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The Impact of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey

Year 2025, Volume: 2025 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 30.04.2025

Murat Çetin , Refika Güzel

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1639390

Abstract

In this study, the impact of exports and imports on economic growth is analyzed in the case of Turkey in the period 1990-2021. Consistent with the literature, fixed capital, natural resources and renewable energy use are also integrated into the growth model as other explanatory variables. ARDL bounds test approach is used to perform cointegration analysis, and FMOLS estimator is used for long-term predictions. The series is judged to be stationary at the first difference. There is cointegration between the series. While exports stimulate economic growth, imports have a reducing effect. Finally; It is determined that fixed capital, natural resources and renewable energy use accelerate economic growth. From the findings, it can be recommended to policy makers that practices that encourage an export-oriented growth approach should be accelerated and import strategies should be reviewed.

Keywords

Exports Imports Economic Growth ARDL FMOLS

References

  • Aktaş, C. (2009). Türkiye’nin ihracat, ithalat ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 35-47.
  • Aluko, O.A., & Obalade, A.A. (2020). Import-economic growth nexus in selected African countries: An application of the Toda-Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Zagreb Int. Rev. Econ. Bus. 23, 117-128.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2007). Causality between exports, imports, and economic growth: Evidence from transition economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.025
  • Azam, A., Ateeq, M., Shafique, M., Rafiq, M., & Yuan, J. (2023). Primary energy consumption-growth nexus: The role of natural resources, quality of government, and fixed capital formation. Energy, 263, 125570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125570
  • Bozatli, O., Bal, H., & Albayrak, M. (2022). Testing the export-led growth hypothesis in Turkey: New evidence from time and frequency domain causality approaches. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 32(6), 835-853. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2022.2144932
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J.M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • David, J., Gamal, A.A.M., Noor, M.A.M., & Zakariya, Z. (2024). Oil rent, corruption and economic growth relationship in Nigeria: Evidence from various estimation techniques. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 27(5), 962-979. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2023-0160
  • Deka, A., Ozdeser, H., & Seraj, M. (2023). The impact of primary energy supply, effective capital and renewable energy on economic growth in the EU-27 countries: A dynamic panel GMM analysis. Renewable Energy, 219,119450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119450
  • Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517.
  • Dritsaki, C., & Stiakakis, E. (2014). Foreign direct investments, exports, and economic growth in Croatia: A time series analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00701-1
  • Durairaj, K. (2010). Foreign direct investment export and economic growth in India: An application of ARDL model. Asian-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 10(2), 245-259. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2259234
  • Federico, A.P., & Parello, C.P. (2024). Growth accelerations and takeoffs: Is there a role for capital accumulation? Economics Letters, 236, 111576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111576
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969). Investigating causal relation by econometric and cross-sectional method. Econometrica, 37, 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791.
  • Goh, S.K., Sama, C.Y., & McNown, R. (2017). Re-examining foreign direct investment, exports, and economic growth in Asian economies using a bootstrap ARDL test for cointegration. Journal of Asian Economics, 51, 12-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2017.06.001
  • Guru-Gharana, K.K. (2012). Relationships among export, FDI and growth in India: An application of auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Journal of International Business Research, 11(1), 1-18.
  • Güven, E.T.A. (2021). İhracata dayalı büyüme modeli: Türkiye örneği (1980-2020). Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 63-70.
  • Hansen, B.E., & Phillips, P.C.B. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2002). Export performance and economic growth nexus in Japan: A bootstrap approach. Japan and the World Economy, 14, 25-33.
  • Hsiao, F.S.T., & Hsiao, M.C.W. (2006). FDI, exports, and GDP in East and Southeast Asia-panel data versus time-series causality analyses. Journal of Asian Economics, 17(6), 1082-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2006.09.011
  • Kahia, M., Ben Aïssa, M.S., & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA net oil exporting countries (NOECs). Energy, 116, 102e115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.126
  • Khalid, U., & Bashir, U. (2022). The effects of imports and economic growth in Chinese economy: A Granger causality approach under VAR framework. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15110531
  • Koopman, E., & Wacker, K.M. (2023). Drivers of growth accelerations: What role for capital accumulation? World Development, 169, 106297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106297
