Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 209 - 235, 30.05.2025
Abstract
11 Eylül Saldırıları sonrasında terörizmin dramatik yükselişi hızlanmış, kamuoyu ve akademik dünya nezdinde dünyayı kapsamlı bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Her insan terör terimini kullanmasına ve teröristlerin yöntemlerinin ne olduğunu bilmesine rağmen çoğu terörün anlamını veya terör teorisini tam olarak açıklayamıyor. Terörizmin modern tarihini değerlendirmek de kategorize etmek oldukça zordur. Ayrıca akademik dünyada terörizmin pek çok tanımı ve açıklaması bulunmaktadır. Ancak uluslararası toplumda tanımı ve tanımı konusunda belirgin bir fikir birliği yoktur. Ancak David Rapoport'un "Terörizmin Dört Dalgası" adlı akademik makalesi, güvenlik ve terörizm çalışmaları literatüründe modern uluslararası terörizmin tarihine ilişkin en saygın analiz edilen teori olarak kabul edildi. Onun teorisine göre terör dalgaları dalga benzeri bir düzende ortaya çıkar, zirveye çıkar ve geri çekilir. Birinci dalga anarşist terörle başladı ve şu anda din dalgası olan dördüncü terör dalgasıyla devam ediyor. Dört dalga modern terörizm teorisinin ardından çok sayıda çalışma yapıldı. Birçoğu gelecekte görülebilecek beşinci dalgayı araştırdı. Ancak David Rapoport'un dört dalga terörizm teorisi kadar etkili olduğu kabul edilmedi. Bu perspektiften bakıldığında bu çalışma, terörizmin beşinci dalgasına yeni ve erişilebilir bir yaklaşım eklemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
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- Wilkinson, Paul. (2003). “Implications of the Attacks of 9/11 for the Future of Terrorism.” in Global Responses to Terrorism, edited by M. Buckley and R. Fawn. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Yavuz, Celalettin, (2011). Terör ve Terörizmle Mücadele, ‘PKK Özeli’ ve Çözüm Arayışları, Berikan Yayınları, Ankara.
Year 2025,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 209 - 235, 30.05.2025
Abstract
The dramatic rise of terrorism has accelerated after 9/11 Attacks and it has comprehensively affected the world within public eyes and academic world. Although every human being use the terrorism term and they know what terrorist’s methods are, most of them can’t explain properly the meaning of terrorism or theory of terrorism. Evaluating modern history of terrorism is very hard to categorize too. Furthermore, there are a lot of definitions and description of terrorism in academic world. But there is no prominent consensus about its definition and description in international community. But David Rapoport’s academic article “The Four Waves of Terrorism” has been accepted as the most respectful analyzed theory which is about history of modern international terrorism in security and terrorism studies literature. According to his theory, terrorism waves emerges, peaks, and recedes in a wave like pattern. The first wave began with anarchist terrorism and they have been currently going on with fourth waves of terrorism which is a religion wave. Numerous studies were conducted after his four waves of modern terrorism theory. Most of them have searched for fifth waves which may be seen in the future. But they haven’t been accepted as influential as David Rapoport’s four waves of terrorism theory. In this perspective this study aims to add a new accessible approach for fifth waves of terrorism. Thus it simply seeks to fulfill this need.
References
- Anon. (1994). Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism. United Nations.
- Anon. (2001). “Terrorism.” The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military.
- Anon. (2021). “More than a Third of World’s Population Have Never Used Internet, Says UN.” The Guardian. Retrieved May 7, 2022 (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/nov/30/more-than-a-third-of-worlds-population-has-never-used-the-internet-says-un).
- Auger, Vincent A. (2020). “Right-Wing Terror: A Fifth Global Wave?” Perspectives on Terrorism 14(3):86–97. Brosteaux, Déborah. (2019). Genealogies of Terrorism, Revolution, State Violence, Empire. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Carlos, Ignacio Sanchez-cuenca. (2019). The Historical Roots of Political Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Celso, Anthony. (2015). “The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups.” Orbis 59, No. 2 (2015): 249 59(2).
- Chaliand, Gérard, and Arnaud Blin. (2016). The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to ISIS. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Chiangi, Michael Aondona. (2021). “Critically Examining David Rapoport’s Four Waves Theory of Modern Terrorism in the Light of Factual Historical Events.” African Journal On Terrorism 11(1):11–29.
- Clymer, Jeffory A. (2003). America’s Culture of Terrorism. Chapel Hill, Londra: The University of North Carolina Press.
- Croce, Nicholas. (2015). Anarchism, Revolution And Terrorim. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing.
