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Resmi Kalkınma Yardımları ve Dış Ticaret İlişkisi: Çad Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 311 - 325, 30.04.2025

Hilal Paksoy

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1624768

Abstract

OECD Kalkınma Yardımları Komitesi (DAC) tarafından sağlanan Resmi Kalkınma Yardımları(RKY), az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelere belirli kıstaslar çerçevesinde verilen mali destek anlamına gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, iktisadi kalkınmanın finansmanı için kullanılan araçlardan birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışma gelişmekte olan ülkelerden biri olan Çad'da, resmi kalkınma yardımlarının dış ticaret üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 1960-2022 yıllarına ait Dünya Bankası ve OECD veri tabanından alınan ihracat (EXPORT), ithalat (IMPORT), gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH) ve resmi kalkınma yardımlarına (ODA) ilişkin veriler kullanılarak, bu yardımların Çad'ın dış ticaretine ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğine katkısını değerlendirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Analizde En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi ile Regresyon Analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zaman serilerinin durağanlık özelliklerinin test edilmesi amacıyla Phillips-Perron ve Augmented Dickey-Fuller birim kök testleri uygulanmıştır. Seriler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkiler Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi ile incelenmiş ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin yönünün belirlenmesi için de Granger Nedensellik Analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular GSYH ile ODA ve ODA ile ihracat arasında çift yönlü ilişki bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, ODA' nın ithalata ve GSYH'nin ihracata etkisi tek yönlüdür. Ayrıca, GSYH ile ithalat arasında çift yönlü bir ilişki gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları kalkınma yardımlarının Çad'ın ekonomik büyümesini ve dış ticaret performansını olumlu yönde güçlendirebileceğini göstermektedir. Kalkınma yardımlarının ve dış ticaret stratejilerinin, Çad’ın ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği ve büyümesi için nasıl entegre edilebileceğine dair önemli bulgular sunması nedeniyle literatürde önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Çalışmanın kısıtları arasında, veri sınırlamaları ve dış ticaret politikalarının zaman içindeki değişkenliği yer almaktadır.

Keywords

Resmi Kalkınma Yardımları Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi Dış Ticaret Makroekonomik Yapı

