Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ABD, ÇİN ve RUSYA’NIN MÜCADELE ALANINDA TÜRKİYE’NİN ARKTİKA POLİTİKASI

Year 2025, Issue: 51, 63 - 83, 25.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1625514

Abstract

Arktika Bölgesi, özellikle 21. yüzyılın başlarında küresel ilginin arttığı, jeopolitik ve jeostratejik öneme haiz bir coğrafya olmuştur. Arktika Bölgesi, küresel iklim değişikliğinin etkileriyle birlikte jeopolitik açıdan her geçen gün artarak daha da stratejik bir alan haline gelmektedir. Küresel iklim değişikliğinin etkileriyle, buzullarının erimesi neticesinde bölgeye ulaşım kolaylaştırmıştır. Potansiyel doğal kaynakları, enerji ve doğal gazının yanında maden ve minerallerin bol bulunması, birçok ülkenin ilgisini çekmektedir. Dünyanın bu önemli ve değerli, her an sıcak çatışma ve kriz ihtimalinin yüksek olduğu bölgesi, ABD, Çin ve Rusya arasında mücadele alanı olmuştur. Bu durumda bölgenin doğal kaynaklara erişimi, yeni deniz ticari rotalarının açılması ve büyük güçlerin hegemonik üstünlük rekabeti, Arktika Bölgesi’ni küresel bir merkez haline taşımıştır. ABD, Çin ve Rusya gibi küresel güçlerin çatışma ve stratejik rekabet alanında Türkiye, Arktika Bölgesi’nde nasıl bir siyasi, ticari ve diplomatik pozisyon almalıdır? Alacağı karar ve belirleyeceği politikalar, Türkiye’nin bölgedeki varlığına ve dış politikasına ne gibi etkileri olacaktır? Türkiye'nin bölgeye yönelik politikası neler içermekte, Türkiye'nin bu mücadele alanındaki potansiyel rolü, gücü ve karşılaşacağı zorluklar nelerdir olabilir? Bu araştırmanın amacı, Arktika Bölgesi’nde artan jeopolitik ve jeoekonomik rekabette Türkiye’nin konumunu, stratejik kazanımlarını ve bölgeye yönelik dış politikasını incelemek olacaktır. ABD, Çin ve Rusya’nın Arktika’daki faaliyetleri çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin, nasıl bir aktör olacağını ve hangi çalışmaları ortaya koyacağını irdelemektir. Türkiye'nin Arktika politikasını şekillendiren iç ve dış dinamikleri analiz etmek, küresel güçlerin Araştırma, 21. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Arktika’nın uluslararası önemine odaklanarak, özellikle son çeyrek yüzyıl içinde ABD, Çin ve Rusya’nın bölgedeki politikaları ile bu çerçevesinde geliştirdiği Arktika açılımını kapsamaktadır. Çalışma da nitel yöntem benimseyecek.

