Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Social Comparison in the Effect of Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitudes on Life Satisfaction

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 29 - 46, 24.06.2025

Okan Yılmaz , Tolga Seki

https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1619474

Abstract

The aim of the study is to examine the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and social comparison in the effect of perceived helicopter parenting attitudes on life satisfaction. The study was conducted in accordance with the relational survey model. The study group consisted of 453 young adult participants between the ages of 18-30 in Türkiye. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling were used to analyze the data. According to the research findings, the direct effect of helicopter mother attitude on life satisfaction was found to be insignificant, but the indirect effect was found to be significant. Helicopter mother attitude was positively related to social comparison and negatively related to cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction. In addition, social comparison had a negative effect on life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility had a positive effect on life satisfaction. Although the direct effect of helicopter father attitude on life satisfaction was found to be insignificant, its indirect effect was found to be significant. Helicopter father attitude had a positive effect on social comparison and a negative effect on cognitive flexibility. Social comparison had a negative effect on life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility had a positive effect on life satisfaction. Research findings indicate that a helicopter parenting style indirectly influences individuals' life satisfaction via cognitive flexibility and social comparison.

Keywords

Cognitive flexibility Helicopter parent Parental attitudes Satisfaction with life Social comparison

References

  • Altunkol, F. (2011). Investigation of the relationship between university students' cognitive flexibility and perceived stress levels [Master's thesis, Çukurova University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Anderson, C. M., Martin, M. M., & Riddle, B. L. (2001). Attitudes, style, and socialization: Predictors of commitment and satisfaction in workgroups. Communication Research Reports, 18(3), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090109384804
  • Asıcı, E., & İkiz, F. (2015). A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(35), 191-211. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/maeuefd/issue/19408/206375
  • Atayeter, B. (2020). The relationship between parents' cognitive flexibility and perfectionism levels and temperament characteristics of preschool children [Master's thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316911110
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2011). Dependency, self-criticism and negative affective responses following imaginary rejection and failure threats: Meaning-making processes as moderators or mediators. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 74, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.31
  • Buunk, B. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007
  • Büyükmumcu, S., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2020). Predictiveness of dysfunctional attitudes, perceived parental attitudes and social comparison orientation on university students’ body image. Life Skills Journal of Psychology, 4(7), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.671414
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203807644
  • Can, A. (2023). Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS. Pegem Academy.
  • Cline, F. W., & Fay, J. (1990). Parenting with love and logic: Teaching children responsibility. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=YJbqDwAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: The study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.75955
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2199216
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED323168
  • Ganaprakasam, C., Davaidass, K. S., & Muniandy, S. C. (2018). Helicopter parenting and psychological consequences among adolescents. International Journal of Scientific Research, 8(6), 378-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7849
  • Gençdoğan, B., & Gülbahçe, A. (2021). Helicopter parent attitude perceived as a predictor of psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(1), 66-98. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2111894
  • Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129
  • Gilbert, P., Price, J., & Allan, S. (1995). Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related? New Ideas in Psychology, 13(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X
  • Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
  • Güven, E. D. (2008). Investigation of adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs in the context of identity, social comparison tendency and demographic variables within the scope of apprenticeship training in a ready-to-wear clothing business [Master's thesis, Pamukkale University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Hasan Musa, H. (2022). The relationship between parents' well-being compassion, psychological resilience and cognitive flexibility among their children with autism (ages 2-11) [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • İlhan, T., & Özbay, Y. (2010). The predictive role of life goals and psychological need satisfaction on subjective well-being. Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 4(34), 109-118. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200142
  • Jung, E., Hwang, W., Kim, S., Sin, H., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Park, J. H. (2020). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and student wellbeing in the United States and South Korea. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 358-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01601-7
