Research Article
Effect of Body Composition and Hamstring Flexibility on Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability in Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
Abstract
The kinetic chain refers to the coordination of segments of the body for holistic movement; its assessment and enhancement have the potential to improve sports performance and reduce the risk of injury. This study aims to explore the relationship between body composition, hamstring flexibility, and closed kinetic chain lower extremity stability. A total of 92 young adults who were uninjured and exhibited a moderate level of physical activity were the subjects of a series of tests designed to ascertain their body composition using bioimpedance analysis, hamstring flexibility using the sit-and-reach test, and lower extremity kinetic chain function using the closed kinetic chain lower extremity stability test (CKCLEST). An analysis revealed no discernible relationship between the CKCLEST test score and body composition measurements or sit-and-reach test scores, with a statistical significance level of p<0.05. It is important to recognise that factors such as body composition and flexibility may not directly influence CKCLEST results. The findings of this study are anticipated to facilitate a more efficacious utilisation of CKCLEST in clinical practice and a more profound comprehension of its potential benefits.
Keywords
References
- 1. Grimby G, Börjesson M, Jonsdottir I, Schnohr P, Thelle D, Saltin B. The “Saltin–Grimby physical activity level scale” and its application to health research. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:119-25.
- 2. Lepinet U, Tanniou J, Communier EC, Créach V, Beaumont M. Impact of anthropometric data and physical activity level on the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) score: A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther Sport. 2023;64:91-6.
- 3. Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(5):1226-43.
- 4. Kyle UG, Morabia A, Schutz Y, Pichard C. Sedentarism affects body fat mass index and fat-free mass index in adults aged 18 to 98 years. Nutrition. 2004;20(3):255-60.
- 5. Kim S-E, Hong J, Cha J-Y, Park J-M, Eun D, Yoo J, et al. Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass is associated with isokinetic muscle strength and balance in healthy collegiate men. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(21):2114-20.
- 6. Xiao J, Purcell S, Prado C, Gonzalez M. Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio reference values from NHANES III using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6):2284-7.
- 7. Douketis JD, Paradis G, Keller H, Martineau C. Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults: application in clinical practice to screen for overweight and obesity and to assess disease risk. CMAJ. 2005;172(8):995-8.
- 8. Zanevskyy I, Zanevska L. Evaluation in the sit-and-reach flexibility test. J Test Eval. 2017;45(2):346-55.
- 9. Szulc P, Bartkowiak P, Boch-Kmieciak J, Lewandowski J, Owczarkowska E. The eurofi t sit and reach suppleness test competence of ballet school students. Trends Sport Sci. 2013;2(20):101-6.
- 10. Arikan H, Maras G, Akaras E, Citaker S, Kafa N. Development, reliability and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST): a new clinical performance test. Res Sports Med. 2022;30(5):475-90.
- 11. Katzmarzyk PT, Malina RM, Song T, Bouchard C. Physical activity and health-related fitness in youth: a multivariate analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):709-14.
- 12. Grier TL, Canham-Chervak M, Bushman TT, Anderson MK, North WJ, Jones BH. Evaluating injury risk and gender performance on health-and skill-related fitness assessments. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(4):971-80.
- 13. Jones BH, Hauret KG, Dye SK, Hauschild VD, Rossi SP, Richardson MD, et al. Impact of physical fitness and body composition on injury risk among active young adults: a study of Army trainees. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:S17-S22.
- 14. Lisman PJ, de la Motte SJ, Gribbin TC, Jaffin DP, Murphy K, Deuster PA. A systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 1—cardiorespiratory endurance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(6):1744-57.
- 15. de la Motte SJ, Gribbin TC, Lisman P, Murphy K, Deuster PA. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: Part 2—Muscular endurance and muscular strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(11):3218-34.
- 16. de la Motte SJ, Lisman P, Gribbin TC, Murphy K, Deuster PA. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 3—flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(6):1723-35.
- 17. Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in healthy male recreational athletes. PeerJ. 2023;11:e14877.
- 18. Dwyer MK, Boudreau SN, Mattacola CG, Uhl TL, Lattermann C. Comparison of lower extremity kinematics and hip muscle activation during rehabilitation tasks between sexes. J Athl Train. 2010;45(2):181-90.
- 19. Nguyen A-D, Shultz SJ. Sex differences in clinical measures of lower extremity alignment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(7):389-98.
- 20. Welch ES, Watson MD, Davies GJ, Riemann BL. Biomechanical analysis of the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test in healthy young adults. Phys Ther Sport. 2020;45:120-5.
- 21. Ferreira BAdS, Benetti FA, Luna NMS, Brech GC, Bocalini DS, Maifrino LBM, et al. Anthropometric factors and body composition and their relationship with dynamic balance tests. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2020;26:401-5.
