Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Interventions for Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Emre Dönmez; Halime Şenay Güzel

doi:10.18863/pgy.1561033

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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Interventions for Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 773 - 787

Emre Dönmez , Halime Şenay Güzel

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1561033

Abstract

This study aims to review evidence-based treatment approaches with cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral dimensions for the treatment of specific phobia in childhood and adolescence. The databases Google Scholar, PubMed Central, Scopus and Web of Science were searched using the terms "treatment", "adolescent", "child", "children", "phobia”. Articles containing at least two of the relevant terms in their titles were selected, and after applying the exclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were included in the review. One-Session Treatment (OST), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) are the treatment methods examined in this study. According to the results of the study in which cognitive-behavioral and behavioral techniques were used, it was observed that all three of OST, CBT and EMDR were significantly effective, and OST played the dominant role when the ease of use and advantages were taken into consideration. In this study, it was observed that in-vivo exposures were used and virtual-reality exposures did not occupy a large place.

Keywords

child adolescent, specific phobia, One Session Treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing

References

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Antony MM, Stein MB (2009) Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Antony MM, Swinson RP (2000) Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A Guide to Assessment and Treatment. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
Arkar H (2020) Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Bozuklukları ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapiler (DSM-5 Odaklı). Ankara, Nobel Yayınevi.
Azimisefat P, de Jongh A, Rajabi S, Kanske P, Jamshidi F (2022) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on symptoms of acrophobia and anxiety sensitivity in adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol, 13:919148.
Bal U, Çakmak S, Uğuz Ş (2013) Anksiyete bozukluklarında cinsiyete göre semptom farklılıkları. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22:441-459.
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Berge KG, Agdal ML, Vika M, Skeie MS (2017) Treatment of intra-oral injection phobia: a randomized delayed intervention controlled trial among norwegian 10- to 16-year-olds. Acta Odontol Scand, 75:294-301.
Bilaç Ö, Ercan ES, Uysal T, Aydın C (2014) İlköğretim öğrencilerinde anksiyete ve duygudurum bozuklukları yaygınlığı ve sosyodemografik özellikler. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 25:171-180.
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Burstein M, Georgiades K, He JP, Schmitz A, Feig E, Khazanov GK et al. (2012) Specific phobia among u.s. adolescents: phenomenology and typology. Depress Anxiety, 29:1072-1082.
Chapman LK, DeLapp RC (2014) Nine session treatment of a blood–injection–injury phobia with manualized cognitive behavioral therapy: an adult case example. Clin Case Stud, 13:299-312.
Cuijpers P, Veen SCV, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA (2020) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther, 49:165-180.
Çeri V, Özer Ü, Layık ME, Ay İz FB (2018) Bir çocuk psikiyatri ayaktan tedavi ünitesine başvuran çocuk ve ergenlerde gözlenen psikiyatrik bozuklukların değerlendirilmesi. Van Tıp Dergisi, 25:520-526.
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Davis III TE, Reuther ET, Rudy BM (2013) One-session treatment of a specific phobia of swallowing pills: a case study. Clin Case Stud, 12:399–410.
Demir M, Köskün T (2023) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of specific phobias: a systematic review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 15:562-576.
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Faretta E, Dal Farra M (2019) Efficacy of emdr therapy for anxiety disorders. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13:325-332.
Farrell LJ, Kershaw H, Ollendick T (2018) Play-modified one-session treatment for young children with a specific phobia of dogs: a multiple baseline case series. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 49:317-329.
Farrell LJ, Miyamoto T, Donovan CL, Waters AM, Krisch KA, Ollendick TH (2021) Virtual reality one-session treatment of child-specific phobia of dogs: a controlled, multiple baseline case series. Behav Ther, 52:478-491.
Fernandez E, Salem D, Swift JK, Ramtahal N (2015) Meta-analysis of dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy: magnitude, timing, and moderators. J Consult Clin Psychol, 83:1108–1122.
Göker Z, Güney E, Dinç G, Hekim Ö, Üneri ÖŞ (2015) Çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete ile ilişkili bozuklukların klinik ve demografik özellikleri: bir yıllık kesitsel bir örneklem. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18:7-14.
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Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Görülen Özgül Fobi için Kullanılan Üç Müdahalenin Etkililiğinin Karşılaştırılması: Sistematik Gözden Geçirme

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 773 - 787

Emre Dönmez , Halime Şenay Güzel

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1561033

Abstract

Bu araştırma çocukluk ve ergenlik çağında görülen özgül fobinin tedavisine yönelik bilişsel, davranışsal ve bilişsel davranışsal boyutlara sahip kanıta dayalı tedavi yaklaşımlarının gözden geçirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Google Scholar, PubMed Central, Scopus ve Web of Science veri tabanlarında “treatment”, “adolescent”, “child”, “children”, “phobia” terimleri kullanılarak arama yapılmıştır. İlgili terimlerin en az ikisini başlığında barındıran makaleler seçilmiş ve dışlama kriterlerinin uygulanmasının ardından toplam 14 makale gözden geçirmeye dahil edilmiştir. Tek Seanslık Tedavi (One-Session Treatment [OST]), Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi (BDT) ve Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR]) bu çalışmada incelenen tedavi yöntemleridir. Bilişsel davranışçı ve davranışçı tekniklerin kullanıldığı araştırma sonuçlarına göre; OST, BDT ve EMDR’nin her üçünün de anlamlı düzeyde etkili olduğu, kullanım kolaylıkları ve avantajlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda başat rolün OST tarafından üstlenildiği gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada bahsi geçen tedavi yöntemlerinde gerçek hayatta (in vivo) maruz bırakmaların kullanıldığı ve sanal gerçeklik uygulamalarının ise geniş bir yer kaplamadığı görülmüştür.

