SALGIN HASTALIKLARIN YAYILMASINDA COĞRAFYA’NIN ETKİSİ: SEMERKAND VİLAYETİNDEKİ ANZAB’DA VEBA SALGINI (1898)
Abstract
19. yüzyıl boyunca Asya’da patlak veren kolera, veba ve grip gibi salgın hastalıklar, pandemik özellikler göstererek Afrika, Avrupa ve Amerika kıtalarına kadar yayıldı. Bu salgınlar, ticaret yolları, savaşlar, göçler ve gelişen ulaşım ağları sayesinde geniş bir coğrafyada etkili oldu. 1893 yılında Çin’de başlayan veba salgını, hızla yayılarak bölgedeki ticaret yolları ve insan hareketliliği aracılığıyla diğer bölgelere ulaştı. 1896 yılına gelindiğinde, özellikle yoğun nüfuslu ve ticari merkez konumundaki Bombay’da büyük bir krize neden oldu. Şehirde binlerce insanın hayatını kaybetmesine yol açan vebanın etkisi yalnızca Hindistan ile sınırlı kalmayıp küresel bir salgına dönüştü. 19. yüzyılın sonlarında veba, Türkistan sahasında da etkisini gösterdi ve büyük bir tehdit hâline geldi. Çeşitli bölgelerde ortaya çıkan salgın hastalıklar, yüksek ölüm oranlarına yol açarak toplumları derinden etkiledi ve idari yönetimleri çeşitli sağlık politikalarını uygulamak zorunda bıraktı. Salgınların kontrol altına alınması için karantina uygulamaları, yerel sağlık tedbirleri ve tıbbi müdahaleler giderek daha fazla önem kazandı. Bu çerçevede, 1898 yılında Semerkand Vilayeti’ne bağlı Anzab’da ortaya çıkan hıyarcıklı veba salgını hem bölgenin coğrafi yapısı hem de Rus hükümetinin müdahaleleri açısından dikkate değerdir. Coğrafi olarak izole ve dağlık bir köy olan Anzab’da hastalığın yayılma dinamikleri, yerleşim yapısı, ulaşım yollarının kısıtlılığı ve iklim koşulları gibi faktörler nedeniyle diğer bölgelere kıyasla farklılık göstermiştir. Salgının kontrol altına alınmasında Rus hükümetinin uyguladığı karantina tedbirleri, enfekte olan bölgelerin tecrit edilmesi ve halk sağlığına yönelik alınan önlemler belirleyici olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, salgın hastalıkların yayılımında coğrafyanın etkisi bağlamında Anzab’da ortaya çıkan hıyarcıklı veba salgını ve bu salgına karşı alınan önlemler ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, coğrafi koşulların hastalığın seyri ve salgın yönetimi üzerindeki etkisi ve Rus hükümetinin uyguladığı sağlık politikalarının etkinliği çalışmanın diğer üzerinde duracağı hususlardandır.
References
- Blockmans, W. P. “The social and economie effects of plague in the Low Countries: 1349-1500.” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 58/4 (1980): 833-863.
- Clemow, Frank. The Geography of Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903.
- Çapraz, Hayri. “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması.” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 (December 2011): 51-78.
- Drews, Kelly. “A Brief History of Quarantine.” The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review 2 (2013): 59-70.
- Flower, B. O. The Bubonic Plague. United States, 1919.
- Güngör, Ebubekir. “Rus Salnamelerine Göre Türkistan Askerî Valiliği’nde Nüfus Hareketleri (1867-1917).” Belleten 88/311 (2024): 297-339.
- Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
- Ini, Marina. “Quaratine, Diseased Geographies, and Cross-Cultural Encounters in the Eighteenth-Century Mediterranean.” The Historical Journal 67 (2024): 256-280.
- Jala, H. I. “W. M. W. Haffkine, Bacteriologist – A Great Saviour of Mankind.” Indian Journal of History of Science 2/2 (1967): 105-120.
- Kılıç, Orhan. “Tarihte Küresel Salgın Hastalıklar ve Toplum Hayatına Etkileri.” Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (2020): 13-54.
- Latham, Baldwin. The Climatic Conditions Necessary for the Propagation and Spread of Plague. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, Limited, 1900.
- MacLafferty, Sara. “Placing Pandemics: Geographical Dimensions of Vulnerability and Spread.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 51/2 (2010): 143-161.
- Meakin, Annette M. B. In Russian Turkestan: A Garden of Asia and Its People. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915.
- Nathan, Robert. The Plague in India, 1896, 1897. vol. I. Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1898.
- Newman, Kira L. S. “Shutt Up: Bubonic Plague and Quarantine in Early Modern England.” Journal of Social History 45/3 (2012): 809-834.
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 47, (November 25, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 49, (December 9, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 50, (December 16, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 51, (December 23, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 52, (December 30, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 14, No. 2, (January 13, 1899).
- Public Health Reports (PHR), vol. 13, no. 44, November 4, 1898.
- Russell, Josiah C. “Effects of Pestilence and Plague, 1315-1385.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8/4 (Jul. 1966): 464-473.