References

  • Aizhu, C. (2022, Şubat 4). “Russia, China agree 30-year gas deal via new pipeline, to settle in euros” https://www.reuters.com/. Erişim: 09.04.2023.
  • Arctic Research Plan 2022–2026. https://www.iarpccollaborations.org/plan/index.html#download-plan. Erişim:19.02.2023.
  • “Arctic Strategy”. (2020, Temmuz 21). Secretary of The Air Force, Washington, https://www.af.mil/. Erişim: 09.04.2024.
  • “Arctic: Speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell at the Arctic Frontiers conference”. (2021, Şubat 02). https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/arctic-speech-highrepresentativevice- president-josep-borrell-arctic-frontiers-conference_en. Erişim: 08.03.2022.
  • Ashby, R. (2021). Russian military bases in the Arctic (ICE8 mod 2). academia.edu. Erişim:24.04.2023. Assembly, U. N. (1950, Kasım 21). Memorandum on the soviet doctrine and practice with respect to the regime of the high seas. United Nations, https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_38.pdf. Erişim: 26.03.2022.
  • Bethesda, M. (2001). Distances Between Ports. Sagamore Rd New Jersey: National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency- The United States Government.
  • Bravo, M. (2019). North Pole: Nature and Culture (Earth). London: Published by Reaktion Books Ltd.
  • Breum, M. (2018, Ekim 17). “China and the US both have strategic designs for Greenland”. https://www.arctictoday.com/china-us-strategic-designs-greenland/. Erişim: 20.03.2022. Breum, M. (2019, Aralık 27). Full Steam Ahead in Russia's Arctic. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/full-steam-ahead-russias-arctic. Erişim:14.03.2022.
  • Breyfogle, N., ve Dunifon, J. (tarih yok). Russia and the Race for the Arctic. https://origins.osu.edu/article/russia-and-race-arctic/images. Erişim: 23.04.2022.
  • Brigham, Lawson. (Mayıs 2024). New Challenges for the Bering Strait, https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2024/Mayıs/new-challenges-bering-strait. Erişim:06.06.2024.
  • Bulkeley, R. (2015, Mayıs 15). Naming Antarctica. Polar Record, 52 (262), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000200.
  • Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, (2020, Nisan 28, Updated Ağustos 7 2024). EveryCRSReport, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41153.html#_Toc39659951. Erişim: 25.03.2022.
  • Conley, H. (2017, Ocak 30). U.S.-Sino relations in the arctic. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-sino-relations-arctic. Erişim: 04.04.2022.
  • Conley, H., ve Melino, M. (2019, Mayıs). “The Implications of U.S. Policy Stagnation toward the Arctic Region”. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). Center For Strategic &International Studies (CSIS). https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/ publication/191009_ConleyMelino.pdf. Erişim: 21.02.2022.
  • Conley, H. ve Melino, M. (2020, Mart). Amerıca’s arctic moment Great Power Competition in the Arctic to 2050. Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studie (CSIS).
  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi (BCA). (3 Haziran 1935). 30-18-1-2/55- 45-17. Harita Umum Müdürlüğü Hidrografi işlerinde çalışmakta olan Uzman Rolf Kjaer’e ait kadronun tasdiki.
  • Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. (1939).19 Şubat.
  • Cunliffe, B. (2002). The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek, Walker Books.
  • Çevik, V. A. ve Durukan, T. (2020, Kasım 20, Kasım 20). Çin’in kuzey kutbu’na olan ilgisi: kutup ipek yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi.
  • Dal, A. (2020, Temmuz). Kuzeydeki asırlık çatışma: arktik bölgesi’ndeki çıkarlar algılaması ve egemenlik tartışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Fırat Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.
  • “Danish Military intelligence report warns about russian arctic military base. (2020, Aralık 15). https://www.highnorthnews.com/en. Erişim: 22.03.2022.
  • Desjardins, J. (2015, Aralık 02). The Race for arctic domination. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/. Erişim: 19.04.2022.
  • Devyatkin, P. (2018, Şubat 13). Russia’s arctic strategy: military and security (Part II). https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/. Erişim: 23.04.2022.
  • Dmitry, G. (2017, Temmuz 26). Russia’S New And Unrealistic Naval Doctrine. https://warontherocks.com/. Erişim: 25.04.2022.
  • Does the North Pole still matter? https://www.cam.ac.uk/northpole. Erişim: 06.01.2022.
  • Eakins, B. ve Sharman, G. (2010). Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), https://ngdc.noaa.gov/: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_ocean_volumes.html. Erişim: 27.04.2022.
  • Farré, A., Stephenson, S., Chen, L., Czub, M. (2014). Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure. Polar Geography, doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
  • Faulconbridge, G. (2007, Ağustos 02). Russian sub plants flag under north pole. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-28784420070802. Erişim: 20.03.2022.
  • Fleming, J. A. (1932). The proposed second ınternational polar year, 1932-1933. Geographical Review, 22(1), 131–134.
  • Full text: china’s arctic policy. (2018, Ocak 26). The state council the people's republic of china, http://english.www.gov.cn/ Erişim: 20.06.2023.
  • General Abdurrahman. (1936). Türk-Bulgar birinci derece nirengilerin raptı. Haritacılar Mecmuası.
  • Gümrükçü, H. (2015). Küresel bakışla kutup çağının genel hatları, küresel bakışla kutup çağı dizisi 1 çatışmalar, iş birlikleri, ulusal çıkarlar. Hazırlayan Harun Gümrükçü, Natalia Shulgina Şanlı, Selçuk
  • Demirkılınç, Aybüke İnan ve Tamer İlbuğa içinde 4-26. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gümrükçü, H. ve Ceritli, İ. (2020). Küresel bakışla kutup çağı-4. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Heininen, L. ve Yarovoy, G. (2014, Eylül). Russian Strategies in the arctic: Avoiding A new. Valdai Discussion Club. https://www.uarctic.org/media/857300/arctic_eng.pdf. Erişim: 19.05.2023.
  • Heleniak, T. (2014). Migration in the Arctic. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2014/Scholarly_Papers/4.Heleniak.pdf. Erişim: 25.04.2022.
  • Heuzé, C., Jahn, A. (2024). The first ice-free day in the arctic ocean could occur before 2030. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3. Erişim:07.12.2024. SDU-SD½2025 ½ 51 ½ 63-83½79
  • Henderson, B. Who Discovered the North Pole? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/. Erişim: 07.09.2023.
  • Hinshaw, D. ve Jeremy, P. (2019, Şubat 10). How the Pentagon countered china’s designs on greenland. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-pentagon-counteredchinas- designs-on-greenland-11549812296. Erişim: 28.04.2022.
  • Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Berthier, E., & Menounos, B. (2021, Nisan 29). Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. Nature, 592.