  • Kline, R. B. (2019). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=t2CvEAAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Kouros, C. D., Papp, L. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Spillover between marital quality and parent–child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036804
  • Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults' psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent-child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3445-3455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2
  • LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does "hovering" matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
  • Luszczynska, A., Gibbons, F. X., Piko, B. F., & Teközel, M. (2004). Self-Regulatory Cognitions, Social Comparison, and Perceived Peers' Behaviors as Predictors of Nutrition and Physical Activity: A Comparison Among Adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychology & Health, 19(5), 577-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000205844
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76, 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Odacı, H., Ülken, E., & Bülbül, K. (2022). The relationship between cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction of single parent mothers: Mediating role of resilience. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(55), 305-338. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.926494
  • Okant Yaşin, Ç., & Özcan Demir, N. (2020). Y generation raised by helicopter parents: sense of belonging, life skills, selfconfidence. DEU Journal of Humanities, 7(2), 450-470. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1254031
  • Okray, Z. (2016). Helicopter parenting and pelated issues: Psychological well being, basic psychological needs and depression on university students. Current Research in Education, 2(3), 165-173. https://toad.halileksi.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/helikopter-anne-babalik-olcegi-toad.pdf
  • Özbek, T. (2022). Examining the relationship between individuals' perceived helicopter parent attitudes and psychological well-being levels [Master's thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Özteke, H. İ. (2011). Investigation of the relationship between psychological counselors' social comparison and self-consciousness levels and psychological counselor self-efficacy beliefs [Master's thesis, Selçuk University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5
  • Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier Greer, M., & Fixelle, C. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 3136-3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x
  • Rocha, C. M., & Chelladurai, P. (2012). Item parcels in structural equation modeling: An applied study in sport management. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120201.07
  • Satan, A. A. (2014). Religious beliefs and cognitive flexibility levels effect of the level of subjective well-being. 21st Century Education and Society, 3(7), 50-74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/59547
  • Schiffrin, H.H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H. et al. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students' well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
  • Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Taylor Murphy, M. (2013). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adults. Family Relations, 62(5), 599-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x
  • Seki, T., Haktanir, A., & Şimşir Gökalp, Z. (2023). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between helicopter parenting and several indicators of mental health among emerging adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 1394-1407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.23009
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Free Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=CM9tBAAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2000-13324-001
  • Stiles, B. L., & Kaplan, H. B. (2004). Adverse social comparison processes and negative self-feelings: A test of alternative models. Social Behaviour and Personality, 32(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.1.31
  • Taş, İ. (2011). Examination of teachers' meaning of life, life satisfaction, social comparison and internal-external control focus in terms of various variables [Master's thesis, Sakarya University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Teközel, M. (2000). An investigation of the need for positive self-evaluation in social comparison processes [Unpublished master's thesis, Ege University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). Structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 543-604. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683
  • Yam, F. C., & Kumcağız, H. (2021). Helicopter mother attitudes: Their predictive role in university students' life satisfaction and psychological well-being. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 1946-1967. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.784171
  • Yaşar Ekici, F., & Balcı, S. (2019). Examination of the cognitive flexibility and emotional reactivity levels of preschool teacher candidates. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 9(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2019.310
  • Yılmaz, H., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2019). Consequences of helicopter parenting attitudes in terms of positive psychology concepts. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 707-744. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/48897/623279
  • Zong, J., Cao, X. Y., Cao, Y., Shi, Y. F., Wang, Y. N., & Yan, C. (2010). Coping flexibility in college students with depressive symptoms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(66), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-66