- Elfstrom, Gerard. (2015). “Violence in International Relations.” Ethics for a Shrinking World 41–85. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-20500-4_3.
- English, Richard. (2021). The Cambridge History of Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Forst, Brian. (2009). Terrorism, Crime and Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Graaf, Beatrice de, and Alex P. Schmid. (2016). Terrorists on Trial. Utrecht: Leiden University Press.
- Gupta, Dipak K. (2006). The Roots of Terrorism: Who Are the Terrorists? New York: Chelsea House.
- Gupta, Dipak K. (2021). Understanding Terrorism And Political Violence. London: Routledge.
- Harari, Yuval Noah. (2018). 21 Lessons For The 21st Century. Londra: Penguin Books.
- Jach-chrzaszcz, Artur. (2018). “Analysis of the New Left Wave Basing on the Concept of the Four Waves of Terrorism by David Rapoport and Selected Political Events.” World Scientific News 92(January):385–91.
- Jain, Pooja N., and Archana S. Vaidya. (2021). “Analysis of Social Media Based on Terrorism - A Review.” Vietnam Journal of Computer Science 8(1):1–21. doi: 10.1142/S2196888821300015.
- Jenkins, John Philip. (2022). “Terrorism (Definition, History, & Facts).” Britannica. Retrieved January 19, 2022 (https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism).
- Jensen, Richard Bach. (2015). “Anarchist Terrorism And Counter-Terrorism In Europe And The World, 1878–1934.” Pp. 1–527 in, edited by R. D. Law. New York, London: Routledge.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey. (2008). “Terrorism’s Fifth Wave: A Theory, a Conundrum and a Dilemma.” Perspectives on Terrorism 2(2):12–24.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey. (2016). “Waves of Political Terrorism.”
- Kaplan, Jeffrey. (2020). Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism: Terrorism’s Fifth Wave. New York: Routledge.
- Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. London: Sage Publications.
- Laqueur, Walter. (1999). The New Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lutz, James M. Lutz and Brenda J. (2008). Global Terrorism, Second Edition. London, New York: Routledge.
- Martinez, Erika M. (2016). “Globalization and the ’ Fourth Wave ’: Contemporary International Terrorism in a Comparative-Historical Perspective.” University of Central Florida.
- McConaght, Kieran. (2017). Terrorism and the State Intra-State Dynamics and the Response to Non-State Political Violence. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Meisels, Tamar. (2008). The Trouble with Terror. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Neumann, Peter R., and M. L. R. Smith. (2007). The Strategy of Terrorism: How It Works And Why It Fails.
- Parker, Tom, and Nick Sitter. (2016). “The Four Horsemen of Terrorism: It’s Not Waves, It’s Strains.” Terrorism and
- Political Violence 28(2):197–216. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2015.1112277.
- Pichtel, John. (2016). Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response. London, New York: CRC Press.
- Radil, Steven M., and Jaume Castan Pinos. (2022). “Reexamining the Four Waves of Modern Terrorism: A Territorial Interpretation.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 45(4):311–30. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2019.1657310.
- Rapoport, David C. (2004). “Four Waves of Modern Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 46–73.
- Richards, Anthony. (2015). Conceptualizing Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Simon, Jeffrey D. (2010). “Looking For Waves of Terrorism.” Pp. 44–63 in Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, edited by J. E. Rosenfeld. London, New York: Rourke Publishing. Simon, Jeffrey D. n.d. “Technological and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism.” in Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy, edited by J. E. Rosenfeld. New York: Routledge.
- Taylor, Robert. (2001). The History of Terrorism. Bruksel: Lucent Terrorism Library.
- Underhill, Natasha. (2015). Countering Global Terrorism And Insurgency: Calculating The Risk of State-Failure In Afghanistan, Pakistan, And Iraq. Vol. 53. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Walls, Erin. (2017). “Waves of Modern Terrorism: Examining the Past and Predicting the Future.” Georgetown University.
- Webel, Charles P. (2004). Terror, Terrorism,and the Human Condition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Whittaker, David J. (2002). Terrorism Understanding The Global Threat. London, New York: Pearson.
- Whittaker, David J. (2004). Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World. New York, London: Routledge.
- Wilkinson, Paul. (2003). “Implications of the Attacks of 9/11 for the Future of Terrorism.” in Global Responses to Terrorism, edited by M. Buckley and R. Fawn. Londra, New York: Routledge.
- Yavuz, Celalettin, (2011). Terör ve Terörizmle Mücadele, ‘PKK Özeli’ ve Çözüm Arayışları, Berikan Yayınları, Ankara.
There are 45 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Security Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 11, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | May 20, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 |
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