Keywords

çocuk ergen, özgül fobi, Tek Seanslık Tedavi, Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi, Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme

References

Abene MV, Hamilton JD (1998) Resolution of fear of flying with fluoxetine treatment. J Anxiety Disord, 12:599-603.
Alvarez-Perez Y, Rivero F, Herrero M, Vina C, Fumero A, Betancort M et al. (2021) Changes in brain activation through cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure to virtual reality: a neuroimaging study of specific phobia. J Clin Med, 10:3505-3521.
APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
Antony MM, Stein MB (2009) Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Antony MM, Swinson RP (2000) Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A Guide to Assessment and Treatment. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
Arkar H (2020) Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Bozuklukları ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapiler (DSM-5 Odaklı). Ankara, Nobel Yayınevi.
Azimisefat P, de Jongh A, Rajabi S, Kanske P, Jamshidi F (2022) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on symptoms of acrophobia and anxiety sensitivity in adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol, 13:919148.
Bal U, Çakmak S, Uğuz Ş (2013) Anksiyete bozukluklarında cinsiyete göre semptom farklılıkları. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22:441-459.
Balon R (1999) Fluvoxamine for phobia of storms. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 100:244-246.
Berge KG, Agdal ML, Vika M, Skeie MS (2017) Treatment of intra-oral injection phobia: a randomized delayed intervention controlled trial among norwegian 10- to 16-year-olds. Acta Odontol Scand, 75:294-301.
Bilaç Ö, Ercan ES, Uysal T, Aydın C (2014) İlköğretim öğrencilerinde anksiyete ve duygudurum bozuklukları yaygınlığı ve sosyodemografik özellikler. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 25:171-180.
Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, Dutra L, Westen D (2005) A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for ptsd. Am J Psychiatry, 162:214–227.
Burstein M, Georgiades K, He JP, Schmitz A, Feig E, Khazanov GK et al. (2012) Specific phobia among u.s. adolescents: phenomenology and typology. Depress Anxiety, 29:1072-1082.
Chapman LK, DeLapp RC (2014) Nine session treatment of a blood–injection–injury phobia with manualized cognitive behavioral therapy: an adult case example. Clin Case Stud, 13:299-312.
Cuijpers P, Veen SCV, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA (2020) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther, 49:165-180.
Çeri V, Özer Ü, Layık ME, Ay İz FB (2018) Bir çocuk psikiyatri ayaktan tedavi ünitesine başvuran çocuk ve ergenlerde gözlenen psikiyatrik bozuklukların değerlendirilmesi. Van Tıp Dergisi, 25:520-526.
Çıtak S (2018) Anksiyete bozukluklarında tedavi yaklaşımları: psikoterapi ve farmakoterapi. Turkiye Klinikleri Family Medicine - Special Topics , 9(3):141-149.
David D, Cristea I, Hofmann, SG (2018) Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Front Psychiatry, 9:4.
Davis III TE, Reuther ET, Rudy BM (2013) One-session treatment of a specific phobia of swallowing pills: a case study. Clin Case Stud, 12:399–410.
Demir M, Köskün T (2023) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of specific phobias: a systematic review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 15:562-576.
Dewis LM, Kirkby KC, Martin F, Daniels BA, Gilroy LJ, Menzies RG (2001) Computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live graded exposure for spider phobia in children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 32:17-27.
Engel GL (1978) Psychological stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death. Ann Intern Med, 89:403-412.
Faretta E, Dal Farra M (2019) Efficacy of emdr therapy for anxiety disorders. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13:325-332.
Farrell LJ, Kershaw H, Ollendick T (2018) Play-modified one-session treatment for young children with a specific phobia of dogs: a multiple baseline case series. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 49:317-329.
Farrell LJ, Miyamoto T, Donovan CL, Waters AM, Krisch KA, Ollendick TH (2021) Virtual reality one-session treatment of child-specific phobia of dogs: a controlled, multiple baseline case series. Behav Ther, 52:478-491.
Fernandez E, Salem D, Swift JK, Ramtahal N (2015) Meta-analysis of dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy: magnitude, timing, and moderators. J Consult Clin Psychol, 83:1108–1122.
Göker Z, Güney E, Dinç G, Hekim Ö, Üneri ÖŞ (2015) Çocuk ve ergenlerde anksiyete ile ilişkili bozuklukların klinik ve demografik özellikleri: bir yıllık kesitsel bir örneklem. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18:7-14.
Görmez V, Örengül AC, Baljinyam S, Aliyeva N (2017) Çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda tanı dağılımı ve demografik özellikler. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7:41-46.
Gupta AE (2021) The efficacy of EMDR versus TF-CBT for the treatment of PTSD (Doktora tezi). Los Angeles, South Calfironia University.
Hayward E, Solaiman K, Bee P, Barr A, Edwards H, Lomas J et al. (2022) One-session treatment for specific phobias: barriers, facilitators and acceptability as perceived by children & young people, parents, and clinicians. PloS One, 17:e0274424.
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Primary Language	English
Subjects	Psychopathology, Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy Practise and Research, Child and Adolescent Development
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Emre Dönmez 0009-0007-7005-7247 Halime Şenay Güzel 0000-0002-5345-6947
Publication Date
Submission Date	October 3, 2024
Acceptance Date	March 14, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 4

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AMA	Dönmez E, Güzel HŞ. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Interventions for Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 17(4):773-787. doi:10.18863/pgy.1561033

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