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Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 244 - 259, 24.06.2025

Fadim Büşra Keleş , Şahin Kesici , Mehmet Ak

Abstract

References

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  • Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2<243::AID-JCLP9>3.0.CO;2-X
  • Bramwell, K., & Richardson, T. (2018). Improvements in depression and mental health after acceptance and commitment therapy are related to changes in defusion and values-based action. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 48, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-017-9367-6
  • Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1057
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT, and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 26(1–2), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J075v26n01_02
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
  • Ciarrochi, J., & Bailey, A. (2008). A CBT practitioner’s guide to ACT: How to bridge the gap between cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger.
  • Coyne, L. W., McHugh, L., & Martinez, E. R. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): Advances and applications with children, adolescents, and families. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(2), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.010
  • da Silva Ferreira, T. A., Simões, A. S., Ferreira, A. R., & dos Santos, B. O. S. (2019). What are values in clinical behavior analysis? Perspectives on Behavior Science, 43(1), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00219-w
  • Dahl, J., Lundgren, T., Plumb, J., & Stewart, I. (2009). The art and science of valuing in psychotherapy: Helping clients discover, explore, and commit to valued action using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Dilmaç, B., & Bakırcıoğlu, A. (2019). The predicted correlation among values of married individuals, marital adjustment and communication skills. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Ereğli Faculty of Education, 1(2), 110–122.
  • Evans, W. R., Walser, R. D., Drescher, K. D., & Farnsworth, J. K. (2020). The moral injury workbook: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy skills for moving beyond shame, anger, and trauma to reclaim your values. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Farach, F. J., Mennin, D. S., Smith, R. L., & Mandelbaum, M. (2008). The impact of pretrauma analogue GAD and posttraumatic emotional reactivity following exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks: A longitudinal study. Behavior Therapy, 39(3), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.004
  • Feliu-Soler, A., Montesinos, F., Gutiérrez, O., Scott, W., McCracken, L., & Luciano, J. V. (2018). Current status of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: A narrative review. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 2145–2159. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S144631
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Henson, A., Grumet, R., Poolokasingham, G., Foa, C., Comeau, T., & Prendergast, C. (2016). Challenge, focus, inspiration and support: Processes of values clarification and congruence. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.02.001
  • Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification, 31(6), 772–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507302202
  • García Pérez, L., & Valdivia Salas, S. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Psicología Conductual, 26, 379–392.
  • Gloster, A. T., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2017). Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: Evidence from a representative sample. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.003
  • Graham, C. D., Gouick, J., Krahé, C., & Gillanders, D. (2016). A systematic review of the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in chronic disease and long-term conditions. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.009
  • Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with Borderline Personality Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002
  • Griffiths, C., Williamson, H., Zucchelli, F., Paraskeva, N., & Moss, T. (2018). A systematic review of the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for body image dissatisfaction and weight self-stigma in adults. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 48, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-018-9384-0
  • Hann, K. E. J., & McCracken, L. M. (2014). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adults with chronic pain: Outcome domains, design quality, and efficacy. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.10.001
  • Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Harris, R. (2008). The Happiness Trap. Trumpeter.
  • Harris, R. (2011). The Confidence Gap: A Guide to Overcoming Fear and Self-Doubt. Trumpeter.
  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory, and the third wave of behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
  • Hayes, S. C. (2012). Humanistic psychology and contextual behavioral perspectives. Psychotherapy, 49(4), 455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027396
  • Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the emergence of contextual behavioral science. International Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 55, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.006
  • Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
  • Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind and into your life: The new acceptance and commitment therapy (A new harbinger self-help workbook). New Harbinger Publications.
  • Hayes, S. C., & Strosahl, K. D. (Eds.). (2005). A practical guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Springer-Verlag.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. The Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Bunting, K., Twohig, M., & Wilson, K. G. (2005). What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? In S. C. Hayes & K. D. Strosahl (Eds.), A practical guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (pp. 3–30). Springer Publishing.
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Document Analysis from the Perspective of ACT: Values Prominent in Tolstoy’s What Men Live By

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 244 - 259, 24.06.2025

Fadim Büşra Keleş , Şahin Kesici , Mehmet Ak

Abstract

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is characterised by its focus on contextual change. This therapeutic approach places the clarification of individual values and the pursuit of a life aligned with these values at the core of the therapeutic process, emphasising elements such as acceptance, mindfulness, values, spirituality, and relationships. In this respect, ACT distinguishes itself from other third-wave therapy approaches. Although numerous studies in the literature support the effectiveness of ACT, it is noteworthy that research specifically addressing “values,” one of the fundamental components of psychological flexibility, and the pursuit of value-consistent living remains limited. This study examines the values embraced by the characters in Tolstoy’s “What Men Live By” and the deliberate actions they take in accordance with these values. Despite various adversities, it is observed that each individual in the family holds certain values and strives to live in accordance with them. The findings align with the existing literature. The analysis of such literary works is thought to reveal the intersections between literature and psychology, offering readers insights into values and how to live in accordance with them.

