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TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE BAZ İSTASYONLARI: SAĞLIK, GÜVENLİK VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK TEMELLİ UYGULAMALAR

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 198 - 207, 30.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1622736

Abstract

Baz istasyonları, dijital çağın en önemli iletişim altyapılarından biri olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, radyo frekansı sinyalleriyle
çalışan baz istasyonları ele alınmıştır. Baz istasyonlarının genel sağlık durumu üzerindeki etkilerinin dikkate alınmasının
konaklama işletmelerinde misafir memnuniyetini artırabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, baz istasyonlarının yerlerini
belirlemek için ücretsiz mobil uygulamalar kullanılmış ve kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle seçilen 13 otel işletmesinin özel
bilgileri kodlanarak dijital haritalar üzerinden değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Ayrıca konaklama işletmelerinin baz
istasyonları ile arasındaki mesafe hesaplanarak, literatürde güvenli alan olarak belirlenen alan üzerinden değerlendirmelerde
bulunulmuştur. Araştırmaya dahil edilen otel işletmelerinin tamamı beş yıldızlı otel işletmeleridir ve resmi internet sitelerinde
baz istasyonlarına dair güvenli alan mesafelerine ilişkin herhangi bir bilginin paylaşılmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın
örneklemini oluşturan otel işletmelerinin çevresinde toplam 1061 baz istasyonu tespit edilmiş olup, bunlardan 452’sinin
işetmelerin güvenli alanında, 279’unun güvenli alan dışında ve 329’unun ise orta mesafede bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Baz
istasyonlarının insan sağlığına etkileriyle ilgili araştırmaların önem kazandığı günümüzde güvenli alan dışında kalan otel
işletmelerine yönelik çeşitli öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Güvenli alan içinde yer alan otel işletmelerinin bu bilgiyi resmi internet
sitelerinde paylaşmasının müşteri memnuniyetini artırabileceği, güvenli alan dışında yer alan işletmelerin ise önleyici
faaliyetler planlaması gerektiği ve bu faaliyetlerin neler olabileceği konusunda öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

References

  • Alfonso, Balmori. (2022). Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer. Environmental Research.
  • Becher, R., Dillinger, M., Haardt, M., & Mohr, W. (2001). Broadband wireless access and future communication networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(1), 58-75.
  • Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (BTK). (2025, Ocak 17). Baz istasyonları ile ilgili sıkça sorulan sorular. Erişim adresi: https://www.btk.gov.tr.
  • Connected Nations 2020 Report. (2020). https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/209373/connected-nations-2020.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • European 5G Observation.https://5gobservatory.eu/detailed-country-breakdown/, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Fano, R. M., Adler, R. B., & Chu, L. J. (1960). Electromagnetic fields, energy, and forces. Taylor & Francis. Khan, A. S., & Mukerji, S. K. (2020). Electromagnetic fields: theory and applications. CRC Press.
  • Hossein, A., Rangkooy, A., Rahmati, A., & Fouladi, B. D. (2022). Base transceiver station antenna exposure and workers’ health. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2009). Çeşme'de Baz İsyanı.https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ege/cesme-de-baz-isyani-11171854, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • J. Zhang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z., Su, Z., & Liu, Z. (2013). Base stations from current mobile cellular networks: Measurement, spatial modeling and analysis. 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), Shanghai, China, pp. 1.
  • KA, S. R., & Rout, C. S. (2023). Recent developments, challenges and future prospects of magnetic field effects in supercapacit.
  • Khan, A. S., & Mukerji, S. K. (2020). Electromagnetic fields: theory and applications. CRC Press.
  • Kumar, S. (2016). Cell Tower/Base Station Electromagnetic Radiation: Living Organism, Health Consequences and Protection.
  • Kumar, L. A., & Maheswari, Y. U. (2023). Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility: Principles, Design, Simulation, and Applications. CRC Press.
  • Sauter, M. (2006). Communication systems for the mobile information society. John Wiley & Sons. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (n.d.). https://ktb.gov.tr/genel/searchhotel.aspx?lang=tr&certificateType=4, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Labster. https://theory.labster.com/electromagnetic-waves/, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024. OpenCelliD. https://opencellid.org/#zoom=16&lat=41.04284&lon=29.00752, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Lias, K. B., & Tharek, A. R. (2008). Study of safety and health aspects of base stations and mobile phones (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).
  • Michael, A., & Isabona, J. (2018). Assessment of Radiated Electromagnetic Waves from Base Station Antennas using Calculation and Field Measurement Techniques. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering.
  • Mousa, A. (2011). Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements and Safety Issues of some Cellular Base Stations in Nablus. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 4(1).
  • OpenCelliD, https://opencellid.org/#zoom=16&lat=41.04284&lon=29.00752, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2007). Economic change in twentieth-century Turkey: Is the glass more than half-full? (Working Paper No.41). Paris: The American University of Paris.
  • Redmayne, M., & Maisch, D. R. (2023). ICNIRP Guidelines' Exposure Assessment Method for 5G Millimetre Wave Radiation May Trigger Adverse Effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5267.
  • Samaila, B., Abdul, A., & Ah, A. (2023). Residential exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations: a systematic review on biological effects assessment. Material Science & Engineering International Journal.
  • Siddoo-Atwal, C. (2018). Electromagnetic radiation from cellphone towers: a potential health hazard for birds, bees, and humans. In Current Understanding of Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death. London, UK: IntechOpen.
  • Udo, E. U., Maduka, E. B., & Okey, D. O. (2021). Residential exposure of electromagnetic fields radiated from mobile base stations and broadcast transmitters. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 17(2), 111-120.
  • T. Sofri (2022). Health Effects of 5G Base Station Exposure: A Systematic Review. IEEE Access, 10, 41639- 41656.
  • Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., & Hepsaydir, E. (2014). Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.