  • Jakobson, L. ve Peng, J. (2012, Kasım). China’s arctic aspirations. Stockholm international peace research ınstitute (SIPRI), Sweden.
  • Janjgava, N. (2012, Summer). Disputes in the arctic: threats and opportunities. https://connectionsqj. org/. Erişim: 07.12.2023.
  • Jenks, L. S. (1958, Aralık). Navigating under the north pole icecap. https://www.usni.org/. Erişim: 07.03.2023.
  • Kadomtsev, A. (2019, Ağustos 16). Battle for the Arctic: friends and foes. https://en.interaffairs.ru/. Erişim:16.04.2022.
  • Kalfaoğlu, R., ve Viakhireva, N. (2024). Turkey plans to earn recognition in the arctic by developing ıts scientific competencies, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/. Ağustos 21. Erişim: 04.10.2024.
  • Kalfaoğlu, R. (tarih yok). Основы государственной политики российской федерации в арктике на период до 2020 года и дальнейшую перспективу. http://government.ru/en/: http://static.government.ru/media/files/A4qP6brLNJ175I40U0K46x4SsKRHGfUO.pdf. Erişim:12.01.2023.
  • Karabulut, H. (2021). Adı konmayan kıta grönland: jeostratejik, jeopolitik ve jeoekonomik boyutları. H.
  • Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 259-288). Ankara. Nobel yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Gümrükçü, H. (2021). Senkaku/dıaoyu takımadaları: çin ve japonya arasında güney çin denizi’nde egemenlik ve mülkiyet mücadelesi ve enerji kaynaklarının geleceği. H. Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 177-199). Ankara. Nobel yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Gümrükçü, H. (2021). Spratly/nansha takımadaları: hegemonik üstünlük, doğal kaynaklara erişim ve enerji nakil hatları güvenliği. H. Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 211-248). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Karabulut, S. B. (2023). Türkiye’nin geç atılmış doğru adımı: spitzbergen/ svalbard antlaşması. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi 12, s. 2. https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2023.13089.
  • Khoreva, O., Konchakov, R., Leonard, S. C., Tamitskiy, A. & Tamitskiy, A. (2019, Ocak 08). Attracting skilled labour to the north: migration loss and policy implications across russia’s diverse arctic regions. Polar Record. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/S0032247419000019
  • Kipp, J. W. (1999, Temmuz-Ağustos). Russia's northwest strategic direction, foreign military studies office. https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/rusnwstrat.htm. Erişim:13.04.2023.
  • Koch, W. (2015, Eylül 28). 3 reasons why shell halted drilling in the arctic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/150928-3-reasons-shell-halted-drilling-in-thearctic. Erişim: 13.02.2022.
  • Koh, S. L. (2020, Mayıs 12). China’s strategic interest in the Arctic goes beyond economics. Defense News https://www.defensenews.com/. Erişim:19.02.2022.
  • Korenyako, A. (2015, Ekim 19). Sabetta to become the northernmost international airport. https://www.rusaviainsider.com/the-worlds-possibly-northernmost-airport/. Erişim: 23.02.2022.
  • Lasserre, F. (2018). Arctic shipping: a contrasted expansion of a largely destinational market. F. Matthias, & H. Lassi içinde, The Global Arctic Handbook (s. 83-100). Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer, Cham.
  • Leiser, M. (2022, Şubat 04). Russia and china to deepen cooperation in the arctic. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en. Erişim: 23.08.2023.
  • Limon, O. (2021). Arctic interests and policy of turkey: dilemmas, approaches and initiatives, Arctic Yearbook. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2021/Scholarly- Papers/9_AY2021_Limon.pdf. Erişim: 16.05.2023.
  • Lopez, S. A., ve Dantas, V. (2022). The polar mediterranean: past, present, and future of a social ımaginary, master of arts in polar law (MA) / Master of Polar Law, University of Akureyri Akureyri, Iceland.
  • McCannon, J. (1998). Red arktic: polar exploration and the myth of the north in the soviet union 1932- 1939. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • McCannon, J. (2010). Winged Prometheans: Arctic aviation as socialist construction in stalinist russia, 1928-1939. Scientia Canadensis, 33, (2). https://doi.org/10.7202/1006151ar. Erişim: 23.09.2023.
  • Melino, M. ve Conley, H. A. (tarih yok). The ice curtain: russia’s arctic military presence. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), https://www.csis.org/: Erişim: 05.04.2022.
  • Mercator, Gerhard 1512-1594. (Tarih yok). Princeton University Library, https://library.princeton.edu/. Erişim:16.010.2023.
  • Montemurno, M. (2022). Where did our ocean names come from? https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2022/01/13/ocean-names/. Erişim: 05.02.2024.
  • Nakano, J. (2018, Şubat 02). China launches the polar silk road. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), https://www.csis.org/. Erişim: 28.03.2022.
  • Nalley, S. (2021,6 Ekim). International Energy Outlook 2021 (IEO2021). U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim:25.09.2023.
  • Norwegian Intelligence Service Fokus 2021. (2021, Ocak 26). https://www.forsvaret.no/en. Erişim: 23.011.2023.
  • Nurlan, A. (2019, Haziran 25). Russia’s Military Capabilities in the Arctic. https://icds.ee/en/. Erişim: 11.012.2023.
  • Nuroglu, E. (2021, Ekim 01). ANALYSIS- Great power rivalry heating up in arctic circle. Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/en: Erişim: 07.011.2023.
  • Nuttall (Ed.), M. (2005). Saami. L. Patrik içinde, Encyclopedia of the Arctic. New York: Routledge.
  • Østreng, W. (2010). On the geopolitical significance of the arctic states. http://www.arctissearch. com/Welcome+to+ARCTIS. Erişim: 05.01.2022.
  • Plumer, B. (2017, Mart 22). This is an incredible visualization of the world's shipping routes. https://www.vox.com/. Erişim: 04.02.2022.
  • President Obama's Trip to Alaska. (Tarih yok). https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ Erişim: 04.02.2022.
  • Rossi, R. (2022, Şubat 7). The Bering Strait, an area of Russian-US geostrategic interest. https://www.specialeurasia.com/. Erişim: 09.03.2023.
  • Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R. ve Stronski, P. (2021, Mart 29). The return of global russia, russia in the arctic— a critical examination. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/. Erişim: 12.08.2023.
  • Russia’s Defense Ministry establishes arctic strategic command. (2014, Aralık 01). Russian News Agency (TASS), https://tass.com/. Erişim: 20.02.2023.
  • Sar, İ., ve Demirkıran, Ö. (2023). Güney çin denizi’nde çin-abd güç mücadelesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (45), 413-439.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel enerji jeopolitiği ve enerji güvenliği. Journal of Yasar University, 26(7).