  • Krueger, A.O. (1978). Foreign trade regimes and economic development: Liberalisation attempts and consequences. Trade Regimes Econ. Dev. 114 (4), 834-836.
  • Kumar, N. (2024). Natural resources and economic growth: Examining the role of globalization, financial development, and digitalization in India. Resources Policy, 97, 105260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105260
  • Lee, C.C., Xuan, C., & Wang, F. (2024). Natural resources and green economic growth: The role of artificial intelligence. Resources Policy, 98, 105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105322
  • Li, Y., Tariq, M., Khan, S., Rjoub, H., & Azhar, A. (2022). Natural resources rents, capital formation and economic performance: Evaluating the role of globalization. Resources Policy, 78, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102817
  • Li, P., Liu, T., Li, J., Ling, F.K., & Li, Z. (2024a). Exploring the impact of fintech, natural resources, energy consumption, and international trade on economic growth in China: A dynamic ARDL approach. Resources Policy, 98, 105310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105310
  • Li, Q., He, H., Oskenbayev, Y., & Ullah, I. (2024b). Exploring the nexus of geopolitical risk, green financing, and natural resource rents: A study of Russia’s economic growth. Resources Policy, 96, 105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105199
  • Makun, K.K. (2018). Imports, remittances, direct foreign investment and economic growth in Republic of the Fiji Islands: An empirical analysis using ARDL approach. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(3), 439-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.07.002
  • Marwaha, K., & Tavakoli, A. (2004). The effect of foreign capital and imports on economic growth: Further evidence from four Asian countries (1970-1998). Journal of Asian Economics, 15, 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.02.008
  • Merlin, M.L., & Chen, Y. (2021). Analysis of the factors affecting electricity consumption in DR Congo using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation approach. Energy, 232, 121025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121025
  • Molepo, E.P. and Jordaan, A.C. (2024). A causal analysis between exports, imports and GDP per capita in the Southern African Customs Union Countries. Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 48(2), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2024.2343723
  • Muhammad, B., & Khan, S. (2019). Effect of bilateral FDI, energy consumption, CO2 emission and capital on economic growth of Asia countries. Energy Reports, 5, 1305-1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.004
  • Olayungbo, D.O. (2019). Effects of oil export revenue on economic growth in Nigeria: A time varying analysis of resource curse. Resources Policy, 64, 101469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101469
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advanced Economics, 15, 93-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phillips, P.C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182.
  • Pınar, A. (2024). İhracat ve ithalatın ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 10(5), 683-688, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13851830
  • Quaicoe, A., Aboagye, A.Q.Q., & Bokpin, G.A. (2017). Assessing the impact of export processing zones on economic growth in Ghana. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 1150-1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.052
  • Raihan, A., Ibrahim, S., & Muhtasim, D.A. (2023). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, tourism, and agricultural productivity on carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt. World Development Sustainability, 2, 100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100059
  • Raihan, A., Ibrahim, S., Ridwan, M., Rahman, M.S., Bari, B.M.M., & Atasoy, F.G. (2025). Role of renewable energy and foreign direct investment toward economic growth in Egypt. Innovation and Green Development, 4, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100185
  • Ramos, F.F.R. (2001). Exports, imports, and economic growth in Portugal: Evidence from causality and cointegration analysis. Economic Modelling, 18, 613-623.
  • Salem, L.B., Nouira, R., Jeguirim, K. and Rault, S. (2022). The determinants of crude oil prices: Evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches. Resources Policy, 79, 103085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103085
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M., & Zaman, K. (2015). Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.017
  • Sunde, T. (2017). Foreign direct investment, exports and economic growth: ADRL and causality analysis for South Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 434-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.04.035
  • Sunde, T., Blessing, T. and Anthony, A. (2023). Testing the impact of exports, imports, and trade openness on economic growth in Namibia: Assessment using the ARDL cointegration method. Economies, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11030086
  • Tekin, R.B. (2012). Economic growth, exports and foreign direct investment in least developed countries: A panel Granger causality analysis. Economic Modelling, 29(3), 868-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.10.013
  • Usman, K., & Bashir, U. (2022). The causal nexus between imports and economic growth in China, India and G7 countries: Granger causality analysis in the frequency domain. Heliyon, 8(8), e10180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10180

İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 2025 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 30.04.2025

Murat Çetin , Refika Güzel

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1639390

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ihracat ve ithalatın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi Türkiye örneğinde 1990-2021 periyodunda analiz edilmektedir. Literatür ile uyumlu olacak şekilde sabit sermaye, doğal kaynaklar ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı da büyüme modeline diğer açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak entegre edilmektedir. Eşbütünleşme analizinin gerçekleştirilmesinde ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımından, uzun dönem tahminlerinde ise FMOLS tahmincisinden yararlanılmaktadır. Serilerin birinci farkında durağan olduğuna hükmedilmektedir. Seriler arasında eşütünleşmenin varlığına rastlanılmaktadır. İhracat ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ederken ithalatın azaltıcı etkisi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son olarak; sabit sermaye, doğal kaynaklar ve yenilenebilir enerji kulanımının ekonomik büyümeyi hızlandırdığı çıktısı belirlenmektedir. Bulgulardan ihracat odaklı büyüme yaklaşımını teşvik eden uygulamalara hız verilmesi gerektiği ve ithalat stratejilerinin gözden geçirilmesi zorunluluğu politika yapıcılarına salık verilebilir.

Keywords

İhracat İthalat Ekonomik Büyüme ARDL FMOLS

Supporting Institution

Herhangi bir destek kurumu bulunmamaktadır

References

  • Aktaş, C. (2009). Türkiye’nin ihracat, ithalat ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 35-47.
  • Aluko, O.A., & Obalade, A.A. (2020). Import-economic growth nexus in selected African countries: An application of the Toda-Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Zagreb Int. Rev. Econ. Bus. 23, 117-128.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2007). Causality between exports, imports, and economic growth: Evidence from transition economies. Economics Letters, 94, 389-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.025
  • Azam, A., Ateeq, M., Shafique, M., Rafiq, M., & Yuan, J. (2023). Primary energy consumption-growth nexus: The role of natural resources, quality of government, and fixed capital formation. Energy, 263, 125570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125570
  • Bozatli, O., Bal, H., & Albayrak, M. (2022). Testing the export-led growth hypothesis in Turkey: New evidence from time and frequency domain causality approaches. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 32(6), 835-853. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2022.2144932
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J.M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relations over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • David, J., Gamal, A.A.M., Noor, M.A.M., & Zakariya, Z. (2024). Oil rent, corruption and economic growth relationship in Nigeria: Evidence from various estimation techniques. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 27(5), 962-979. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2023-0160
  • Deka, A., Ozdeser, H., & Seraj, M. (2023). The impact of primary energy supply, effective capital and renewable energy on economic growth in the EU-27 countries: A dynamic panel GMM analysis. Renewable Energy, 219,119450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119450
  • Dickey, D.A., & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517.
  • Dritsaki, C., & Stiakakis, E. (2014). Foreign direct investments, exports, and economic growth in Croatia: A time series analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00701-1
  • Durairaj, K. (2010). Foreign direct investment export and economic growth in India: An application of ARDL model. Asian-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 10(2), 245-259. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2259234
  • Federico, A.P., & Parello, C.P. (2024). Growth accelerations and takeoffs: Is there a role for capital accumulation? Economics Letters, 236, 111576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111576
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969). Investigating causal relation by econometric and cross-sectional method. Econometrica, 37, 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791.
  • Goh, S.K., Sama, C.Y., & McNown, R. (2017). Re-examining foreign direct investment, exports, and economic growth in Asian economies using a bootstrap ARDL test for cointegration. Journal of Asian Economics, 51, 12-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2017.06.001
  • Guru-Gharana, K.K. (2012). Relationships among export, FDI and growth in India: An application of auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Journal of International Business Research, 11(1), 1-18.
  • Güven, E.T.A. (2021). İhracata dayalı büyüme modeli: Türkiye örneği (1980-2020). Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 63-70.
  • Hansen, B.E., & Phillips, P.C.B. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2002). Export performance and economic growth nexus in Japan: A bootstrap approach. Japan and the World Economy, 14, 25-33.
  • Hsiao, F.S.T., & Hsiao, M.C.W. (2006). FDI, exports, and GDP in East and Southeast Asia-panel data versus time-series causality analyses. Journal of Asian Economics, 17(6), 1082-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2006.09.011
  • Kahia, M., Ben Aïssa, M.S., & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA net oil exporting countries (NOECs). Energy, 116, 102e115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.126
  • Khalid, U., & Bashir, U. (2022). The effects of imports and economic growth in Chinese economy: A Granger causality approach under VAR framework. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15110531
  • Koopman, E., & Wacker, K.M. (2023). Drivers of growth accelerations: What role for capital accumulation? World Development, 169, 106297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106297
  • Krueger, A.O. (1978). Foreign trade regimes and economic development: Liberalisation attempts and consequences. Trade Regimes Econ. Dev. 114 (4), 834-836.
  • Kumar, N. (2024). Natural resources and economic growth: Examining the role of globalization, financial development, and digitalization in India. Resources Policy, 97, 105260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105260
  • Lee, C.C., Xuan, C., & Wang, F. (2024). Natural resources and green economic growth: The role of artificial intelligence. Resources Policy, 98, 105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105322
