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Characterization of Polyester Resin and Stone Powder Based Composite Mortars

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 195 - 219, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Cihat Arı , Mustafa Tosun

https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1558098

Abstract

Sille stone, exhibiting andesitic properties, is widely used in the restoration of historical structures in Konya, Türkiye. However, due to long-term exposure to natural and environmental factors, this stone is prone to deterioration. Repair mortars are among the common restoration strategies developed to prevent such damage. Since stones used in historical structures vary in composition, understanding their properties is crucial when developing compatible repair mortars. This study investigates the mechanical, physical, and microstructural properties of composite mortars produced by mixing Sille stone powder (SSP) with polyester resin (PR) at different ratios. The goal is to develop repair mortars compatible with Sille stone while also utilizing SSP waste from stone cutting as a value-added product. Pure polyester resin was mixed with SSP at 30%, 35%, and 40% by weight. Mechanical properties were evaluated through compressive strength, three-point flexural strength, tensile strength, and hardness tests. Physical properties were assessed via porosity and water absorption tests. Microstructural analyses were performed using SEM-EDS and FTIR techniques. Test results indicated that composite mortars have significant potential to enhance structural strength, improve water impermeability, and preserve aesthetic appearance. Among the tested ratios, the mixture containing 40% PR and 60% SSP exhibited the most favorable mechanical and physical properties. It was concluded that this ratio not only ensures better performance in restoration applications but also contributes to sustainability by reducing SSP waste and converting it into a cost-effective restoration material.

Keywords

Composite mortar restoration Sille stone historical building repair mortar characterization

Project Number

211120045

Thanks

This study was prepared by Ahmet Cihat ARI under the supervision of Mustafa TOSUN, using the doctoral thesis titled ‘‘Production and Characterization of Mortars with Natural Stone Powder and Polymer Binders for the Repair of Historical Structures; Sille Stone Example’’ completed in March 2023. This study was supported by Konya Technical University Scientific Research Project (BAP) commission (Project no: 211120045) within the scope of the PH.D. thesis. The authors would like to thank Konya Technical University for the support provided. The analyzes in the study were carried out in the laboratory of Necmettin Erbakan University Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM). We would like to thank BITAM employees for their assistance.

References

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Polyester Reçine ve Sille Taş Tozu Esaslı Kompozit Harçlarının Karakterizasyonu

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 195 - 219, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Cihat Arı , Mustafa Tosun

https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1558098

Abstract

Andezit özellikleri gösteren Sille taşı, Konya’daki tarihi yapıların restorasyonunda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu taş, uzun süreli doğal ve çevresel etkilere maruz kalması nedeniyle bozulmaya açıktır. Bu tür hasarları önlemek amacıyla geliştirilen restorasyon stratejileri arasında onarım harçları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Tarihi yapılarda kullanılan taşların farklı yapısal özelliklere sahip olması nedeniyle, uyumlu onarım harçlarının geliştirilmesinde taşın özelliklerinin iyi anlaşılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Sille taşı tozu (SSP) ile polyester reçine (PR) farklı oranlarda karıştırılarak elde edilen kompozit harçların mekanik, fiziksel ve mikro yapısal özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Amaç, Sille taşıyla uyumlu onarım harçları geliştirmek ve taş kesiminden kaynaklanan SSP atıklarını ekonomik değeri olan ürünlere dönüştürmektir. Bu doğrultuda, SSP’ye ağırlıkça %30, %35 ve %40 oranlarında saf polyester reçine eklenmiştir. Mekanik özellikler; basınç dayanımı, üç nokta eğilme dayanımı, çekme dayanımı ve sertlik testleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Fiziksel özellikler ise boşluk oranı ve su emme testleri ile belirlenmiştir. Mikro yapı analizleri SEM-EDS ve FTIR yöntemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kompozit harçların yapısal dayanımı artırma, su geçirmezlik sağlama ve estetik görünümü koruma açısından önemli potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Test edilen karışımlar arasında %40 PR ve %60 SSP içeren harç, en uygun mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri sergilemiştir. Bu oran, hem restorasyon uygulamalarında yüksek performans sağlamış hem de SSP atıklarının sürdürülebilir biçimde değerlendirilmesine katkı sunmuştur.