- 22. Blackburn JR, Morrissey MC. The relationship between open and closed kinetic chain strength of the lower limb and jumping performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(6):430-5.
- 23. Alotaibi MM, Alqahtani MM, Almutairi MK, Singh H, Ithurburn MP, Lein Jr Jr DH. Fat-free mass mediates the association between body mass and jump height in healthy young adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2024.
- 24. Moore B, Bemben D, Lein D, Bemben M, Singh H. Fat mass is negatively associated with muscle strength and jump test performance. J Frailty Aging. 2020;9:214-8.
- 25. Massini DA, Macedo AG, Almeida TA, Espada MC, Santos FJ, Castro EA, et al. Single-and Multi-Joint Maximum Weight Lifting Relationship to Free-Fat Mass in Different Exercises for Upper-and Lower-Limbs in Well-Trained Male Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4020.
- 26. Montgomery MM, Tritsch AJ, Cone JR, Schmitz RJ, Henson RA, Shultz SJ. The influence of lower extremity lean mass on landing biomechanics during prolonged exercise. J Athl Train. 2017;52(8):738-46.
- 27. Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Role of kinetic chain in sports performance and injury risk: a narrative review. J Med Life. 2023;16(11):1591.
- 28. Levin S, de Solórzano SL, Scarr G. The significance of closed kinematic chains to biological movement and dynamic stability. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(3):664-72.
- 29. Cleather DJ, Southgate DF, Bull AM. The role of the biarticular hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles in closed chain lower limb extension. Journal of theoretical biology. 2015;365:217-25.
- 30. Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Pérez-Soriano P, Catalá-Vilaplana I, Rizo-Albero J, Sanchis-Sanchis R. Effect of hamstring tightness and fatigue on dynamic stability and agility in physically active young men. Sensors. 2023;23(3):1633.
- 31. Mitchell B, Bressel E, McNair PJ, Bressel ME. Effect of pelvic, hip, and knee position on ankle joint range of motion. Phys Ther Sport. 2008;9(4):202-8.
Genç Erişkinlerde Vücut Kompozisyonu ve Hamstring Esnekliğinin Kapalı Kinetik Zincir Alt Ekstremite Stabilitesi Üzerine Etkisi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Abstract
Kinetik zincir, bütünsel hareketler için vücut segmentlerinin koordinasyonunu ifade eder; değerlendirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi spor performansını iyileştirme ve yaralanma riskini azaltma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışma, vücut kompozisyonu, hamstring esnekliği ve kapalı kinetik zincir alt ekstremite stabilitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yaralanmamış ve orta düzeyde fiziksel aktivite düzeyine sahip toplam 92 genç yetişkine, vücut kompozisyonlarını değerlendirmek için biyoimpedans analizi, hamstring esnekliğini değerlendirmek için otur-eriş testi ve alt ekstremite kinetik zincir fonksiyonunu belirlemek için kapalı kinetik zincir alt ekstremite stabilite testi (CKCLEST) uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, p<0,05 istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi ile, CKCLEST test puanıyla vücut kompozisyonu ölçümleri veya otur-eriş test skorları arasında önemli bir ilişki olmadığı görülmüştür. Vücut kompozisyonu ve esneklik gibi faktörlerin, CKCLEST sonuçlarını doğrudan etkilemeyebileceğinin akılda tutulması önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının, CKCLEST'in klinik uygulamada daha etkili bir şekilde kullanılması ve potansiyel faydalarının daha derinlemesine anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırması beklenmektedir.
Keywords
References
- 1. Grimby G, Börjesson M, Jonsdottir I, Schnohr P, Thelle D, Saltin B. The “Saltin–Grimby physical activity level scale” and its application to health research. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:119-25.
- 2. Lepinet U, Tanniou J, Communier EC, Créach V, Beaumont M. Impact of anthropometric data and physical activity level on the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) score: A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther Sport. 2023;64:91-6.
- 3. Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(5):1226-43.
- 4. Kyle UG, Morabia A, Schutz Y, Pichard C. Sedentarism affects body fat mass index and fat-free mass index in adults aged 18 to 98 years. Nutrition. 2004;20(3):255-60.
- 5. Kim S-E, Hong J, Cha J-Y, Park J-M, Eun D, Yoo J, et al. Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass is associated with isokinetic muscle strength and balance in healthy collegiate men. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(21):2114-20.
- 6. Xiao J, Purcell S, Prado C, Gonzalez M. Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio reference values from NHANES III using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6):2284-7.
- 7. Douketis JD, Paradis G, Keller H, Martineau C. Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults: application in clinical practice to screen for overweight and obesity and to assess disease risk. CMAJ. 2005;172(8):995-8.
