Gökçeada Tuz Gölü Toprak Örneklerinden İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Antibiyotik Direnç Profillerinin Belirlenmesi
Abstract
Gökçeada Tuz Gölü Lagünü, yüksek tuzluluğu nedeniyle ekstremofilik mikroorganizmalar, özellikle halofiller için uygun bir yaşam alanı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, lagünden farklı dönemlerde (Eylül 2023, Aralık 2023, Nisan 2024 ve Temmuz 2024) toplanan dört toprak örneğinden izole edilen 60 bakteri suşunun antibiyotik duyarlılık profilleri belirlenmiştir. İzolatların morfolojik ve biyokimyasal identifikasyonu Gram boyama, indol üretimi ve nitrat oluşum testleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Antibiyotik duyarlılığı Novobiosin (NV), Eritromisin (E), Streptomisin (S), Basitrasin (B), Penisilin (P), Ampisilin (AM) ve Tetrasiklin (T) ile disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çoklu Antibiyotik Direnci (MAR) indeksi tüm suşlar için 0,2'yi aşmış olup, en yüksek MAR değeri (0,7142) Nisan ayında toplanan izolatlarda gözlenmiştir. Normallik, MAR indeksi değerlerinin normal dağılıma uymadığını gösteren Shapiro-Wilk testi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Sonuç olarak, örnekleme dönemleri boyunca MAR indeksi değerlerindeki farklılıkları analiz etmek için parametrik olmayan Kruskal-Wallis testi kullanıldı. Dönemler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmedi (p > 0,05). Ancak, gözlenen mevsimsel değişimler direnç seviyelerinde artan bir eğilim olduğunu göstermektedir. Normal dağılımın olmaması, antropojenik etkilerin periyodik olmaktan ziyade sürekli bir baskı uyguladığını ve mikrobiyal topluluklarda direnç mekanizmalarının kademeli olarak evrimleşmesine yol açtığını göstermektedir. Yüksek MAR indeksi, bölgedeki mikrobiyal popülasyonlar üzerinde antropojenik baskının önemli etkisini vurgulayarak halk sağlığı için potansiyel riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu bulgular, direnç gelişiminde çevresel ve insan kaynaklı faktörlerin etkisini daha iyi anlamak için aşırı ortamlarda antibiyotik direncinin izlenmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.
Project Number
FDK-2024-4741, 123Y332
References
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- P. Ş. Ç. Türetken, S. Kalkan, G. Altuğ, “Investigation of multiple resistance frequencies (antibiotic and heavy metal) of bacteria isolated from Gökçeada Island coastal marine sediment,” Aquatic Research, vol. 8, pp. 1–11, 2025.
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Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Gökçeada Salt Lake Lagoon (Çanakkale) Sediment Samples
Abstract
Gökçeada Salt Lake Lagoon in Çanakkale, Türkiye, is a hypersaline environment that supports halophilic bacterial communities. This study examined the antibiotic susceptibility of 60 bacterial isolates obtained from four seasonal sediment samples. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the isolates included Gram staining, indole production, nitrate formation tests, and elemental analysis using ICP-OES. Antibiotic resistance was assessed via the disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics: Novobiocin (5 μg), Erythromycin (15 μg), Streptomycin (10 μg), Bacitracin (10 μg), Penicillin G (10 μg), Ampicillin (10 μg), and Tetracycline (30 μg). ICP-OES results showed elevated S, Ca, Mg, Na, and Fe concentrations, particularly in April 2024. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index exceeded 0.2 in all isolates, with the highest value (0.7142) also detected in April 2024. The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated non-normal distribution of MAR values; thus, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Although no significant difference was found between sampling periods (p > 0.05), seasonal increases in resistance suggest gradual adaptation. The consistently high MAR indices point to ongoing anthropogenic pressure, likely due to tourism, agriculture, and livestock activities in the region. This persistent exposure may drive resistance development in microbial populations. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring antibiotic resistance in halophilic bacteria, as such resistance may pose public health risks through environmental pathways.
Supporting Institution
This work was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FDK-2024-4741) and TUBITAK 1002-A Projects (123Y332).
Project Number
FDK-2024-4741, 123Y332
Thanks
This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye and Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. The authors are grateful to TUBITAK and Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
References
- J. L. Rodrigues-Filho, R. L. Macêdo, H. Sarmento, V. R. Pimenta, C. Alonso, C. R. Teixeira, V. M. Cionek, “From ecological functions to ecosystem services: Linking coastal lagoons biodiversity with human well-being,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 850, no. 12, pp. 2611–2653, 2023.
- H. Aslan, O. Gonulal, E. Can-Yilmaz, B. Elipek, O. Baytut, M. Tosunoglu, “Species diversity in lentic, lotic, marine and terrestrial biotopes of Gökçeada Salt Lake Wetland (Canakkale, Turkey),” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 5, pp. 2853–2866, 2018.
- B. Dutta, R. Bandopadhyay, “Biotechnological potentials of halophilic microorganisms and their impact on mankind,” Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 75, 2022.
- A. Ventosa, J. J. Nieto, A. Oren, “Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria,” Microbiological Reviews, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 423–444, 2015.
- D. G. Larsson, C. F. Flach, “Antibiotic resistance in the environment,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 257–269, 2022.
- J. Davies, D. Davies, “Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 417–433, 2010.