References

  • Adams, R., & Rogers, H. (2020). Effective aid policies correlate with sustainable growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Economic Policy Review, 22(4), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aepr.2020.09.005.
  • African Development Bank. (2009). Chad, Country Strategy Paper 2010-2014. Regional Department Centre. Retrieved from https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2010-2014-chad-country-strategy-paper-18815.
  • Alagöz, M., & Paksoy, H. (2021, August 15-16). Differences in the calculations of some macroeconomic indicators in selected countries. [Conference presentation], In II. International Halich Congress on Multidisciplinary Scientific Research. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Beltramo, T., Dang, H. H., Sarr, I., & Verme, P. (2020). Estimating Poverty among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad. Policy Research Working Paper, 15-16. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/511711588016782589/pdf/Estimating-Poverty-among-Refugee-Populations-A-Cross-Survey-Imputation-Exercise-for-Chad.pdf.
  • Burnside, C., & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies and growth: Revisiting the Evidence. 12-18. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/992381468780325835/pdf/wps3251Aid.pdf.
  • Chang, L., & Williams, J. (2022). Aid effectiveness is closely linked with political stability and governance. Journal of Political Economy, 15(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/12345678.
  • Davies, H., Brown, S., & Carter, T. (2013). ODA facilitates investment in human capital, driving growth. World Development Perspectives, 10(3), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jowdep.2013.07.004.
  • Easterly, W. (2002). The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (1st Edition). London: MIT Press.
  • Harrison, A., & Lee, J. (2017). Trade liberalization helps to diversify the economy in developing nations. Journal of Development Economics, 16(4), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdevecon.2017.06.010.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2024). Chad: Poverty reduction strategy paper. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10230.pdf (Accessed on 10.07.2024).
  • Johansen, S. (1998). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
  • Jones, S., Miller, J., & Smith, B. (2000). ODA has a positive impact on economic growth in developing countries. Journal of International Economics, 23(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2000.01.005.
  • Khan, M. (2011). Foreign trade and ODA reduce poverty in resource-dependent economies. Development Economics Journal, 19(2), 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveco.2011.03.005.
  • Mason, R. (2021). ODA contributes to poverty reduction when accompanied by export growth. Economic Development Review, 18(2), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edr.2021.03.015.
  • Miller, A. (2006). Foreign trade policies that integrate aid lead to faster economic growth. World Trade Journal, 29(3), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/wtj/29.3.42.
  • Nations Unies. (2017). Profil de pays Tchad, 2016. Commission économique pour l’Afrique. Retrieved from https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/23690.
  • OECD. (2006). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economic Perspectives in Africa - Chad. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/fr/dev/36803227.pdf.
  • OECD. (2013). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economic Perspectives in Africa - Chad 2013. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/fr/dev/emoa/40571838.pdf.
  • Pınar, A., ve Paksoy, H. (2023). Seçilmiş Ülkelerin Topsis Yöntemi ile Ölçülen Ekonomik Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması. Cumhuriyetin Yüzüncü Yılında Türkiye'nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerine Çalışmalar (s. 107-130). Nobel Bilimsel.
  • Radelet, S. (2006). A Primer on Foreign Aid, Working Paper 92, Centre for Global Development, Washington. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/primer-foreign-aid-working-paper-92.
  • Robinson, T. (2018). Institutional reforms improve the impact of ODA and foreign trade. Journal of Economic Policy, 14(3), 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.007.
  • Şahinler, S. (2000). Basic principles of creating a linear regression model using the least squares method. MKU Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 5(1-2), 57-73. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305711004.
  • Tarı, R. (2015). Ekonometri (14. Baskı). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Taylor, R. (2004). ODA improves infrastructure and governance, leading to higher growth rates. Journal of Development Policy, 12(2), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdevpol.2004.05.006.
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2024). Çad Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr/yurtdisi-teskilati/afrika/cad (Erişim Tarihi 05.07.2024).
  • UNDP. (2022). Human Development Report 2021/2022. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22overviewenpdf.pdf (Accessed on 15.08.2024).
  • UNHCR. (2024). Chad. Retrieved from https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/operations/chad (Accessed on 10.08.2024).
  • United Nations. (2017). Country Profile 2016, Chad. Economic Commission for Africa. Retrieved from https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/23689.
  • Williams, G. (2015). ODA’s effectiveness is increased when accompanied by trade liberalization. Global Economics and Policy, 34(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2015.01.014.
  • Yacoub, A. M. (2021). Macroeconomic outlook of Chad's economy between 2000-2018. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences Journal, 3(1), 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51124/jneusbf.2021.11.

Official Development Assistance and Foreign Trade Relation: The Chad Example

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 311 - 325, 30.04.2025

Hilal Paksoy

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1624768

Abstract

Official Development Assistance (ODA) provided by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) means financial support given to underdeveloped and developing countries within the framework of certain criteria. In this context, it appears as one of the tools used to finance economic development, especially in developing countries. The study aims to examine the impact of official development assistance on foreign trade in Chad, one of the developing countries. Using data on exports (EXPORT), imports (IMPORT), gross domestic product (GDP) and official development assistance (ODA) from the World Bank and OECD database for the years 1960-2022, we examine the contribution of these aid to Chad's foreign trade and economic sustainability. aimed to evaluate. In the analysis, Regression Analysis was performed with the Least Squares Method. Phillips-Perron and Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests were applied to test the stationarity properties of time series. Long-term relationships between the series were examined with the Johansen Cointegration Test and Granger Causality Analysis was performed to determine the direction of the relationships between the variables. The findings show that there is a bidirectional relationship between GDP and ODA, and between ODA and exports. However, the effect of ODA on imports and GDP on exports is unidirectional. Additionally, a bidirectional relationship between GDP and imports has been observed. Research results show that development aid can positively strengthen Chad's economic growth and foreign trade performance. It fills an important gap in the literature as it provides important findings on how development aid and foreign trade strategies can be integrated for Chad's economic sustainability and growth. Limitations of the study include data limitations and the variability of foreign trade policies over time.

Keywords

Official Development Aid Johansen Cointegration Test Foreign Trade Macroeconomic Structure