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 29 - 46, 24.06.2025

Okan Yılmaz , Tolga Seki

https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1619474

Abstract

References

  • Altunkol, F. (2011). Investigation of the relationship between university students' cognitive flexibility and perceived stress levels [Master's thesis, Çukurova University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Anderson, C. M., Martin, M. M., & Riddle, B. L. (2001). Attitudes, style, and socialization: Predictors of commitment and satisfaction in workgroups. Communication Research Reports, 18(3), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090109384804
  • Asıcı, E., & İkiz, F. (2015). A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, 1(35), 191-211. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/maeuefd/issue/19408/206375
  • Atayeter, B. (2020). The relationship between parents' cognitive flexibility and perfectionism levels and temperament characteristics of preschool children [Master's thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316911110
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2011). Dependency, self-criticism and negative affective responses following imaginary rejection and failure threats: Meaning-making processes as moderators or mediators. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 74, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.31
  • Buunk, B. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007
  • Büyükmumcu, S., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2020). Predictiveness of dysfunctional attitudes, perceived parental attitudes and social comparison orientation on university students’ body image. Life Skills Journal of Psychology, 4(7), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.671414
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203807644
  • Can, A. (2023). Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS. Pegem Academy.
  • Cline, F. W., & Fay, J. (1990). Parenting with love and logic: Teaching children responsibility. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=YJbqDwAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: The study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.75955
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2199216
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED323168
  • Ganaprakasam, C., Davaidass, K. S., & Muniandy, S. C. (2018). Helicopter parenting and psychological consequences among adolescents. International Journal of Scientific Research, 8(6), 378-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7849
  • Gençdoğan, B., & Gülbahçe, A. (2021). Helicopter parent attitude perceived as a predictor of psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(1), 66-98. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2111894
  • Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129
  • Gilbert, P., Price, J., & Allan, S. (1995). Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related? New Ideas in Psychology, 13(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X
  • Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
  • Güven, E. D. (2008). Investigation of adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs in the context of identity, social comparison tendency and demographic variables within the scope of apprenticeship training in a ready-to-wear clothing business [Master's thesis, Pamukkale University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Hasan Musa, H. (2022). The relationship between parents' well-being compassion, psychological resilience and cognitive flexibility among their children with autism (ages 2-11) [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • İlhan, T., & Özbay, Y. (2010). The predictive role of life goals and psychological need satisfaction on subjective well-being. Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 4(34), 109-118. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200142
  • Jung, E., Hwang, W., Kim, S., Sin, H., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Park, J. H. (2020). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and student wellbeing in the United States and South Korea. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 358-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01601-7
  • Kline, R. B. (2019). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=t2CvEAAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Kouros, C. D., Papp, L. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Spillover between marital quality and parent–child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036804
  • Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults' psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent-child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3445-3455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2
  • LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does "hovering" matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
  • Luszczynska, A., Gibbons, F. X., Piko, B. F., & Teközel, M. (2004). Self-Regulatory Cognitions, Social Comparison, and Perceived Peers' Behaviors as Predictors of Nutrition and Physical Activity: A Comparison Among Adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychology & Health, 19(5), 577-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000205844
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76, 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Odacı, H., Ülken, E., & Bülbül, K. (2022). The relationship between cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction of single parent mothers: Mediating role of resilience. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(55), 305-338. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.926494
  • Okant Yaşin, Ç., & Özcan Demir, N. (2020). Y generation raised by helicopter parents: sense of belonging, life skills, selfconfidence. DEU Journal of Humanities, 7(2), 450-470. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1254031
  • Okray, Z. (2016). Helicopter parenting and pelated issues: Psychological well being, basic psychological needs and depression on university students. Current Research in Education, 2(3), 165-173. https://toad.halileksi.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/helikopter-anne-babalik-olcegi-toad.pdf
  • Özbek, T. (2022). Examining the relationship between individuals' perceived helicopter parent attitudes and psychological well-being levels [Master's thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Özteke, H. İ. (2011). Investigation of the relationship between psychological counselors' social comparison and self-consciousness levels and psychological counselor self-efficacy beliefs [Master's thesis, Selçuk University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5
  • Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier Greer, M., & Fixelle, C. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 3136-3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x
  • Rocha, C. M., & Chelladurai, P. (2012). Item parcels in structural equation modeling: An applied study in sport management. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120201.07
  • Satan, A. A. (2014). Religious beliefs and cognitive flexibility levels effect of the level of subjective well-being. 21st Century Education and Society, 3(7), 50-74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/59547
  • Schiffrin, H.H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H. et al. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students' well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
  • Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Taylor Murphy, M. (2013). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adults. Family Relations, 62(5), 599-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x
  • Seki, T., Haktanir, A., & Şimşir Gökalp, Z. (2023). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between helicopter parenting and several indicators of mental health among emerging adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 1394-1407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.23009
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Free Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=CM9tBAAAQBAJ&hl=tr
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2000-13324-001
  • Stiles, B. L., & Kaplan, H. B. (2004). Adverse social comparison processes and negative self-feelings: A test of alternative models. Social Behaviour and Personality, 32(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.1.31
  • Taş, İ. (2011). Examination of teachers' meaning of life, life satisfaction, social comparison and internal-external control focus in terms of various variables [Master's thesis, Sakarya University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Teközel, M. (2000). An investigation of the need for positive self-evaluation in social comparison processes [Unpublished master's thesis, Ege University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tarama.jsp
  • Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). Structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 543-604. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683
  • Yam, F. C., & Kumcağız, H. (2021). Helicopter mother attitudes: Their predictive role in university students' life satisfaction and psychological well-being. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 1946-1967. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.784171
  • Yaşar Ekici, F., & Balcı, S. (2019). Examination of the cognitive flexibility and emotional reactivity levels of preschool teacher candidates. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 9(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2019.310
  • Yılmaz, H., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2019). Consequences of helicopter parenting attitudes in terms of positive psychology concepts. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 707-744. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/48897/623279
  • Zong, J., Cao, X. Y., Cao, Y., Shi, Y. F., Wang, Y. N., & Yan, C. (2010). Coping flexibility in college students with depressive symptoms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(66), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-66
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Okan Yılmaz 0000-0002-5213-9042

Tolga Seki 0000-0001-5594-0786

Early Pub Date June 24, 2025
Publication Date June 24, 2025
Submission Date January 14, 2025
Acceptance Date May 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz, O., & Seki, T. (2025). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Social Comparison in the Effect of Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitudes on Life Satisfaction. Research on Education and Psychology, 9(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1619474
 Download Cover Image

17908

All the articles published in REP are licensed with "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License"