Keywords

Kompozit harç restorasyon Sille taşı tarihi yapı onarımı harç karakterizasyonu

Project Number

211120045

Thanks

Bu çalışma Ahmet Cihat ARI tarafından Mustafa TOSUN danışmanlığında Mart 2023’de tamamlanan ‘‘Tarihi Yapıların Onarımına Yönelik Doğal Taş Tozu İle Polimer Bağlayıcılı Harçların Üretimi Ve Karakterizasyonu; Sille Taşı Örneği’’ başlıklı doktora tezinden yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışma Doktora kapsamında Konya Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje (BAP) komisyonu tarafından (Proje no: 211120045) desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar Konya Teknik Üniversitesi tarafından sağlanan desteğe teşekkür ederler. Çalışmada analizler Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (BİTAM) laboratuvarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. BİTAM çalışanlarına yardımlarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

References

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  • Alves, R.A., Strecker, K., Pereira, R.B., Panzera, T.H. (2020). Mixture design applied to the development of composites for steatite historical monuments restoration. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 45, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.001
  • Alpsalaz, F. (2025). fault detection in power transmission lines: Comparison of chirp-z algorithm and machine learning based prediction models. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc Maintenance and Reliability, 27(4), 1-15. http://doi.org/10.17531/ein/203949
  • Alpsalaz, F., Özüpak, Y., Aslan, E., Uzel, H. (2025). Classification of maize leaf diseases with deep learning: Performance evaluation of the proposed model and use of explicable artificial intelligence. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 105412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2025.105412
  • Amenta, M., Karatasios, I., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Kilikoglou, V. (2017). The role of aggregate characteristics on the performance optimization of high hydraulicity restoration mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.134
  • Apostolopoulou, M., Bakolas, A., Kotsainas, M. (2021). Mechanical and physical performance of natural hydraulic lime mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 290, 123272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123272
  • Arandigoyen, M., Alvarez, J. (2007). Pore structure and mechanical properties of cement–lime mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(5), 767-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.023
  • Arı, A.C. (2025). İgnimbirit taş atiklarinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik epoksi matrisli kompozitlerin mekanik ve hidrofobik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1552654
  • Arı, A.C., and Oral, I. (2025). Ultrasonic characterization of the mechanical properties of polyester resin/ignimbrite stone powder composite mortars. Polymer Composites, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29977
  • Arı, A.C., Tosun, M., Oral, İ., Eker, Y.R. (2024). Ultrasonic characterization of polymer based sille stone powder composite mortars. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(3), 21-46. https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1297882
  • Asimakopoulos, I., Psarras, G., Zoumpoulakis, L. (2014). Barium titanate/polyester resin nanocomposites: Development, structure-properties relationship and energy storage capability. Express Polymer Letters, 8(9), 692-707. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.72
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  • ASTM-D638, (2005).Standard test method for tensile properties of plastic. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.
  • ASTM-D695, (2010). Standard test method for compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.
  • ASTM-D790, (2000). Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.
  • ASTM-D2240, (2010). Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.
  • ASTM-D2734, (2009). Standard test method for void content of reinforced plastics. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.
  • Bakshi, P., Pappu, A., Patidar, R., Gupta, M.K., Thakur, V. K. (2020). Transforming marble waste into high-performance, water-resistant, and thermally insulative hybrid polymer composites for environmental sustainability. Polymers, 12(8), 1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081781
  • Bhutta, M.A.R. (2010). Effects of polymer–cement ratio and accelerated curing on flexural behavior of hardener-free epoxy-modified mortar panels. Materials and Structures, 43, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9578-8
  • Curulli, A., Montesperelli, G., Ronca, S., Cavalagli, N., Ubertini, F., Padeletti, G., Vecchio Ciprioti, S. (2020). A multidisciplinary approach to the mortars characterization from the Town Walls of Gubbio (Perugia, Italy). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 142(5), 1721-1737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09937-9
  • Demir, M., Yön, M.Ş., Karataş, M. (2025). Evaluation of the potential use of Nevşehir stone powder as a portland cement substitute in self-compacting mortars. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 16(1), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1581298
  • Demirdag, S. (2013). Effects of freezing–thawing and thermal shock cycles on physical and mechanical properties of filled and unfilled travertines. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.045
  • Di Bella, G., Fiore, V., Galtieri, G., Borsellino, C., Valenza, A. (2014). Effects of natural fibres reinforcement in lime plasters (kenaf and sisal vs. Polypropylene). Construction and Building Materials, 58, 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.026
  • Doan, T.T.L., Brodowsky, H.M., Gohs, U., Mäder, E. (2018). Re‐use of marble stone powders in producing unsaturated polyester composites. Advanced Engineering Materials, 20(7), 1701061. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201701061
  • Eren, Y. (1993). Stratigraphy of autochthonous and cover units of the Bozdağlar massif NW Konya. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 36, 7-23.
  • Faria, P., Henriques, F., Rato, V. (2008). Comparative evaluation of lime mortars for architectural conservation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(3), 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.03.003
  • Fener, M., İnce, İ. (2015). Effects of the freeze–thaw (F–T) cycle on the andesitic rocks (Sille-Konya/Turkey) used in construction building. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 109, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.05.006
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architectural Engineering, Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Cihat Arı 0000-0002-4690-8968

Mustafa Tosun 0000-0002-0718-4100

Project Number 211120045
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date September 29, 2024
Acceptance Date May 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Arı, A. C., & Tosun, M. (2025). Polyester Reçine ve Sille Taş Tozu Esaslı Kompozit Harçlarının Karakterizasyonu. Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(1), 195-219. https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1558098
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