- D. Gambino, D. Savoca, A. Sucato, V. Gargano, A. Gentile, L. Pantano, R. Alduina, “Occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the Mediterranean Sea,” Antibiotics, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 332, 2022.
- D. Bozkurt, "Bor içeren ortamlarda prokaryotik çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi," M.S. thesis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Institute of Science, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://tez.yok.gov.tr. Thesis number: 436619
- R. Montalvo-Rodríguez, A. Ruíz-Acevedo, J. López-Garriga, “New isolates of extremely halophilic archaebacteria (Halobacteria) from Puerto Rico and the Caribbean,” Caribbean Journal of Science, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 98–104, 1997.
- D. Rathakrishnan, A. K. Gopalan, “Isolation and characterization of halophilic isolates from Indian salterns and their screening for production of hydrolytic enzymes,” Environmental Challenges, vol. 6, p. 100426, 2022.
- F. I. Kesbiç, N. Gültepe, N. Tüzemen, “Halobacillus trueperi CT7: A spore-forming, gelatinase producing, salt-tolerant bacteria isolated from Çankırı Salt Mine,” Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 46–52, 2023.
- A. Yasmin, A. Fariq, M. Jamil, “A statistical approach to determine co-existence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in environmental isolates of Khewra salt range, Pakistan,” Biologia, vol. 76, no. 12, pp. 3801–3809, 2021.
- S. W. Lee, “Methods for testing statistical differences between groups in medical research: statistical standard and guideline of Life Cycle Committee,” Life Cycle, vol. 2, 2022.
- I. T. Jolliffe, “Principal component analysis for special types of data,” Springer New York, pp. 338–372, 2002.
- H. Li, D. Ye, X. Wang, M. L. Settles, J. Wang, Z. Hao, Z. Ma, “Soil bacterial communities of different natural forest types in Northeast China,” Plant and Soil, vol. 383, pp. 203–216, 2014.
- P. Joshi, V. Pande, P. Joshi, “Microbial diversity of aquatic ecosystem and its industrial potential,” Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access, vol. 3, pp. 177–179, 2016.
- L. Tang, “The responses of soil microbes to climatic and anthropological factors in the Tibetan grasslands,” PhD thesis, School of Environment and Sc, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/items/b7b5f9af-06af-4866-a30f-09b4f20a459d
- E. Marti, J. Jofre, J. L. Balcazar, “Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community composition in a river influenced by a wastewater treatment plant,” Plos One, vol. 8, no. 10, e78906, 2013.
- K. Abe, N. Nomura, S. Suzuki, “Biofilms: hot spots of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in aquatic environments, with a focus on a new HGT mechanism,” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 96, no. 5, fiaa031, 2020.
- L. X. He, L. Y. He, F. Z. Gao, M. Zhang, J. Chen, W. L. Jia, G. G. Ying, “Mariculture affects antibiotic resistome and microbiome in the coastal environment,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 452, 131208, 2023.
- K. A. A. AbdelRahim, E. S. M. Soltan, M. A. Abu-Garbia, F. El-Zien, “Heavy metals and antibiotics resistance of halophilic bacteria isolated from different areas in Red Sea, Egypt,” Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 77–89, 2014.
- V. D. Shinde, R. S. Thombre, “Antibiotic resistance profiling of marine halophilic bacteria and haloarchaea,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 132–137, 2016.
- F. B. Kayış, S. Dinçer, F. Matyar, H. A. M. Takcı, M. S. Özdenefe, A. Arkut, “Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) izole edilen bakterilerin tiplendirilmesi ve çoklu antibiyotik dirençliliklerinin araştırılması,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43–47, 2017.
- M. Gençoğlu, “Tuzla lagününün (Karataş) mikrobiyal kalitesinin belirlenmesi, antibiyotik dirençlilik frekansının tespiti,” M.S. thesis, Çukurova University, Institute of Science, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=GnUZbeBUbLDLdbFcigshXg
- M. K. Mohanta, S. Nasrin, M. F. Haque, A. S. Hasi, A. K. Saha, “Isolation and characterization of halophilic bacteria from salinity sediment of Shatkhira, Bangladesh,” Journal of Advances in Microbiology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 67–76, 2020.
- P. Ş. Ç. Türetken, S. Kalkan, G. Altuğ, “Investigation of multiple resistance frequencies (antibiotic and heavy metal) of bacteria isolated from Gökçeada Island coastal marine sediment,” Aquatic Research, vol. 8, pp. 1–11, 2025.
- K. Çetinkuş, “Çamaltı Tuzlası halofilik mikroorganizmaların izolasyonu ve karakterizasyonu,” M.S. thesis, Anadolu University, Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center, [Online]. Available: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=WvkBlPSrRZb3vw45U9ggzQ
- S. K. Çelik, “A preliminary metabarcoding study of prokaryotes in Gökçeada Salt Lake Lagoon, Turkey,” European Journal of Biology, vol. 80, pp. 69–74, 2021.
- H. Aslan, B. Elipek, O. Gönülal, Ö. Baytut, Y. Kurt, Ö. E. İnanmaz, “Gökçeada Salt Lake: A case study of seasonal dynamics of wetland ecological communities in the context of anthropogenic pressure and nature conservation,” Wetlands, vol. 41, 23, 2021.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | FDK-2024-4741, 123Y332 |
| Early Pub Date | June 19, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 26, 2025 |
| Submission Date | March 4, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 10, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 29 Issue: 3 |
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