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Beşeri Sermaye Yaklaşımı: Tarihsel Gelişim ve Modern Yaklaşımlar

Year 2025, Volume: 2025 Issue: 1, 65 - 84, 30.04.2025

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1647692

Abstract

Beşeri sermaye kavramı 20. yüzyılda teorik olarak geliştirilmiş olmakla birlikte, kökenleri yüzyıllar öncesine dayanmaktadır. Beşeri sermaye, bireylerin üretken kapasitesini ve gelir yaratma süreçlerindeki rollerini ifade eder. 1960’lı yıllarda akademik ve mesleki kullanıma giren bu kavram, sermaye teorisinin ilkelerini üretim sürecinin insan unsurlarına uyarlamaktadır. Bu dönemde önde gelen iktisatçılar, beşeri sermaye teorisinin temellerini atarak onu ekonomik analizlerin merkezî bir unsuru haline getirmiştir. Günümüzde beşeri sermaye, modern büyüme teorilerinde önemli bir yer tutmakta ve ekonomik kalkınmaya büyük katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, beşeri sermaye teorilerini ve önde gelen iktisatçılar tarafından ortaya konulan kavramsal tanımları inceleyerek seçili beşeri sermaye yaklaşımlarının ayrıntılı bir analizini sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, eğitim ve iş gücü becerilerinin geliştirilmesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki önemine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, beşeri sermaye teorilerinin zamanla evrilerek ekonomik katkılarını daha da artıracağını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Beşeri Sermaye Beşeri Sermaye Yaklaşımları Ekonomik Büyüme

References

  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
  • Arrow, K. J. (1971). The economic implications of learning by doing. F. H. Hahn (Ed.), Readings in the theory of growth içinde (pp. 131-149). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Aslan, Ü. (2019). The relationship between pharmaceutical expenditures and economic growth from the human capital perspective (Doctoral dissertation), Haccettepe University, Sosyal Bilimler Ensitütüsü, Ankara.
  • Becker, G. S. (1960). Underinvestment in college education?. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 346-354. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815038
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724
  • Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S. Murphy, K. M. & Tamura, R. (1990). Human capital, fertility, and economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5,Part2), 12-37. https://doi.org/10.1086/261723
  • Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), 143-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bils, M. & Klenow, P. J. (2000). Does schooling cause growth?. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1160-1183. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1160
  • Chiswick, B. R. (2003). Jacob Mincer, experience and the distribution of earnings. Review of Economics of the Household, 1(4), 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:REHO.0000004794.43782.55
  • Cohn, E. & Huches Jr, W. W. (1994). A benefit-cost analysis of investment in college education in the United States: 1969–1985. Economics of Education Review, 13(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(94)90002-7
  • Fisher, I. (1906). The nature of capital and income. New York: Macmillan.
  • Gillies, D. (2011). State education as high-yield investment: Human capital theory in European policy discourse. Journal of Pedagogy/Pedagogický casopis, 2(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10159-011-0011-3
  • Jensen, M. K. (2003). Well-behaved versus "non-behaved" models of growth: The economics of Alice in Wonderland. Erişim Adresi: http://socscistaff.bham.ac.uk/jensen/Alice(w-appendix).pdf
  • Jones, C. I. (1996). Human capital, ideas and economic growth (Mimeo). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Erişim Adresi: http://www.stanford.edu/~chadj/Rome100.pdf
  • Kiker, B. F. (1966). The historical roots of the concept of human capital. Journal of Political Economy, 74(5), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.1086/259201
  • Langelett, G. (2002). Human capital: A summary of the 20th century research. Journal of Education Finance, 28(1), 1-23. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40704155
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of economics (8th ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mill, J. S. (1926). Principles of political economy, with some of their applications to social philosophy (W. J. Ashley, Ed.). New York: Longmans, Green and Company.
  • Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281-302. https://doi.org/10.1086/258055
  • Mincer, J. (1962). On-the-job training: Costs, returns, and some implications. Journal of political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 50-79. https://doi.org/10.1086/258725
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1972). The economic returns to higher education in twenty‐five countries. Higher Education, 1(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139661
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
  • Rosen, S. (1989). Human capital. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, & P. Newman (Eds.), Social economics içinde (pp. 136-155). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19806-1_19
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818907
  • Schultz, T. W. (1971). Education and productivity (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED071152). National Commission on Productivity. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED071152.pdf
  • Sharipov, I. (2015). Contemporary economic growth models and theories: A literature review. CES Working Papers, 7(3), 759. Erişim Adresi: https://www.proquest.com/docview/1732758524/fulltextPDF/9F7BBCB148D740B3PQ/1?accountid=17219
  • Smith, A. (1977). The Wealth of Nations: An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (E. Cannan, Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Son, H. H. (2010). Human capital development. Asian Development Review, 27(02), 29-56. Erişim adresi: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28427/economics-wp225.pdf
  • Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
  • Şerifoğlu, M. M. (2020). The Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth for Selected Countries. (Doctoral dissertation), Hacettepe University, Sosyal Bilimler Ensitütüsü, Ankara.
  • Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 411-445. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314532696
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Yeldan, E. (2010). İktisadi Büyüme ve Bölüşüm Teorileri (1. bs.), Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.

Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches

Year 2025, Volume: 2025 Issue: 1, 65 - 84, 30.04.2025

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız

https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1647692

Abstract

Although the concept of human capital was formally developed in the 20th century, its origins date back centuries. Human capital refers to individuals' productive capacity and their role as income-generating agents. Introduced into professional use in the 1960s, the concept extends the principles of capital theory to the human elements of production. During this period, prominent economists laid the foundations of human capital theory, establishing it as a central component of economic analysis. Human capital is crucial in modern growth theories, contributing significantly to economic development. This study examines human capital theories and conceptual definitions proposed by leading economists and provides a detailed analysis of selected human capital approaches. In this context, it emphasizes the importance of education and the development of labor force skills in economic growth. The findings demonstrate that human capital theories will continue to evolve, further enhancing their economic contributions over time.

Keywords

Human Capital Human Capital Approaches Economic Growth

References

  • Arrow, K. J. (1962). The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295952
  • Arrow, K. J. (1971). The economic implications of learning by doing. F. H. Hahn (Ed.), Readings in the theory of growth içinde (pp. 131-149). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Aslan, Ü. (2019). The relationship between pharmaceutical expenditures and economic growth from the human capital perspective (Doctoral dissertation), Haccettepe University, Sosyal Bilimler Ensitütüsü, Ankara.
  • Becker, G. S. (1960). Underinvestment in college education?. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 346-354. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815038
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/258724
  • Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S. Murphy, K. M. & Tamura, R. (1990). Human capital, fertility, and economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5,Part2), 12-37. https://doi.org/10.1086/261723
  • Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), 143-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7
  • Bils, M. & Klenow, P. J. (2000). Does schooling cause growth?. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1160-1183. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1160
  • Chiswick, B. R. (2003). Jacob Mincer, experience and the distribution of earnings. Review of Economics of the Household, 1(4), 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:REHO.0000004794.43782.55
  • Cohn, E. & Huches Jr, W. W. (1994). A benefit-cost analysis of investment in college education in the United States: 1969–1985. Economics of Education Review, 13(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(94)90002-7
  • Fisher, I. (1906). The nature of capital and income. New York: Macmillan.
  • Gillies, D. (2011). State education as high-yield investment: Human capital theory in European policy discourse. Journal of Pedagogy/Pedagogický casopis, 2(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10159-011-0011-3
  • Jensen, M. K. (2003). Well-behaved versus "non-behaved" models of growth: The economics of Alice in Wonderland. Erişim Adresi: http://socscistaff.bham.ac.uk/jensen/Alice(w-appendix).pdf
  • Jones, C. I. (1996). Human capital, ideas and economic growth (Mimeo). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Erişim Adresi: http://www.stanford.edu/~chadj/Rome100.pdf
  • Kiker, B. F. (1966). The historical roots of the concept of human capital. Journal of Political Economy, 74(5), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.1086/259201
  • Langelett, G. (2002). Human capital: A summary of the 20th century research. Journal of Education Finance, 28(1), 1-23. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40704155
  • Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of economics (8th ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mill, J. S. (1926). Principles of political economy, with some of their applications to social philosophy (W. J. Ashley, Ed.). New York: Longmans, Green and Company.
  • Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281-302. https://doi.org/10.1086/258055
  • Mincer, J. (1962). On-the-job training: Costs, returns, and some implications. Journal of political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 50-79. https://doi.org/10.1086/258725
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1972). The economic returns to higher education in twenty‐five countries. Higher Education, 1(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139661
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
  • Rosen, S. (1989). Human capital. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, & P. Newman (Eds.), Social economics içinde (pp. 136-155). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19806-1_19
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17. Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818907
  • Schultz, T. W. (1971). Education and productivity (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED071152). National Commission on Productivity. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED071152.pdf
  • Sharipov, I. (2015). Contemporary economic growth models and theories: A literature review. CES Working Papers, 7(3), 759. Erişim Adresi: https://www.proquest.com/docview/1732758524/fulltextPDF/9F7BBCB148D740B3PQ/1?accountid=17219
  • Smith, A. (1977). The Wealth of Nations: An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (E. Cannan, Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Son, H. H. (2010). Human capital development. Asian Development Review, 27(02), 29-56. Erişim adresi: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28427/economics-wp225.pdf
  • Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
  • Şerifoğlu, M. M. (2020). The Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth for Selected Countries. (Doctoral dissertation), Hacettepe University, Sosyal Bilimler Ensitütüsü, Ankara.
  • Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 411-445. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314532696
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Yeldan, E. (2010). İktisadi Büyüme ve Bölüşüm Teorileri (1. bs.), Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Macroeconomics (Other)
Journal Section 2025(1) Papers
Authors

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız 0000-0001-6850-115X

Early Pub Date April 30, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date February 26, 2025
Acceptance Date April 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2025 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akyıldız, İ. E. (2025). Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2025(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1647692
AMA Akyıldız İE. Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. April 2025;2025(1):65-84. doi:10.56337/sbm.1647692
Chicago Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem. “Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025, no. 1 (April 2025): 65-84. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1647692.
EndNote Akyıldız İE (April 1, 2025) Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025 1 65–84.
IEEE İ. E. Akyıldız, “Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches”, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 65–84, 2025, doi: 10.56337/sbm.1647692.
ISNAD Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem. “Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri 2025/1 (April 2025), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.56337/sbm.1647692.
JAMA Akyıldız İE. Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2025;2025:65–84.
MLA Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem. “Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches”. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, vol. 2025, no. 1, 2025, pp. 65-84, doi:10.56337/sbm.1647692.
Vancouver Akyıldız İE. Human Capital Approach: Historical Development and Modern Approaches. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri. 2025;2025(1):65-84.
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