  • Shabad, T. (1977, Ağustos 18). Soviet nuclear ship reaches north pole through arctic ice. https://www.nytimes.com/. Erişim: 18.02.2022.
  • Shao, G. (2019, Aralık 03). Russia opens Siberian pipeline to China as Beijing expands its influence in the Arctic. https://www.cnbc.com/world/. Erişim: 05.12.202.
  • Sharma, A. (2021, Ekim 25). China’s polar silk road: implications for the arctic region. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/: Erişim: 03.09.2023.
  • Shubin, D. (2020). Future of great power competition in the arctic. Journal of Society And The State,1(6). https://sgpjournal.mgimo.ru/.
  • Snow, N. (2014, Ocak 30). Countries moving geopolitically on Arctic energy, Wilson forum told. Oil&Gas Journal, https://www.ogj.com/. Erişim: 16.02.2022.
  • Sørensen, C. ve Klimenko, E. (2017, Haziran). Emerging chinese– russian cooperation in the arctic possibilities and constraints. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/. Erişim: 15.10.2024.
  • Staalesen, A. (2019, Haziran 07). Trans-arctic shipments on agenda as chinese companies come to st. petersburg economic forum. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en. Erişim: 26.01.2023.
  • Stauffer, P. H.-A. (2008). Circum-arctic resource appraisal: estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the arctic circle. Sience for a changing world(USGS). https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 12.07.2023.
  • Stephen, J. (2011, Temmuz). Russia in the arctic. US Army War College USAWC Press. Press. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/573. Erişim:14.08.2023. Strategy for the development of the arctic zone of the russian federation and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035. (25 Jun. 2021). https://www.ndc.nato.int/. Erişim: 19.012.2023.
  • Tangredi, S. J., Giles, K. & Boulegue, M. (2019, Summer). The us army war college quarterly parameters. A2/AD Myths: Chinese & Russian, 49(1–2).
  • On Birinci Kalkınma Planı 2019-2023. TBMM, Karar No. 1225, Karar Tarihi: 18.07.2019.
  • The arctic research and policy act of 1984. (1984, Temmuz 31). Interagency arctic research policy committee (IARPC), https://www.iarpccollaborations.org/index.html. Erişim: 10.012.2023.
  • The Arctic: Exploration Timeline. (Tarih yok). Polar discovery,woods hole oceanographic institution, http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/. Erişim: 13.03.2022 .
  • The human conquest of the polar regions. (2019). https://worldoceanreview.com/en/. Erişim: 25.04.2024.
  • The Kremlin’s Arctic Dreams.Geo-strategic ımplications for russia and the world in 2040. (Tarih yok). Washington Headquarters Services. https://www.esd.whs.mil/. Erişim: 22.04.2024.
  • Timothy, H. Migration in the Arctic. Arctic Portal Arctic Yearbook 2014. 1-23. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2014/Scholarly_Papers/4.Heleniak.pdf. Erişim 16 06.2022.
  • Arctic oil and natural gas resources. (2012, Ocak 20). https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim: 17.03.2024.
  • Turan, O. (1995). Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefkuresi Tarihi. İstanbul.
  • Turunen, E. (2019, Ocak). Resources in the arctic 2019. Nordregio, https://nordregio.org/: https://nordregio.org/maps/resources-in-the-arctic-2019/ - _ftn1. Erişim: 24.03.2022.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (Tarih yok). Arktik. https://sozluk.gov.tr/. Erişim:13.07.2022.
  • Varnajot, A. (2020). Rethinking Arctic tourism: tourists’ practices and perceptions of the Arctic in Rovaniemi, Nordia Geographical Publications, The Geographical Society of Northern Finland and Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland.
  • Veijola, S. ve Mazzullo, H. (2018). Tourism at the crossroads of contesting paradigms of arctic development. L. H. (Ed.) Matthias Finger içinde, The Global Arctic Handbook (s. 63-81). Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer Cham.
  • Verma, B. (2020, Kasım 07). The strategic importance of the arctic region and the role of great powers. nepal institute for ınternational cooperation and engagement (NIICE), https://niice.org.np/. Erişim: 16.011.2024.
  • Victor, R. (2018, Nisan 24). What are the origins of the names arctic and antarctica? World Atlas, https://www.worldatlas.com/. Erişim: 20.06.2023.
  • Vladimir V., Pitulko, Alexei N., Tikhonov, Elena Y,. Pavlova, Pavel A. Nikolskiy., Konstantin E. Kuper., Roman N. Polozov. (2016). Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains. https://www.science.org/. doi/10.1126/science.aad0554. Erişim: 19.05.2024.
  • Wessells, S. (2012, Nisan 30). USGS gas hydrates lab. Sience for a changing world (USGS), https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 25.04.2024.
  • White house office of science and technology policy announces a bold strategy to understand a changing arctic. (2021, Aralık 15). The White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/. Erişim: 11.03.2022.
  • Witt, M., Stefánsson, H., Valfells, Á. & Larsen, J. N. (2021, Mayıs). Energy resources and electricity generation in Arctic areas. Renewable Energy,169.
  • 6 Published by maribus in cooperation with The Arctic and Antarctic – Extreme, Climatically Crucial and In Crisis". World Ocean Review, (2019). https://www.unesco.org/en. Erişim: 26.07.2024.
  • Yan, W. (2020, Mart 02). Arctic exploration: drifting with the ice. China Dialogue Ocean,
  • https://chinadialogueocean.net/en/. Erişim: 25.03.2022.
  • http://icestories.exploratorium.edu/dispatches/index.html. Erişim: 29.01.2022.
  • https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/Mayıs/28/was-the-first-man-to-reach-the-north-pole-a. Erişim:07.09.2023.
  • https://www.nasa.gov/. Erişim: 11.01.2022.
  • https://www.northernforum.org/en. Erişim: 13.01.2022.
  • https://www.ahdictionary.com/. Erişim: 25.01.2022.
  • https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 23.02.2022.
  • https://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/. Erişim: 26.02.2022.
  • https://www.arctic-council.org/. Erişim: 08.03.2022
  • https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/. Erişim: 27.03.2022.
  • https://www.oceaneconomics.org/. Erişim: 03.04.2022.
  • https://arcticportal.org/. 06.04.2022.
  • http://www.unmuseum.org/norge_1.htm. Erişim: 20.04.2022.
  • https://arctic-russia.ru/en/. Erişim: 20.02.2023.
  • https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim: 13.01.2024.
  • https://www.shodb.gov.tr/. Erişim:09.03.2024.
  • https://polrec.itu.edu.tr/. Erişim:13.05.2024.
  • https://tubitak.gov.tr. Erişim:20.06.2024.
  • https://bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/. Erişim:13.08.2024.
  • https://www.sciencedaily.com/. Erişim: 20.08.2024.
  • https://www.marinedealnews.com. Erişim:22.08.2024.
  • https://www.aa.com.tr/tr. Erişim:3.09.2024.
  • https://polarjournal.ch/. Erişim:20.09.2024.
  • https://stat.gl/. Erişim: 25.09.2024.
  • https://nsidc.org/home. Erişim: 25.11.2024.