  • Li, Y., Tariq, M., Khan, S., Rjoub, H., & Azhar, A. (2022). Natural resources rents, capital formation and economic performance: Evaluating the role of globalization. Resources Policy, 78, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102817
  • Li, P., Liu, T., Li, J., Ling, F.K., & Li, Z. (2024a). Exploring the impact of fintech, natural resources, energy consumption, and international trade on economic growth in China: A dynamic ARDL approach. Resources Policy, 98, 105310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105310
  • Li, Q., He, H., Oskenbayev, Y., & Ullah, I. (2024b). Exploring the nexus of geopolitical risk, green financing, and natural resource rents: A study of Russia’s economic growth. Resources Policy, 96, 105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105199
  • Makun, K.K. (2018). Imports, remittances, direct foreign investment and economic growth in Republic of the Fiji Islands: An empirical analysis using ARDL approach. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(3), 439-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.07.002
  • Marwaha, K., & Tavakoli, A. (2004). The effect of foreign capital and imports on economic growth: Further evidence from four Asian countries (1970-1998). Journal of Asian Economics, 15, 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.02.008
  • Merlin, M.L., & Chen, Y. (2021). Analysis of the factors affecting electricity consumption in DR Congo using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation approach. Energy, 232, 121025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121025
  • Molepo, E.P. and Jordaan, A.C. (2024). A causal analysis between exports, imports and GDP per capita in the Southern African Customs Union Countries. Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 48(2), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2024.2343723
  • Muhammad, B., & Khan, S. (2019). Effect of bilateral FDI, energy consumption, CO2 emission and capital on economic growth of Asia countries. Energy Reports, 5, 1305-1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.004
  • Olayungbo, D.O. (2019). Effects of oil export revenue on economic growth in Nigeria: A time varying analysis of resource curse. Resources Policy, 64, 101469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101469
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. Advanced Economics, 15, 93-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phillips, P.C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182.
  • Pınar, A. (2024). İhracat ve ithalatın ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 10(5), 683-688, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13851830
  • Quaicoe, A., Aboagye, A.Q.Q., & Bokpin, G.A. (2017). Assessing the impact of export processing zones on economic growth in Ghana. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 1150-1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.052
  • Raihan, A., Ibrahim, S., & Muhtasim, D.A. (2023). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, tourism, and agricultural productivity on carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt. World Development Sustainability, 2, 100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100059
  • Raihan, A., Ibrahim, S., Ridwan, M., Rahman, M.S., Bari, B.M.M., & Atasoy, F.G. (2025). Role of renewable energy and foreign direct investment toward economic growth in Egypt. Innovation and Green Development, 4, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100185
  • Ramos, F.F.R. (2001). Exports, imports, and economic growth in Portugal: Evidence from causality and cointegration analysis. Economic Modelling, 18, 613-623.
  • Salem, L.B., Nouira, R., Jeguirim, K. and Rault, S. (2022). The determinants of crude oil prices: Evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches. Resources Policy, 79, 103085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103085
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M., & Zaman, K. (2015). Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.017
  • Sunde, T. (2017). Foreign direct investment, exports and economic growth: ADRL and causality analysis for South Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 434-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.04.035
  • Sunde, T., Blessing, T. and Anthony, A. (2023). Testing the impact of exports, imports, and trade openness on economic growth in Namibia: Assessment using the ARDL cointegration method. Economies, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11030086
  • Tekin, R.B. (2012). Economic growth, exports and foreign direct investment in least developed countries: A panel Granger causality analysis. Economic Modelling, 29(3), 868-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.10.013
  • Usman, K., & Bashir, U. (2022). The causal nexus between imports and economic growth in China, India and G7 countries: Granger causality analysis in the frequency domain. Heliyon, 8(8), e10180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10180
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Development Economics - Macro
Journal Section 2025(1) Papers
Authors

Murat Çetin 0000-0002-7886-4162

Refika Güzel 0009-0009-2179-3496

Early Pub Date April 30, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date February 13, 2025
Acceptance Date April 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2025 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çetin, M., & Güzel, R. (2025). İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2025(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1639390
AMA Çetin M, Güzel R. İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. April 2025;2025(1):1-22. doi:10.56337/sbm.1639390
Chicago Çetin, Murat, and Refika Güzel. “İhracat Ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025, no. 1 (April 2025): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1639390.
EndNote Çetin M, Güzel R (April 1, 2025) İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025 1 1–22.
IEEE M. Çetin and R. Güzel, “İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 1–22, 2025, doi: 10.56337/sbm.1639390.
ISNAD Çetin, Murat - Güzel, Refika. “İhracat Ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025/1 (April 2025), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1639390.
JAMA Çetin M, Güzel R. İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2025;2025:1–22.
MLA Çetin, Murat and Refika Güzel. “İhracat Ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2025, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1-22, doi:10.56337/sbm.1639390.
Vancouver Çetin M, Güzel R. İhracat ve İthalatın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2025;2025(1):1-22.
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