/2024/05/20/social-media-addiction-and-mental-health-the-growing-concern-for-youth-well-being/ (Erişim tarihi: 18 Mart 2025)
  • Svensson, R., Johnson, B., & Olsson, A. (2022) . Does gender matter? The association between different digital media activities and adolescent well-being. BMC Public Health, 22, 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12670-7
  • Tifferet, S., & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2018). Self-presentation in LinkedIn portraits: Common features, gender, and occupational differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 33-48.
  • Topal, M., Küçük-Avcı, Ş., & İstanbullu, A. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problemli sosyal medya kullanımının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim, 53(244), 2013-2044.
  • Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Media use is linked to lower psychological well-being: Evidence from three datasets. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 311-331.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması, 2024. https://data.tuik.-gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53492 (Erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2025)
  • Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020). Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: Evidence from three large datasets. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 91-102.
  • Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274-302.
  • Viner, R. M., Gireesh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L. D., Goddings, A. L., Ward, J. L., & Nicholls, D. E. (2019) . Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(10), 685-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)-30186-5
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Media Studies, Sociology of Gender, Youth Sociology , Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Uygurtaş 0000-0001-6479-4194

Nazlı Akdemir 0009-0003-3425-5263

Early Pub Date August 4, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date April 29, 2025
Acceptance Date August 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Uygurtaş, M., & Akdemir, N. (2025). The Mediating Role of Social Media Usage in Mental Well-Being: A Gender Perspective. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 22(4), 821-832. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1686931
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