TURKIYE'S ARCTIC POLICY in the ARENA of USA, CHINA and RUSSIA

Year 2025, Issue: 51, 63 - 83, 25.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1625514

Abstract

The Arctic Region has emerged as a geography of growing geopolitical and geostrategic significance, particularly since the early 21st century, attracting heightened global attention. Influenced by the effects of global climate change, the region is increasingly transforming into a strategic zone, with the melting of glaciers facilitating improved accessibility. The abundance of potential natural resources—including energy reserves, natural gas, minerals, and ores—has drawn the interest of numerous states. This critical and resource-rich area, marked by a persistent risk of conflicts and crises, has become a contested arena among major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia. The convergence of access to natural resources, the opening of new maritime trade routes, and the competition for hegemonic supremacy among global powers has elevated the Arctic to a pivotal position on the world stage. In this context, what political, commercial, and diplomatic stance should Türkiye adopt in the Arctic Region? How might its policy decisions impact its presence in the region and shape its broader foreign policy? What elements define Türkiye’s current approach to the Arctic, and what potential roles, capabilities, and challenges might it encounter in this contested sphere? This study aims to analyze Türkiye’s position, strategic opportunities, and foreign policy orientation in the Arctic Region amid escalating geopolitical and geo-economic competition. Within the framework of U.S., Chinese, and Russian activities in the Arctic, the research explores Türkiye’s potential role as an actor and the initiatives it may undertake. By examining the domestic and international dynamics shaping Türkiye’s Arctic policy, the study focuses on the Arctic’s growing international prominence since the early 21st century, particularly the policies and regional strategies pursued by the U.S., China, and Russia over the past quarter-century. The research adopts a qualitative methodology to address these questions.