- Sattenspiel, Lisa. The Geographic Spread of Infectious Diseases. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.
- “The Plague in The East Source.” The British Medical Journal 2/1980 (Dec. 10, 1898): 1776-1777.
- Wyman, Walter. The Bubonic Plague. Washington: Government Printing House, 1900.
- Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “The Cholera Epidemics of 1894 and 1910 and Quarantine in Samsun.” Un Letterato in Viaggio Liber Amicorum Per Raniero Speelman (2023): 479-507.
- Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. Sutton: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHY ON THE SPREAD OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES: PLAGUE OUTBREAK IN ANZOB IN SAMARCAND PROVINCE (1898)
Abstract
Throughout the 19th century, epidemics such as cholera, plague, and influenza emerged in Asia and, exhibiting pandemic characteristics, spread to Africa, Europe, and America. These outbreaks were facilitated by trade routes, wars, migrations, and expanding transportation networks, affecting vast geographical regions. The plague outbreak that began in China in 1893 rapidly spread through trade networks and human mobility, reaching other territories. By 1896, it had caused a major crisis in Bombay, a densely populated commercial hub. The plague, which caused the loss of thousands of lives in the city, was not confined to India and evolved into a global pandemic. By the late 19th century, the plague also made its presence felt in the region of Turkestan and became a significant threat. Epidemics in various regions resulted in high mortality rates, profoundly impacting societies and compelling administrative authorities to implement diverse public health policies. In response, quarantine measures, local health interventions, and medical treatments gained increasing importance in disease control efforts. Within this context, the bubonic plague outbreak that occurred in 1898 in Anzob, a village in the Samarkand Province, holds significance both in terms of the region’s geographical conditions and the interventions of the Russian administration. Anzob, an isolated and mountainous village, exhibited distinct patterns of disease transmission due to its settlement structure, limited transportation routes, and climatic conditions. The Russian government’s efforts to control the outbreak included strict quarantine measures, the isolation of infected areas, and the implementation of public health regulations, all of which played a crucial role in containing the disease. This study examines the bubonic plague outbreak in Anzob within the framework of the relationship between geography and the spread of infectious diseases, focusing on the measures taken to mitigate the epidemic. Furthermore, it explores the role of geographical factors in shaping the trajectory of the disease, the influence of environmental conditions on epidemic control, and the effectiveness of the Russian administration’s public health policies.
References
- Blockmans, W. P. “The social and economie effects of plague in the Low Countries: 1349-1500.” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 58/4 (1980): 833-863.
- Clemow, Frank. The Geography of Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903.
- Çapraz, Hayri. “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması.” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 (December 2011): 51-78.
- Drews, Kelly. “A Brief History of Quarantine.” The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review 2 (2013): 59-70.
- Flower, B. O. The Bubonic Plague. United States, 1919.
- Güngör, Ebubekir. “Rus Salnamelerine Göre Türkistan Askerî Valiliği’nde Nüfus Hareketleri (1867-1917).” Belleten 88/311 (2024): 297-339.
- Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
- Ini, Marina. “Quaratine, Diseased Geographies, and Cross-Cultural Encounters in the Eighteenth-Century Mediterranean.” The Historical Journal 67 (2024): 256-280.
- Jala, H. I. “W. M. W. Haffkine, Bacteriologist – A Great Saviour of Mankind.” Indian Journal of History of Science 2/2 (1967): 105-120.
- Kılıç, Orhan. “Tarihte Küresel Salgın Hastalıklar ve Toplum Hayatına Etkileri.” Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (2020): 13-54.
- Latham, Baldwin. The Climatic Conditions Necessary for the Propagation and Spread of Plague. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, Limited, 1900.
- MacLafferty, Sara. “Placing Pandemics: Geographical Dimensions of Vulnerability and Spread.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 51/2 (2010): 143-161.
- Meakin, Annette M. B. In Russian Turkestan: A Garden of Asia and Its People. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915.
- Nathan, Robert. The Plague in India, 1896, 1897. vol. I. Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1898.
- Newman, Kira L. S. “Shutt Up: Bubonic Plague and Quarantine in Early Modern England.” Journal of Social History 45/3 (2012): 809-834.
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 47, (November 25, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 49, (December 9, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 50, (December 16, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 51, (December 23, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 52, (December 30, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 14, No. 2, (January 13, 1899).
- Public Health Reports (PHR), vol. 13, no. 44, November 4, 1898.
- Russell, Josiah C. “Effects of Pestilence and Plague, 1315-1385.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8/4 (Jul. 1966): 464-473.
- Sattenspiel, Lisa. The Geographic Spread of Infectious Diseases. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.
- “The Plague in The East Source.” The British Medical Journal 2/1980 (Dec. 10, 1898): 1776-1777.
- Wyman, Walter. The Bubonic Plague. Washington: Government Printing House, 1900.
- Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “The Cholera Epidemics of 1894 and 1910 and Quarantine in Samsun.” Un Letterato in Viaggio Liber Amicorum Per Raniero Speelman (2023): 479-507.
- Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. Sutton: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЕОГРАФИИ НА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ ЭПИДЕМИЧЕСКИХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ: ВСПЫШКА ЧУМЫ В АНЗАБЕ САМАРКАНДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (1898)
Abstract
На протяжении XIX века эпидемии таких заболеваний, как холера, чума и грипп, возникшие в Азии, приобрели пандемический характер и распространились на Африку, Европу и Америку. Эти вспышки, обусловленные торговыми путями, войнами, миграциями и развитием транспортных сетей, охватили обширные географические регионы. Эпидемия чумы, начавшаяся в Китае в 1893 году, быстро распространилась через торговые пути и перемещения людей, достигнув других территорий. К 1896 году она вызвала крупный кризис в Бомбее, густонаселённом и важном торговом центре. Чума, унесшая жизни тысяч людей в городе, не ограничилась Индией и переросла в глобальную пандемию. К концу XIX века чума также затронула регион Туркестана, став серьезной угрозой. Эпидемии в разных регионах приводили к высокому уровню смертности, оказывая глубокое влияние на общества и вынуждая административные власти внедрять разнообразные меры в области общественного здравоохранения. В ответ на это карантинные меры, местные санитарные мероприятия и медицинские вмешательства приобрели все большее значение в усилиях по контролю над заболеваниями. В этом контексте вспышка бубонной чумы, произошедшая в 1898 году в Анзабе, деревне в Самаркандской области, имеет важное значение как с точки зрения географических условий региона, так и вмешательств российского правительства. Анзаб, изолированная горная деревня, демонстрировала уникальные модели распространения заболевания из-за своей структуры поселения, ограниченных транспортных маршрутов и климатических условий. Усилия российского правительства по контролю над вспышкой включали строгие карантинные меры, изоляцию зараженных районов и внедрение правил общественного здравоохранения, что сыграло ключевую роль в локализации и сдерживании болезни. В данном исследовании рассматривается вспышка бубонной чумы в Анзабе в рамках влияния географии на распространение эпидемических заболеваний, уделяя особое внимание мерам, принятым для смягчения последствий эпидемии. Кроме того, исследуется роль географических условий в формировании течения болезни и управлении эпидемией, а также эффективность политики российского правительства в области здравоохранения.
References
- Blockmans, W. P. “The social and economie effects of plague in the Low Countries: 1349-1500.” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 58/4 (1980): 833-863.
- Clemow, Frank. The Geography of Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903.
- Çapraz, Hayri. “Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da Hâkimiyet Kurması.” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 (December 2011): 51-78.
- Drews, Kelly. “A Brief History of Quarantine.” The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review 2 (2013): 59-70.
- Flower, B. O. The Bubonic Plague. United States, 1919.
- Güngör, Ebubekir. “Rus Salnamelerine Göre Türkistan Askerî Valiliği’nde Nüfus Hareketleri (1867-1917).” Belleten 88/311 (2024): 297-339.
- Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
- Ini, Marina. “Quaratine, Diseased Geographies, and Cross-Cultural Encounters in the Eighteenth-Century Mediterranean.” The Historical Journal 67 (2024): 256-280.
- Jala, H. I. “W. M. W. Haffkine, Bacteriologist – A Great Saviour of Mankind.” Indian Journal of History of Science 2/2 (1967): 105-120.
- Kılıç, Orhan. “Tarihte Küresel Salgın Hastalıklar ve Toplum Hayatına Etkileri.” Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (2020): 13-54.
- Latham, Baldwin. The Climatic Conditions Necessary for the Propagation and Spread of Plague. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, Limited, 1900.
- MacLafferty, Sara. “Placing Pandemics: Geographical Dimensions of Vulnerability and Spread.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 51/2 (2010): 143-161.
- Meakin, Annette M. B. In Russian Turkestan: A Garden of Asia and Its People. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915.
- Nathan, Robert. The Plague in India, 1896, 1897. vol. I. Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1898.
- Newman, Kira L. S. “Shutt Up: Bubonic Plague and Quarantine in Early Modern England.” Journal of Social History 45/3 (2012): 809-834.
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 47, (November 25, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 49, (December 9, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 50, (December 16, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 51, (December 23, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 13, No. 52, (December 30, 1898).
- PHR, Vol. 14, No. 2, (January 13, 1899).
- Public Health Reports (PHR), vol. 13, no. 44, November 4, 1898.
- Russell, Josiah C. “Effects of Pestilence and Plague, 1315-1385.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8/4 (Jul. 1966): 464-473.
- Sattenspiel, Lisa. The Geographic Spread of Infectious Diseases. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.
- “The Plague in The East Source.” The British Medical Journal 2/1980 (Dec. 10, 1898): 1776-1777.
- Wyman, Walter. The Bubonic Plague. Washington: Government Printing House, 1900.
- Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “The Cholera Epidemics of 1894 and 1910 and Quarantine in Samsun.” Un Letterato in Viaggio Liber Amicorum Per Raniero Speelman (2023): 479-507.
- Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. Sutton: Sutton Publishing, 2003.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Late Modern Russian History |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | March 17, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 4, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Issue: 13 |
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