References

  • Adams, R., & Rogers, H. (2020). Effective aid policies correlate with sustainable growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Economic Policy Review, 22(4), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aepr.2020.09.005.
  • African Development Bank. (2009). Chad, Country Strategy Paper 2010-2014. Regional Department Centre. Retrieved from https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2010-2014-chad-country-strategy-paper-18815.
  • Alagöz, M., & Paksoy, H. (2021, August 15-16). Differences in the calculations of some macroeconomic indicators in selected countries. [Conference presentation], In II. International Halich Congress on Multidisciplinary Scientific Research. İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Beltramo, T., Dang, H. H., Sarr, I., & Verme, P. (2020). Estimating Poverty among Refugee Populations: A Cross-Survey Imputation Exercise for Chad. Policy Research Working Paper, 15-16. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/511711588016782589/pdf/Estimating-Poverty-among-Refugee-Populations-A-Cross-Survey-Imputation-Exercise-for-Chad.pdf.
  • Burnside, C., & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies and growth: Revisiting the Evidence. 12-18. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/992381468780325835/pdf/wps3251Aid.pdf.
  • Chang, L., & Williams, J. (2022). Aid effectiveness is closely linked with political stability and governance. Journal of Political Economy, 15(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/12345678.
  • Davies, H., Brown, S., & Carter, T. (2013). ODA facilitates investment in human capital, driving growth. World Development Perspectives, 10(3), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jowdep.2013.07.004.
  • Easterly, W. (2002). The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (1st Edition). London: MIT Press.
  • Harrison, A., & Lee, J. (2017). Trade liberalization helps to diversify the economy in developing nations. Journal of Development Economics, 16(4), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdevecon.2017.06.010.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2024). Chad: Poverty reduction strategy paper. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10230.pdf (Accessed on 10.07.2024).
  • Johansen, S. (1998). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
  • Jones, S., Miller, J., & Smith, B. (2000). ODA has a positive impact on economic growth in developing countries. Journal of International Economics, 23(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2000.01.005.
  • Khan, M. (2011). Foreign trade and ODA reduce poverty in resource-dependent economies. Development Economics Journal, 19(2), 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveco.2011.03.005.
  • Mason, R. (2021). ODA contributes to poverty reduction when accompanied by export growth. Economic Development Review, 18(2), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edr.2021.03.015.
  • Miller, A. (2006). Foreign trade policies that integrate aid lead to faster economic growth. World Trade Journal, 29(3), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/wtj/29.3.42.
  • Nations Unies. (2017). Profil de pays Tchad, 2016. Commission économique pour l’Afrique. Retrieved from https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/23690.
  • OECD. (2006). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economic Perspectives in Africa - Chad. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/fr/dev/36803227.pdf.
  • OECD. (2013). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economic Perspectives in Africa - Chad 2013. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/fr/dev/emoa/40571838.pdf.
  • Pınar, A., ve Paksoy, H. (2023). Seçilmiş Ülkelerin Topsis Yöntemi ile Ölçülen Ekonomik Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması. Cumhuriyetin Yüzüncü Yılında Türkiye'nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerine Çalışmalar (s. 107-130). Nobel Bilimsel.
  • Radelet, S. (2006). A Primer on Foreign Aid, Working Paper 92, Centre for Global Development, Washington. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/primer-foreign-aid-working-paper-92.
  • Robinson, T. (2018). Institutional reforms improve the impact of ODA and foreign trade. Journal of Economic Policy, 14(3), 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.007.
  • Şahinler, S. (2000). Basic principles of creating a linear regression model using the least squares method. MKU Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 5(1-2), 57-73. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305711004.
  • Tarı, R. (2015). Ekonometri (14. Baskı). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Taylor, R. (2004). ODA improves infrastructure and governance, leading to higher growth rates. Journal of Development Policy, 12(2), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdevpol.2004.05.006.
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2024). Çad Ülke Profili. https://ticaret.gov.tr/yurtdisi-teskilati/afrika/cad (Erişim Tarihi 05.07.2024).
  • UNDP. (2022). Human Development Report 2021/2022. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22overviewenpdf.pdf (Accessed on 15.08.2024).
  • UNHCR. (2024). Chad. Retrieved from https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/operations/chad (Accessed on 10.08.2024).
  • United Nations. (2017). Country Profile 2016, Chad. Economic Commission for Africa. Retrieved from https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/23689.
  • Williams, G. (2015). ODA’s effectiveness is increased when accompanied by trade liberalization. Global Economics and Policy, 34(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2015.01.014.
  • Yacoub, A. M. (2021). Macroeconomic outlook of Chad's economy between 2000-2018. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Political Sciences Journal, 3(1), 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51124/jneusbf.2021.11.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Financial Econometrics, Financial Forecast and Modelling
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Hilal Paksoy 0000-0001-8139-3851

Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date January 22, 2025
Acceptance Date April 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Paksoy, H. (2025). Official Development Assistance and Foreign Trade Relation: The Chad Example. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 28(1), 311-325. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1624768
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