References

  • Aizhu, C. (2022, Şubat 4). “Russia, China agree 30-year gas deal via new pipeline, to settle in euros” https://www.reuters.com/. Erişim: 09.04.2023.
  • Arctic Research Plan 2022–2026. https://www.iarpccollaborations.org/plan/index.html#download-plan. Erişim:19.02.2023.
  • “Arctic Strategy”. (2020, Temmuz 21). Secretary of The Air Force, Washington, https://www.af.mil/. Erişim: 09.04.2024.
  • “Arctic: Speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell at the Arctic Frontiers conference”. (2021, Şubat 02). https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/arctic-speech-highrepresentativevice- president-josep-borrell-arctic-frontiers-conference_en. Erişim: 08.03.2022.
  • Ashby, R. (2021). Russian military bases in the Arctic (ICE8 mod 2). academia.edu. Erişim:24.04.2023. Assembly, U. N. (1950, Kasım 21). Memorandum on the soviet doctrine and practice with respect to the regime of the high seas. United Nations, https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_38.pdf. Erişim: 26.03.2022.
  • Bethesda, M. (2001). Distances Between Ports. Sagamore Rd New Jersey: National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency- The United States Government.
  • Bravo, M. (2019). North Pole: Nature and Culture (Earth). London: Published by Reaktion Books Ltd.
  • Breum, M. (2018, Ekim 17). “China and the US both have strategic designs for Greenland”. https://www.arctictoday.com/china-us-strategic-designs-greenland/. Erişim: 20.03.2022. Breum, M. (2019, Aralık 27). Full Steam Ahead in Russia's Arctic. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/full-steam-ahead-russias-arctic. Erişim:14.03.2022.
  • Breyfogle, N., ve Dunifon, J. (tarih yok). Russia and the Race for the Arctic. https://origins.osu.edu/article/russia-and-race-arctic/images. Erişim: 23.04.2022.
  • Brigham, Lawson. (Mayıs 2024). New Challenges for the Bering Strait, https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2024/Mayıs/new-challenges-bering-strait. Erişim:06.06.2024.
  • Bulkeley, R. (2015, Mayıs 15). Naming Antarctica. Polar Record, 52 (262), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000200.
  • Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, (2020, Nisan 28, Updated Ağustos 7 2024). EveryCRSReport, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41153.html#_Toc39659951. Erişim: 25.03.2022.
  • Conley, H. (2017, Ocak 30). U.S.-Sino relations in the arctic. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-sino-relations-arctic. Erişim: 04.04.2022.
  • Conley, H., ve Melino, M. (2019, Mayıs). “The Implications of U.S. Policy Stagnation toward the Arctic Region”. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). Center For Strategic &International Studies (CSIS). https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/ publication/191009_ConleyMelino.pdf. Erişim: 21.02.2022.
  • Conley, H. ve Melino, M. (2020, Mart). Amerıca’s arctic moment Great Power Competition in the Arctic to 2050. Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studie (CSIS).
  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi (BCA). (3 Haziran 1935). 30-18-1-2/55- 45-17. Harita Umum Müdürlüğü Hidrografi işlerinde çalışmakta olan Uzman Rolf Kjaer’e ait kadronun tasdiki.
  • Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. (1939).19 Şubat.
  • Cunliffe, B. (2002). The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek, Walker Books.
  • Çevik, V. A. ve Durukan, T. (2020, Kasım 20, Kasım 20). Çin’in kuzey kutbu’na olan ilgisi: kutup ipek yolu. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi.
  • Dal, A. (2020, Temmuz). Kuzeydeki asırlık çatışma: arktik bölgesi’ndeki çıkarlar algılaması ve egemenlik tartışmaları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Fırat Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.
  • “Danish Military intelligence report warns about russian arctic military base. (2020, Aralık 15). https://www.highnorthnews.com/en. Erişim: 22.03.2022.
  • Desjardins, J. (2015, Aralık 02). The Race for arctic domination. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/. Erişim: 19.04.2022.
  • Devyatkin, P. (2018, Şubat 13). Russia’s arctic strategy: military and security (Part II). https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/. Erişim: 23.04.2022.
  • Dmitry, G. (2017, Temmuz 26). Russia’S New And Unrealistic Naval Doctrine. https://warontherocks.com/. Erişim: 25.04.2022.
  • Does the North Pole still matter? https://www.cam.ac.uk/northpole. Erişim: 06.01.2022.
  • Eakins, B. ve Sharman, G. (2010). Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), https://ngdc.noaa.gov/: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_ocean_volumes.html. Erişim: 27.04.2022.
  • Farré, A., Stephenson, S., Chen, L., Czub, M. (2014). Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure. Polar Geography, doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
  • Faulconbridge, G. (2007, Ağustos 02). Russian sub plants flag under north pole. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-28784420070802. Erişim: 20.03.2022.
  • Fleming, J. A. (1932). The proposed second ınternational polar year, 1932-1933. Geographical Review, 22(1), 131–134.
  • Full text: china’s arctic policy. (2018, Ocak 26). The state council the people's republic of china, http://english.www.gov.cn/ Erişim: 20.06.2023.
  • General Abdurrahman. (1936). Türk-Bulgar birinci derece nirengilerin raptı. Haritacılar Mecmuası.
  • Gümrükçü, H. (2015). Küresel bakışla kutup çağının genel hatları, küresel bakışla kutup çağı dizisi 1 çatışmalar, iş birlikleri, ulusal çıkarlar. Hazırlayan Harun Gümrükçü, Natalia Shulgina Şanlı, Selçuk
  • Demirkılınç, Aybüke İnan ve Tamer İlbuğa içinde 4-26. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gümrükçü, H. ve Ceritli, İ. (2020). Küresel bakışla kutup çağı-4. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Heininen, L. ve Yarovoy, G. (2014, Eylül). Russian Strategies in the arctic: Avoiding A new. Valdai Discussion Club. https://www.uarctic.org/media/857300/arctic_eng.pdf. Erişim: 19.05.2023.
  • Heleniak, T. (2014). Migration in the Arctic. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2014/Scholarly_Papers/4.Heleniak.pdf. Erişim: 25.04.2022.
  • Heuzé, C., Jahn, A. (2024). The first ice-free day in the arctic ocean could occur before 2030. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3. Erişim:07.12.2024. SDU-SD½2025 ½ 51 ½ 63-83½79
  • Henderson, B. Who Discovered the North Pole? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/. Erişim: 07.09.2023.
  • Hinshaw, D. ve Jeremy, P. (2019, Şubat 10). How the Pentagon countered china’s designs on greenland. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-pentagon-counteredchinas- designs-on-greenland-11549812296. Erişim: 28.04.2022.
  • Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Berthier, E., & Menounos, B. (2021, Nisan 29). Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. Nature, 592.
  • Jakobson, L. ve Peng, J. (2012, Kasım). China’s arctic aspirations. Stockholm international peace research ınstitute (SIPRI), Sweden.
  • Janjgava, N. (2012, Summer). Disputes in the arctic: threats and opportunities. https://connectionsqj. org/. Erişim: 07.12.2023.
