Research Article
Synthesis of SiO2 NPs from Sodium Bentonite and their Use in Photocatalytic Activity and Adsorption Applications
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are a material that is used in many areas and are obtained by various methods and attracts the attention of researchers with its many properties such as photocatalysis, adsorbent and non-toxicity. In this study, sodium bentonite was used as a raw material to synthesize silica nanoparticles. In the FTIR results of the prepared SiO2 NPs, the Si-O-Si band indicating the formation of NPs is remarkable. The morphology structure was determined to be an agglomerated structure similar to a spherical form in SEM images. In the other part of the study, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated with SiO2 NPs. The results revealed that 80% degradation was achieved in 60 min and the process complied with the second order reaction kinetics. The effect of MB in aqueous solution was investigated for its use as an adsorbent. After 60 minutes, 90% dye removal was achieved and it was determined that the process fit pseudo-second-order kinetic model (PSO).
Supporting Institution
Tübitak 2209 A
Project Number
1919B012219481
References
- K. A. Altammar, “A review on nanoparticles: Characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges,” Frontier in Microbiology. vol. 14, 1155622, 2023.
- A. I. Biradar, P.D. Sarvalkar, S. B. Teli, C. A. Pawar, P. S. Patil, N. R. Prasad, “Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using one-step synthesized silica nanoparticles,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 43, pp. 2832–2838, 2021.
- T. I. Janjua, Y. Cao, F. Kleitz, M. Linden, C. Yu, A. Popat, “Silica nanoparticles: A review of their safety and current strategies to overcome biological barriers,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. vol. 203, 115115, 2023.
- N. Kütük, S. Çetinkaya, “Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using black , green and tarragon tea and investigation of their photocatalytic activity for methylene blue,” Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences. vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 954–962, 2022.
- J. Hwang, J. H. Lee, J. Chun, “Facile approach for the synthesis of spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles from sodium silicate,” Materials Letters. vol. 283, pp. 1–4, 2021.
- Y. Huang, P. Li, R. Zhao, L. Zhao, J. Liu, S. Peng, X. Fu, X. Wang, R. Luo, R. Wang, Z. Zhang, “Silica nanoparticles: Biomedical applications and toxicity,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. vol. 151, 113053, 2022.
- C. C. M. C. Carcouët, M. W. P. Van De Put, B. Mezari, P. C. M. M. Magusin, J. Laven, P. H. H. Bomans, H. Friedrich, A. C. C. Esteves, N. A. J. M. Sommerdijk, R. A. T. M. Van Benthem, G. De With, “Nucleation and growth of monodisperse silica nanoparticles,” Nano Letters. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1433–1438, 2014.
- U. Zulfiqar, T. Subhani, S. W. Husain, “Synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles from clay,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 91–96, 2016.
- N. Muhammad, S. Siddiqua, “Calcium bentonite vs sodium bentonite: The potential of calcium bentonite for soil foundation,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 48, pp. 822–827, 2022.
- M. Golmohammadi, H. Hanafi-Bojd, M. Shiva, “Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in water by biosynthesized silica supported silver nanoparticles,” Ceramics International. vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 7717–7726, 2023.
- A. Kul, Rıza, H. Koyuncu, A. Turan, A. Aldemir, “Comparative Research of Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies for Neutral Red Adsorption by Activated Carbon Prepared from Apple Peel,” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. vol. 234, no. 6, pp. 1–26, 2023.
- R. Rashid, I. Shafiq, P. Akhter, M. J. Iqbal, M. Hussain, “A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: The effectiveness of adsorption method,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 28, no. 2021, pp. 9050–9066, 2021.
- I. Din, Muhammad, R. Khalid, J. Najeeb, Z. Hussain, “Fundamentals and photocatalysis of methylene blue dye using various nanocatalytic assemblies- a critical review,” Journal of Cleaner Production. vol. 298, 126567, 2021.