BASE STATIONS IN THE TOURISM SECTOR: APPLICATIONS FOCUSED ON HEALTH, SAFETY, AND SUSTAINABILITY

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 198 - 207, 30.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1622736

Abstract

Base stations are among the most critical communication infrastructures of the digital age. This study focuses on base stations
operating with radio frequency signals. It is suggested that considering the health impacts of base stations could enhance guest
satisfaction in hospitality businesses. Within this scope, free mobile applications were utilized to determine the locations of
base stations, and the private information of 13 hotel enterprises selected through convenience sampling was coded and
evaluated using digital maps. Additionally, the distances between hospitality businesses and base stations were calculated and
assessed based on the safe zones defined in the literature. All the hotel enterprises included in the study are five-star hotels, and
it was observed that no information regarding the safe zone distances of base stations was shared on their official websites. A
total of 1061 base stations were identified around the hotels forming the sample, with 452 located within the safe zone, 279
outside the safe zone, and 329 at an intermediate distance. Considering the increasing importance of research on the health
impacts of base stations, various recommendations were developed for hotel enterprises located outside the safe zone. It was
proposed that hotels within the safe zone could enhance customer satisfaction by sharing this information on their official
websites, while those outside the safe zone should plan preventive measures, with suggestions provided on what these measures
could entail.

References

  • Alfonso, Balmori. (2022). Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer. Environmental Research.
  • Becher, R., Dillinger, M., Haardt, M., & Mohr, W. (2001). Broadband wireless access and future communication networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(1), 58-75.
  • Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (BTK). (2025, Ocak 17). Baz istasyonları ile ilgili sıkça sorulan sorular. Erişim adresi: https://www.btk.gov.tr.
  • Connected Nations 2020 Report. (2020). https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/209373/connected-nations-2020.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • European 5G Observation.https://5gobservatory.eu/detailed-country-breakdown/, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Fano, R. M., Adler, R. B., & Chu, L. J. (1960). Electromagnetic fields, energy, and forces. Taylor & Francis. Khan, A. S., & Mukerji, S. K. (2020). Electromagnetic fields: theory and applications. CRC Press.
  • Hossein, A., Rangkooy, A., Rahmati, A., & Fouladi, B. D. (2022). Base transceiver station antenna exposure and workers’ health. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2009). Çeşme'de Baz İsyanı.https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ege/cesme-de-baz-isyani-11171854, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • J. Zhang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z., Su, Z., & Liu, Z. (2013). Base stations from current mobile cellular networks: Measurement, spatial modeling and analysis. 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), Shanghai, China, pp. 1.
  • KA, S. R., & Rout, C. S. (2023). Recent developments, challenges and future prospects of magnetic field effects in supercapacit.
  • Khan, A. S., & Mukerji, S. K. (2020). Electromagnetic fields: theory and applications. CRC Press.
  • Kumar, S. (2016). Cell Tower/Base Station Electromagnetic Radiation: Living Organism, Health Consequences and Protection.
  • Kumar, L. A., & Maheswari, Y. U. (2023). Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility: Principles, Design, Simulation, and Applications. CRC Press.
  • Sauter, M. (2006). Communication systems for the mobile information society. John Wiley & Sons. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (n.d.). https://ktb.gov.tr/genel/searchhotel.aspx?lang=tr&certificateType=4, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Labster. https://theory.labster.com/electromagnetic-waves/, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024. OpenCelliD. https://opencellid.org/#zoom=16&lat=41.04284&lon=29.00752, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Lias, K. B., & Tharek, A. R. (2008). Study of safety and health aspects of base stations and mobile phones (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).
  • Michael, A., & Isabona, J. (2018). Assessment of Radiated Electromagnetic Waves from Base Station Antennas using Calculation and Field Measurement Techniques. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering.
  • Mousa, A. (2011). Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements and Safety Issues of some Cellular Base Stations in Nablus. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 4(1).
  • OpenCelliD, https://opencellid.org/#zoom=16&lat=41.04284&lon=29.00752, Erişim Tarihi: 9/4/2024.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2007). Economic change in twentieth-century Turkey: Is the glass more than half-full? (Working Paper No.41). Paris: The American University of Paris.
  • Redmayne, M., & Maisch, D. R. (2023). ICNIRP Guidelines' Exposure Assessment Method for 5G Millimetre Wave Radiation May Trigger Adverse Effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5267.
  • Samaila, B., Abdul, A., & Ah, A. (2023). Residential exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations: a systematic review on biological effects assessment. Material Science & Engineering International Journal.
  • Siddoo-Atwal, C. (2018). Electromagnetic radiation from cellphone towers: a potential health hazard for birds, bees, and humans. In Current Understanding of Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death. London, UK: IntechOpen.
  • Udo, E. U., Maduka, E. B., & Okey, D. O. (2021). Residential exposure of electromagnetic fields radiated from mobile base stations and broadcast transmitters. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 17(2), 111-120.
  • T. Sofri (2022). Health Effects of 5G Base Station Exposure: A Systematic Review. IEEE Access, 10, 41639- 41656.
  • Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., & Hepsaydir, E. (2014). Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çağla Çetinkaya 0000-0003-2039-7220

Early Pub Date July 16, 2025
Publication Date July 30, 2025
Submission Date January 18, 2025
Acceptance Date February 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetinkaya, Ç. (2025). TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE BAZ İSTASYONLARI: SAĞLIK, GÜVENLİK VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK TEMELLİ UYGULAMALAR. Sağlık Ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1622736


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