  • Jenks, L. S. (1958, Aralık). Navigating under the north pole icecap. https://www.usni.org/. Erişim: 07.03.2023.
  • Kadomtsev, A. (2019, Ağustos 16). Battle for the Arctic: friends and foes. https://en.interaffairs.ru/. Erişim:16.04.2022.
  • Kalfaoğlu, R., ve Viakhireva, N. (2024). Turkey plans to earn recognition in the arctic by developing ıts scientific competencies, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/. Ağustos 21. Erişim: 04.10.2024.
  • Kalfaoğlu, R. (tarih yok). Основы государственной политики российской федерации в арктике на период до 2020 года и дальнейшую перспективу. http://government.ru/en/: http://static.government.ru/media/files/A4qP6brLNJ175I40U0K46x4SsKRHGfUO.pdf. Erişim:12.01.2023.
  • Karabulut, H. (2021). Adı konmayan kıta grönland: jeostratejik, jeopolitik ve jeoekonomik boyutları. H.
  • Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 259-288). Ankara. Nobel yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Gümrükçü, H. (2021). Senkaku/dıaoyu takımadaları: çin ve japonya arasında güney çin denizi’nde egemenlik ve mülkiyet mücadelesi ve enerji kaynaklarının geleceği. H. Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 177-199). Ankara. Nobel yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Gümrükçü, H. (2021). Spratly/nansha takımadaları: hegemonik üstünlük, doğal kaynaklara erişim ve enerji nakil hatları güvenliği. H. Karabulut, H. Gümrükçü ve Z. S. (Ed.) Soylu içinde, Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-5 Yedi Ada Yedi Sorun Yedi Çözüm (s. 211-248). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Karabulut, H., ve Karabulut, S. B. (2023). Türkiye’nin geç atılmış doğru adımı: spitzbergen/ svalbard antlaşması. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi 12, s. 2. https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2023.13089.
  • Khoreva, O., Konchakov, R., Leonard, S. C., Tamitskiy, A. & Tamitskiy, A. (2019, Ocak 08). Attracting skilled labour to the north: migration loss and policy implications across russia’s diverse arctic regions. Polar Record. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/S0032247419000019
  • Kipp, J. W. (1999, Temmuz-Ağustos). Russia's northwest strategic direction, foreign military studies office. https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/rusnwstrat.htm. Erişim:13.04.2023.
  • Koch, W. (2015, Eylül 28). 3 reasons why shell halted drilling in the arctic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/150928-3-reasons-shell-halted-drilling-in-thearctic. Erişim: 13.02.2022.
  • Koh, S. L. (2020, Mayıs 12). China’s strategic interest in the Arctic goes beyond economics. Defense News https://www.defensenews.com/. Erişim:19.02.2022.
  • Korenyako, A. (2015, Ekim 19). Sabetta to become the northernmost international airport. https://www.rusaviainsider.com/the-worlds-possibly-northernmost-airport/. Erişim: 23.02.2022.
  • Lasserre, F. (2018). Arctic shipping: a contrasted expansion of a largely destinational market. F. Matthias, & H. Lassi içinde, The Global Arctic Handbook (s. 83-100). Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer, Cham.
  • Leiser, M. (2022, Şubat 04). Russia and china to deepen cooperation in the arctic. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en. Erişim: 23.08.2023.
  • Limon, O. (2021). Arctic interests and policy of turkey: dilemmas, approaches and initiatives, Arctic Yearbook. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2021/Scholarly- Papers/9_AY2021_Limon.pdf. Erişim: 16.05.2023.
  • Lopez, S. A., ve Dantas, V. (2022). The polar mediterranean: past, present, and future of a social ımaginary, master of arts in polar law (MA) / Master of Polar Law, University of Akureyri Akureyri, Iceland.
  • McCannon, J. (1998). Red arktic: polar exploration and the myth of the north in the soviet union 1932- 1939. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • McCannon, J. (2010). Winged Prometheans: Arctic aviation as socialist construction in stalinist russia, 1928-1939. Scientia Canadensis, 33, (2). https://doi.org/10.7202/1006151ar. Erişim: 23.09.2023.
  • Melino, M. ve Conley, H. A. (tarih yok). The ice curtain: russia’s arctic military presence. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), https://www.csis.org/: Erişim: 05.04.2022.
  • Mercator, Gerhard 1512-1594. (Tarih yok). Princeton University Library, https://library.princeton.edu/. Erişim:16.010.2023.
  • Montemurno, M. (2022). Where did our ocean names come from? https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2022/01/13/ocean-names/. Erişim: 05.02.2024.
  • Nakano, J. (2018, Şubat 02). China launches the polar silk road. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), https://www.csis.org/. Erişim: 28.03.2022.
  • Nalley, S. (2021,6 Ekim). International Energy Outlook 2021 (IEO2021). U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim:25.09.2023.
  • Norwegian Intelligence Service Fokus 2021. (2021, Ocak 26). https://www.forsvaret.no/en. Erişim: 23.011.2023.
  • Nurlan, A. (2019, Haziran 25). Russia’s Military Capabilities in the Arctic. https://icds.ee/en/. Erişim: 11.012.2023.
  • Nuroglu, E. (2021, Ekim 01). ANALYSIS- Great power rivalry heating up in arctic circle. Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/en: Erişim: 07.011.2023.
  • Nuttall (Ed.), M. (2005). Saami. L. Patrik içinde, Encyclopedia of the Arctic. New York: Routledge.
  • Østreng, W. (2010). On the geopolitical significance of the arctic states. http://www.arctissearch. com/Welcome+to+ARCTIS. Erişim: 05.01.2022.
  • Plumer, B. (2017, Mart 22). This is an incredible visualization of the world's shipping routes. https://www.vox.com/. Erişim: 04.02.2022.
  • President Obama's Trip to Alaska. (Tarih yok). https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ Erişim: 04.02.2022.
  • Rossi, R. (2022, Şubat 7). The Bering Strait, an area of Russian-US geostrategic interest. https://www.specialeurasia.com/. Erişim: 09.03.2023.
  • Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R. ve Stronski, P. (2021, Mart 29). The return of global russia, russia in the arctic— a critical examination. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/. Erişim: 12.08.2023.
  • Russia’s Defense Ministry establishes arctic strategic command. (2014, Aralık 01). Russian News Agency (TASS), https://tass.com/. Erişim: 20.02.2023.
  • Sar, İ., ve Demirkıran, Ö. (2023). Güney çin denizi’nde çin-abd güç mücadelesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (45), 413-439.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel enerji jeopolitiği ve enerji güvenliği. Journal of Yasar University, 26(7).
  • Shabad, T. (1977, Ağustos 18). Soviet nuclear ship reaches north pole through arctic ice. https://www.nytimes.com/. Erişim: 18.02.2022.
  • Shao, G. (2019, Aralık 03). Russia opens Siberian pipeline to China as Beijing expands its influence in the Arctic. https://www.cnbc.com/world/. Erişim: 05.12.202.
  • Sharma, A. (2021, Ekim 25). China’s polar silk road: implications for the arctic region. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/: Erişim: 03.09.2023.