- T. Cwalinski, W. Polom, L. Marano, G. Roviello, A. D. Angelo, N. Cwalina, M. Matuszewski, F. Roviello, J. Jaskiewicz, K. Polom, “Methylene Blue — Current Knowledge, Fluorescent Properties, and Its Future Use,” Journal of Clinical Medicine. vol. 9, no. 11, 3538, 2020.
- O. P. Oladoye, T. Ajiboye, Oladiran, E. Omotola, Oyinkansola, J. Oyewola, Olusola, “Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater,” Results in Engineering. vol. 16, 100678, 2022.
- W. A. Hammad, M. A. Darweesh, N. Zouli, S. M. Osman, B. Eweida, M. H. A. Amr, “Adsorption of cationic dye onto Raphanus seeds: Optimization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic studies,” Scientific Reports. vol. 14, 17827, 2024.
- V. K. Yadav, M. H. Fulekar, “Green synthesis and characterization of amorphous silica nanoparticles from fly ash,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 18, pp. 4351–4359, 2019.
- P. Sharma, J. Prakash, R. Kaushal, “An insight into the green synthesis of SiO2 nanostructures as a novel adsorbent for removal of toxic water pollutants,” Environmental Research. vol. 212, 113328, 2022.
- A. Mohagheghian, R. Ghaneei-Motlagh, K. Ayagh, M. Shirzad-Siboni, “Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of two textile dyes by recyclable ZnO-Perlite: Kinetic models and cost analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 1185–1207, 2025.
- J. Zhang, Z. Lin, Z. Yu, Y. Zhang, D. Liang, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, P. Chen, H. Liu, W. Lv, G. Liu, “Simplified synthesis of direct Z-scheme Bi2WO6/PhC2Cu heterojunction that shows enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-TCP: Kinetic study and mechanistic insights,” Journal of Hazardous Materials. vol. 459, 132065, 2023.
- A. Balakrishnan, K. Gopalram, S. Appunni, “Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid by TiO2 modified catalyst: Kinetics and operating cost analysis,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 28, no. 25, pp. 33331–33343, 2021.
- S. Sadaf, H. N. Bhatti, “Batch and fixed bed column studies for the removal of Indosol Yellow BG dye by peanut husk,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 541–553, 2014.
- J. Marousek, A. Marouskov, R. Periakaruppan, G. M. Gokul, A. Anbukumaran, A. Bohata, P. Kriz, J. Barta, P. Cerny, P. Olsan, "Silica nanoparticles from coir pith synthesized by acidic sol-gel method improve germination economics," Polymers. vol. 14, no. 2, 2022.
- M. Rafigh, Sayyid, A. Heydarinasab, “Mesoporous Chitosan − SiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and CO2 Adsorption Capacity,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. vol. 5, pp. 10379–10386, 2017.
- F. da S. Bruckmann, A. C. Pimentel, A. R. Viana, T. da R. Salles, L. M. F. Krause, S. R. Mortari, I. Z. da Silva, C. R. B. Rhoden, “Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation of magnetic nanosilica in L929 cell line,” Disciplinarum Scientia - Ciências Naturais e Tecnológicas. vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 01–14, 2020.
- P. Sharma, J. Kherb, J. Prakash, R. Kaushal, “A novel and facile green synthesis of SiO2 nanoparticles for removal of toxic water pollutants,” Applied Nanoscience. vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 735–747, 2023.
- A. Samy, A. M. Ismail, H. Ali, “Environmentally friendly mesoporous SiO2 with mixed fiber / particle morphology and large surface area for enhanced dye adsorption,” Journal of Materials Science. vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1586–1607, 2023.
- G. Romolini, M. G. D. Ricciarelli, L. T. G. Zampini, “Photocatalytic activity of silica and silica ‑ silver nanocolloids based on photo ‑ induced formation of reactive oxygen species,” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1161–1172, 2021.
- U. Mahanta, M. Khandelwal, A. S. Deshpande, “TiO2 @ SiO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal and photocatalytic degradation under natural sunlight and low-power UV light,” Applied Surface Science. vol. 576, no. PA, pp. 151745, 2022.