Keywords

Psychological flexibility Values What Men Live By Tolstoy

References

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  • Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2<243::AID-JCLP9>3.0.CO;2-X
  • Bramwell, K., & Richardson, T. (2018). Improvements in depression and mental health after acceptance and commitment therapy are related to changes in defusion and values-based action. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 48, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-017-9367-6
  • Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1057
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT, and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 26(1–2), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J075v26n01_02
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
  • Ciarrochi, J., & Bailey, A. (2008). A CBT practitioner’s guide to ACT: How to bridge the gap between cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger.
  • Coyne, L. W., McHugh, L., & Martinez, E. R. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): Advances and applications with children, adolescents, and families. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(2), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.010
  • da Silva Ferreira, T. A., Simões, A. S., Ferreira, A. R., & dos Santos, B. O. S. (2019). What are values in clinical behavior analysis? Perspectives on Behavior Science, 43(1), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00219-w
  • Dahl, J., Lundgren, T., Plumb, J., & Stewart, I. (2009). The art and science of valuing in psychotherapy: Helping clients discover, explore, and commit to valued action using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Dilmaç, B., & Bakırcıoğlu, A. (2019). The predicted correlation among values of married individuals, marital adjustment and communication skills. Journal of Necmettin Erbakan University Ereğli Faculty of Education, 1(2), 110–122.
  • Evans, W. R., Walser, R. D., Drescher, K. D., & Farnsworth, J. K. (2020). The moral injury workbook: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy skills for moving beyond shame, anger, and trauma to reclaim your values. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Farach, F. J., Mennin, D. S., Smith, R. L., & Mandelbaum, M. (2008). The impact of pretrauma analogue GAD and posttraumatic emotional reactivity following exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks: A longitudinal study. Behavior Therapy, 39(3), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.004
  • Feliu-Soler, A., Montesinos, F., Gutiérrez, O., Scott, W., McCracken, L., & Luciano, J. V. (2018). Current status of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: A narrative review. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 2145–2159. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S144631
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Henson, A., Grumet, R., Poolokasingham, G., Foa, C., Comeau, T., & Prendergast, C. (2016). Challenge, focus, inspiration and support: Processes of values clarification and congruence. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.02.001
  • Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior Modification, 31(6), 772–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507302202
  • García Pérez, L., & Valdivia Salas, S. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Psicología Conductual, 26, 379–392.
  • Gloster, A. T., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2017). Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: Evidence from a representative sample. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.003
  • Graham, C. D., Gouick, J., Krahé, C., & Gillanders, D. (2016). A systematic review of the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in chronic disease and long-term conditions. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.009
  • Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with Borderline Personality Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002
  • Griffiths, C., Williamson, H., Zucchelli, F., Paraskeva, N., & Moss, T. (2018). A systematic review of the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for body image dissatisfaction and weight self-stigma in adults. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 48, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-018-9384-0
  • Hann, K. E. J., & McCracken, L. M. (2014). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adults with chronic pain: Outcome domains, design quality, and efficacy. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.10.001
  • Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Harris, R. (2008). The Happiness Trap. Trumpeter.
  • Harris, R. (2011). The Confidence Gap: A Guide to Overcoming Fear and Self-Doubt. Trumpeter.
  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory, and the third wave of behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
  • Hayes, S. C. (2012). Humanistic psychology and contextual behavioral perspectives. Psychotherapy, 49(4), 455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027396
  • Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the emergence of contextual behavioral science. International Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 55, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.006
  • Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
  • Hayes, S. C., & Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind and into your life: The new acceptance and commitment therapy (A new harbinger self-help workbook). New Harbinger Publications.
  • Hayes, S. C., & Strosahl, K. D. (Eds.). (2005). A practical guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Springer-Verlag.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. The Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Bunting, K., Twohig, M., & Wilson, K. G. (2005). What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? In S. C. Hayes & K. D. Strosahl (Eds.), A practical guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (pp. 3–30). Springer Publishing.
  • Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1994). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance. The Behavior Analyst, 17(2), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392076
  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Bissett, R., Piasecki, M., Batten, S. V., Byrd, M. & Gregg, J. (2004). A preliminary trial of twelve-step facilitation and acceptance and commitment therapy with polysubstance-abusing methadone-maintained opiate addicts. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 667–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80014-5
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 428–466). Wiley.
  • Hooper, N., Saunders, S., & McHugh, L. (2010). The derived generalization of thought suppression. Learning & Behavior, 38(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.2.160
  • Kahl, K. G., Winter, L., & Schweiger, U. (2012). The third wave of cognitive behavioural therapies: What is new and what is effective? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328358e531
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other), Other Fields of Education (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fadim Büşra Keleş 0000-0001-6656-5109

Şahin Kesici 0000-0003-3823-5385

Mehmet Ak 0000-0003-1771-5654

Early Pub Date June 24, 2025
Publication Date June 24, 2025
Submission Date May 9, 2025
Acceptance Date June 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Keleş, F. B., Kesici, Ş., & Ak, M. (2025). Document Analysis from the Perspective of ACT: Values Prominent in Tolstoy’s What Men Live By. Research on Education and Psychology, 9(1), 244-259.
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