  • Shubin, D. (2020). Future of great power competition in the arctic. Journal of Society And The State,1(6). https://sgpjournal.mgimo.ru/.
  • Snow, N. (2014, Ocak 30). Countries moving geopolitically on Arctic energy, Wilson forum told. Oil&Gas Journal, https://www.ogj.com/. Erişim: 16.02.2022.
  • Sørensen, C. ve Klimenko, E. (2017, Haziran). Emerging chinese– russian cooperation in the arctic possibilities and constraints. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/. Erişim: 15.10.2024.
  • Staalesen, A. (2019, Haziran 07). Trans-arctic shipments on agenda as chinese companies come to st. petersburg economic forum. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en. Erişim: 26.01.2023.
  • Stauffer, P. H.-A. (2008). Circum-arctic resource appraisal: estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the arctic circle. Sience for a changing world(USGS). https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 12.07.2023.
  • Stephen, J. (2011, Temmuz). Russia in the arctic. US Army War College USAWC Press. Press. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/573. Erişim:14.08.2023. Strategy for the development of the arctic zone of the russian federation and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035. (25 Jun. 2021). https://www.ndc.nato.int/. Erişim: 19.012.2023.
  • Tangredi, S. J., Giles, K. & Boulegue, M. (2019, Summer). The us army war college quarterly parameters. A2/AD Myths: Chinese & Russian, 49(1–2).
  • On Birinci Kalkınma Planı 2019-2023. TBMM, Karar No. 1225, Karar Tarihi: 18.07.2019.
  • The arctic research and policy act of 1984. (1984, Temmuz 31). Interagency arctic research policy committee (IARPC), https://www.iarpccollaborations.org/index.html. Erişim: 10.012.2023.
  • The Arctic: Exploration Timeline. (Tarih yok). Polar discovery,woods hole oceanographic institution, http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/. Erişim: 13.03.2022 .
  • The human conquest of the polar regions. (2019). https://worldoceanreview.com/en/. Erişim: 25.04.2024.
  • The Kremlin’s Arctic Dreams.Geo-strategic ımplications for russia and the world in 2040. (Tarih yok). Washington Headquarters Services. https://www.esd.whs.mil/. Erişim: 22.04.2024.
  • Timothy, H. Migration in the Arctic. Arctic Portal Arctic Yearbook 2014. 1-23. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2014/Scholarly_Papers/4.Heleniak.pdf. Erişim 16 06.2022.
  • Arctic oil and natural gas resources. (2012, Ocak 20). https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim: 17.03.2024.
  • Turan, O. (1995). Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefkuresi Tarihi. İstanbul.
  • Turunen, E. (2019, Ocak). Resources in the arctic 2019. Nordregio, https://nordregio.org/: https://nordregio.org/maps/resources-in-the-arctic-2019/ - _ftn1. Erişim: 24.03.2022.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (Tarih yok). Arktik. https://sozluk.gov.tr/. Erişim:13.07.2022.
  • Varnajot, A. (2020). Rethinking Arctic tourism: tourists’ practices and perceptions of the Arctic in Rovaniemi, Nordia Geographical Publications, The Geographical Society of Northern Finland and Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland.
  • Veijola, S. ve Mazzullo, H. (2018). Tourism at the crossroads of contesting paradigms of arctic development. L. H. (Ed.) Matthias Finger içinde, The Global Arctic Handbook (s. 63-81). Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer Cham.
  • Verma, B. (2020, Kasım 07). The strategic importance of the arctic region and the role of great powers. nepal institute for ınternational cooperation and engagement (NIICE), https://niice.org.np/. Erişim: 16.011.2024.
  • Victor, R. (2018, Nisan 24). What are the origins of the names arctic and antarctica? World Atlas, https://www.worldatlas.com/. Erişim: 20.06.2023.
  • Vladimir V., Pitulko, Alexei N., Tikhonov, Elena Y,. Pavlova, Pavel A. Nikolskiy., Konstantin E. Kuper., Roman N. Polozov. (2016). Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains. https://www.science.org/. doi/10.1126/science.aad0554. Erişim: 19.05.2024.
  • Wessells, S. (2012, Nisan 30). USGS gas hydrates lab. Sience for a changing world (USGS), https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 25.04.2024.
  • White house office of science and technology policy announces a bold strategy to understand a changing arctic. (2021, Aralık 15). The White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/. Erişim: 11.03.2022.
  • Witt, M., Stefánsson, H., Valfells, Á. & Larsen, J. N. (2021, Mayıs). Energy resources and electricity generation in Arctic areas. Renewable Energy,169.
  • 6 Published by maribus in cooperation with The Arctic and Antarctic – Extreme, Climatically Crucial and In Crisis". World Ocean Review, (2019). https://www.unesco.org/en. Erişim: 26.07.2024.
  • Yan, W. (2020, Mart 02). Arctic exploration: drifting with the ice. China Dialogue Ocean,
  • https://chinadialogueocean.net/en/. Erişim: 25.03.2022.
  • http://icestories.exploratorium.edu/dispatches/index.html. Erişim: 29.01.2022.
  • https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/Mayıs/28/was-the-first-man-to-reach-the-north-pole-a. Erişim:07.09.2023.
  • https://www.nasa.gov/. Erişim: 11.01.2022.
  • https://www.northernforum.org/en. Erişim: 13.01.2022.
  • https://www.ahdictionary.com/. Erişim: 25.01.2022.
  • https://www.usgs.gov/. Erişim: 23.02.2022.
  • https://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/. Erişim: 26.02.2022.
  • https://www.arctic-council.org/. Erişim: 08.03.2022
  • https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/. Erişim: 27.03.2022.
  • https://www.oceaneconomics.org/. Erişim: 03.04.2022.
  • https://arcticportal.org/. 06.04.2022.
  • http://www.unmuseum.org/norge_1.htm. Erişim: 20.04.2022.
  • https://arctic-russia.ru/en/. Erişim: 20.02.2023.
  • https://www.eia.gov/. Erişim: 13.01.2024.
  • https://www.shodb.gov.tr/. Erişim:09.03.2024.
  • https://polrec.itu.edu.tr/. Erişim:13.05.2024.
  • https://tubitak.gov.tr. Erişim:20.06.2024.
  • https://bilimteknik.tubitak.gov.tr/. Erişim:13.08.2024.
  • https://www.sciencedaily.com/. Erişim: 20.08.2024.
  • https://www.marinedealnews.com. Erişim:22.08.2024.
  • https://www.aa.com.tr/tr. Erişim:3.09.2024.
  • https://polarjournal.ch/. Erişim:20.09.2024.
  • https://stat.gl/. Erişim: 25.09.2024.
  • https://nsidc.org/home. Erişim: 25.11.2024.
There are 134 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European and Region Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hüseyin Karabulut 0000-0002-1593-3837

Sami Buğrahan Karabulut 0000-0003-1689-2616

Publication Date June 25, 2025
Submission Date January 23, 2025
Acceptance Date May 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 51

Cite

APA Karabulut, H., & Karabulut, S. B. (2025). ABD, ÇİN ve RUSYA’NIN MÜCADELE ALANINDA TÜRKİYE’NİN ARKTİKA POLİTİKASI. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(51), 63-83. https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1625514

by.png Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences (SBE-JS), is licensed under the is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Legal Code.