- S. S. Batool, Z. Imran, K. Rasool, M. Ahmad, M.A. Rafiq, “Enhanced adsorptive removal of toxic dyes using SiO2 nano fibers,” Solid State Sciences. vol. 55, pp. 13–20, 2016.
Year 2025,
Volume: 29 Issue: 3, 240 - 249
Abstract
Project Number
1919B012219481
References
- K. A. Altammar, “A review on nanoparticles: Characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges,” Frontier in Microbiology. vol. 14, 1155622, 2023.
- A. I. Biradar, P.D. Sarvalkar, S. B. Teli, C. A. Pawar, P. S. Patil, N. R. Prasad, “Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using one-step synthesized silica nanoparticles,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 43, pp. 2832–2838, 2021.
- T. I. Janjua, Y. Cao, F. Kleitz, M. Linden, C. Yu, A. Popat, “Silica nanoparticles: A review of their safety and current strategies to overcome biological barriers,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. vol. 203, 115115, 2023.
- N. Kütük, S. Çetinkaya, “Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using black , green and tarragon tea and investigation of their photocatalytic activity for methylene blue,” Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences. vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 954–962, 2022.
- J. Hwang, J. H. Lee, J. Chun, “Facile approach for the synthesis of spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles from sodium silicate,” Materials Letters. vol. 283, pp. 1–4, 2021.
- Y. Huang, P. Li, R. Zhao, L. Zhao, J. Liu, S. Peng, X. Fu, X. Wang, R. Luo, R. Wang, Z. Zhang, “Silica nanoparticles: Biomedical applications and toxicity,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. vol. 151, 113053, 2022.
- C. C. M. C. Carcouët, M. W. P. Van De Put, B. Mezari, P. C. M. M. Magusin, J. Laven, P. H. H. Bomans, H. Friedrich, A. C. C. Esteves, N. A. J. M. Sommerdijk, R. A. T. M. Van Benthem, G. De With, “Nucleation and growth of monodisperse silica nanoparticles,” Nano Letters. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1433–1438, 2014.
- U. Zulfiqar, T. Subhani, S. W. Husain, “Synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles from clay,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 91–96, 2016.
- N. Muhammad, S. Siddiqua, “Calcium bentonite vs sodium bentonite: The potential of calcium bentonite for soil foundation,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 48, pp. 822–827, 2022.
- M. Golmohammadi, H. Hanafi-Bojd, M. Shiva, “Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in water by biosynthesized silica supported silver nanoparticles,” Ceramics International. vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 7717–7726, 2023.
- A. Kul, Rıza, H. Koyuncu, A. Turan, A. Aldemir, “Comparative Research of Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies for Neutral Red Adsorption by Activated Carbon Prepared from Apple Peel,” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. vol. 234, no. 6, pp. 1–26, 2023.
- R. Rashid, I. Shafiq, P. Akhter, M. J. Iqbal, M. Hussain, “A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: The effectiveness of adsorption method,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 28, no. 2021, pp. 9050–9066, 2021.
- I. Din, Muhammad, R. Khalid, J. Najeeb, Z. Hussain, “Fundamentals and photocatalysis of methylene blue dye using various nanocatalytic assemblies- a critical review,” Journal of Cleaner Production. vol. 298, 126567, 2021.
- T. Cwalinski, W. Polom, L. Marano, G. Roviello, A. D. Angelo, N. Cwalina, M. Matuszewski, F. Roviello, J. Jaskiewicz, K. Polom, “Methylene Blue — Current Knowledge, Fluorescent Properties, and Its Future Use,” Journal of Clinical Medicine. vol. 9, no. 11, 3538, 2020.
- O. P. Oladoye, T. Ajiboye, Oladiran, E. Omotola, Oyinkansola, J. Oyewola, Olusola, “Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater,” Results in Engineering. vol. 16, 100678, 2022.
- W. A. Hammad, M. A. Darweesh, N. Zouli, S. M. Osman, B. Eweida, M. H. A. Amr, “Adsorption of cationic dye onto Raphanus seeds: Optimization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic studies,” Scientific Reports. vol. 14, 17827, 2024.