- 8. Zanevskyy I, Zanevska L. Evaluation in the sit-and-reach flexibility test. J Test Eval. 2017;45(2):346-55.
- 9. Szulc P, Bartkowiak P, Boch-Kmieciak J, Lewandowski J, Owczarkowska E. The eurofi t sit and reach suppleness test competence of ballet school students. Trends Sport Sci. 2013;2(20):101-6.
- 10. Arikan H, Maras G, Akaras E, Citaker S, Kafa N. Development, reliability and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST): a new clinical performance test. Res Sports Med. 2022;30(5):475-90.
- 11. Katzmarzyk PT, Malina RM, Song T, Bouchard C. Physical activity and health-related fitness in youth: a multivariate analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):709-14.
- 12. Grier TL, Canham-Chervak M, Bushman TT, Anderson MK, North WJ, Jones BH. Evaluating injury risk and gender performance on health-and skill-related fitness assessments. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(4):971-80.
- 13. Jones BH, Hauret KG, Dye SK, Hauschild VD, Rossi SP, Richardson MD, et al. Impact of physical fitness and body composition on injury risk among active young adults: a study of Army trainees. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:S17-S22.
- 14. Lisman PJ, de la Motte SJ, Gribbin TC, Jaffin DP, Murphy K, Deuster PA. A systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 1—cardiorespiratory endurance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(6):1744-57.
- 15. de la Motte SJ, Gribbin TC, Lisman P, Murphy K, Deuster PA. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: Part 2—Muscular endurance and muscular strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(11):3218-34.
- 16. de la Motte SJ, Lisman P, Gribbin TC, Murphy K, Deuster PA. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 3—flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(6):1723-35.
- 17. Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in healthy male recreational athletes. PeerJ. 2023;11:e14877.
- 18. Dwyer MK, Boudreau SN, Mattacola CG, Uhl TL, Lattermann C. Comparison of lower extremity kinematics and hip muscle activation during rehabilitation tasks between sexes. J Athl Train. 2010;45(2):181-90.
- 19. Nguyen A-D, Shultz SJ. Sex differences in clinical measures of lower extremity alignment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(7):389-98.
- 20. Welch ES, Watson MD, Davies GJ, Riemann BL. Biomechanical analysis of the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test in healthy young adults. Phys Ther Sport. 2020;45:120-5.
- 21. Ferreira BAdS, Benetti FA, Luna NMS, Brech GC, Bocalini DS, Maifrino LBM, et al. Anthropometric factors and body composition and their relationship with dynamic balance tests. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2020;26:401-5.
- 22. Blackburn JR, Morrissey MC. The relationship between open and closed kinetic chain strength of the lower limb and jumping performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(6):430-5.
- 23. Alotaibi MM, Alqahtani MM, Almutairi MK, Singh H, Ithurburn MP, Lein Jr Jr DH. Fat-free mass mediates the association between body mass and jump height in healthy young adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2024.
- 24. Moore B, Bemben D, Lein D, Bemben M, Singh H. Fat mass is negatively associated with muscle strength and jump test performance. J Frailty Aging. 2020;9:214-8.
- 25. Massini DA, Macedo AG, Almeida TA, Espada MC, Santos FJ, Castro EA, et al. Single-and Multi-Joint Maximum Weight Lifting Relationship to Free-Fat Mass in Different Exercises for Upper-and Lower-Limbs in Well-Trained Male Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4020.
- 26. Montgomery MM, Tritsch AJ, Cone JR, Schmitz RJ, Henson RA, Shultz SJ. The influence of lower extremity lean mass on landing biomechanics during prolonged exercise. J Athl Train. 2017;52(8):738-46.
- 27. Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Role of kinetic chain in sports performance and injury risk: a narrative review. J Med Life. 2023;16(11):1591.
- 28. Levin S, de Solórzano SL, Scarr G. The significance of closed kinematic chains to biological movement and dynamic stability. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21(3):664-72.
- 29. Cleather DJ, Southgate DF, Bull AM. The role of the biarticular hamstrings and gastrocnemius muscles in closed chain lower limb extension. Journal of theoretical biology. 2015;365:217-25.
- 30. Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Pérez-Soriano P, Catalá-Vilaplana I, Rizo-Albero J, Sanchis-Sanchis R. Effect of hamstring tightness and fatigue on dynamic stability and agility in physically active young men. Sensors. 2023;23(3):1633.
- 31. Mitchell B, Bressel E, McNair PJ, Bressel ME. Effect of pelvic, hip, and knee position on ankle joint range of motion. Phys Ther Sport. 2008;9(4):202-8.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| Journal Section | ORİJİNAL MAKALE |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 2, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 7, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | April 9, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 47 Issue: 3 |