- V. K. Yadav, M. H. Fulekar, “Green synthesis and characterization of amorphous silica nanoparticles from fly ash,” Materials Today: Proceedings. vol. 18, pp. 4351–4359, 2019.
- P. Sharma, J. Prakash, R. Kaushal, “An insight into the green synthesis of SiO2 nanostructures as a novel adsorbent for removal of toxic water pollutants,” Environmental Research. vol. 212, 113328, 2022.
- A. Mohagheghian, R. Ghaneei-Motlagh, K. Ayagh, M. Shirzad-Siboni, “Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of two textile dyes by recyclable ZnO-Perlite: Kinetic models and cost analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 1185–1207, 2025.
- J. Zhang, Z. Lin, Z. Yu, Y. Zhang, D. Liang, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, P. Chen, H. Liu, W. Lv, G. Liu, “Simplified synthesis of direct Z-scheme Bi2WO6/PhC2Cu heterojunction that shows enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-TCP: Kinetic study and mechanistic insights,” Journal of Hazardous Materials. vol. 459, 132065, 2023.
- A. Balakrishnan, K. Gopalram, S. Appunni, “Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid by TiO2 modified catalyst: Kinetics and operating cost analysis,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 28, no. 25, pp. 33331–33343, 2021.
- S. Sadaf, H. N. Bhatti, “Batch and fixed bed column studies for the removal of Indosol Yellow BG dye by peanut husk,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 541–553, 2014.
- J. Marousek, A. Marouskov, R. Periakaruppan, G. M. Gokul, A. Anbukumaran, A. Bohata, P. Kriz, J. Barta, P. Cerny, P. Olsan, "Silica nanoparticles from coir pith synthesized by acidic sol-gel method improve germination economics," Polymers. vol. 14, no. 2, 2022.
- M. Rafigh, Sayyid, A. Heydarinasab, “Mesoporous Chitosan − SiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and CO2 Adsorption Capacity,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. vol. 5, pp. 10379–10386, 2017.
- F. da S. Bruckmann, A. C. Pimentel, A. R. Viana, T. da R. Salles, L. M. F. Krause, S. R. Mortari, I. Z. da Silva, C. R. B. Rhoden, “Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation of magnetic nanosilica in L929 cell line,” Disciplinarum Scientia - Ciências Naturais e Tecnológicas. vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 01–14, 2020.
- P. Sharma, J. Kherb, J. Prakash, R. Kaushal, “A novel and facile green synthesis of SiO2 nanoparticles for removal of toxic water pollutants,” Applied Nanoscience. vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 735–747, 2023.
- A. Samy, A. M. Ismail, H. Ali, “Environmentally friendly mesoporous SiO2 with mixed fiber / particle morphology and large surface area for enhanced dye adsorption,” Journal of Materials Science. vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1586–1607, 2023.
- G. Romolini, M. G. D. Ricciarelli, L. T. G. Zampini, “Photocatalytic activity of silica and silica ‑ silver nanocolloids based on photo ‑ induced formation of reactive oxygen species,” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1161–1172, 2021.
- U. Mahanta, M. Khandelwal, A. S. Deshpande, “TiO2 @ SiO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal and photocatalytic degradation under natural sunlight and low-power UV light,” Applied Surface Science. vol. 576, no. PA, pp. 151745, 2022.
- S. S. Batool, Z. Imran, K. Rasool, M. Ahmad, M.A. Rafiq, “Enhanced adsorptive removal of toxic dyes using SiO2 nano fibers,” Solid State Sciences. vol. 55, pp. 13–20, 2016.
There are 30 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Chemical Engineering (Other), Material Design and Behaviors |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 1919B012219481 |
| Early Pub Date | June 10, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | November 19, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 27, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 |
Cite
INDEXING & ABSTRACTING & ARCHIVING
Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-Ticari Olmayan 4.0 Uluslararası Lisans kapsamında lisanslanmıştır .