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Misrepresenting Muslims? Critical Perspectives on Migration Policy Change in Sweden 2015-2023

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 1 - 15, 11.04.2025

Joakim Johansson , İngemar Elander

https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2025.34.1441240

Abstract

Drawing upon an analytical combination of critical security studies (CST) and intersectional theory (IT), we in this article focus on migration policy in Sweden 2015-2023 with a particular focus on representations of Islam and Muslims. Using thematic analysis, arguments, and statements raised by key political actors, i.e., the Swedish Government and the radical-right/retrotopian party Sweden Democrats, we study the threats as perceived to legitimize the Swedish Government’s turn to a more restrictive stance. Exploring the official, justifying points of this policy turn, we also exemplify our approach by referencing policy repercussions related to the Russian attack on Ukraine. Outstanding findings in the material include continuous attempts to de-masculinize Muslim men who are constructed interchangeably as welfare recipients, violent and eager terrorists, exponents of criminal behavior in general, or failing in their role as protectors of women and children. All in all, these findings are representations of a particular ‘Swedish’ culture, the welfare state and individual responsibility implicating a mission to save a national ‘We’ from a foreign ‘Them’ built around negative stereotypes of Muslims. In addition to illustrating the analytical strength of securitization theory, we also demonstrate the complementary capacity of intersectional theory for an analysis of migration policy change.

Keywords

migration Muslims security intersectionality gender

References

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Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 1 - 15, 11.04.2025

Joakim Johansson , İngemar Elander

https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2025.34.1441240

Abstract

References

  • Ahmadi, F., Darvishpour, M., Ahmadi, N., & Palm, I. (2018). Diversity barometer: Attitude changes in Sweden. Nordic Social Work Research, 10 (1), 21-38. google scholar
  • Ahmed, S. (2004). Declarations of Whiteness: The non-performativity of anti-racism. Borderlands, 3(2). google scholar
  • Âkesson, J. (2009, October 19). Muslimerna ar vârt största utlandska hot. Aftonbladet. google scholar
  • Âkesson, J. (2010, October 10). Vi vill âterskapa ett folkhem. Nerihes Allehanda. google scholar
  • Åkesson, J. (2022, March 3). Det är skillnad på flyktingar och ‛flyktingar’. Aftonbladet. Retrieved from https://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/a/k6jJAa/akesson-det-ar-skillnad-pa-flyktingar-och-flyktingar google scholar
  • Bauer, S., Milani, T. M., von Brömssen, K., & Spehar, A. (2023). Gender equalitY in the name of the state: state feminism or femonationalism in civic orientation for newly arrived migrants in Sweden? Critical Discourse Studies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2023. 2228933 google scholar
  • Bigo, D. (2002). Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease, Alternatives, 27 (1_suppl), 63-92. https:// doi.org/10.1177/03043754020270S105 google scholar
  • Bigo, D. & McCluskeY, E. (2018). What is a PARIS approach to (in) securitization? Political anthropological research for international sociology. In A. Gheciu & W. Wohlforth (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of International Security (pp. 116-130). Oxford, UK: Oxford UniversitY Press google scholar
  • Brandel, T. (2015, November 26). Âkesson vill kartlagga svenska muslimers âsikter, Svenska Dagbladet. google scholar
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analYsis in psYchologY. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa google scholar
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analYsis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328-352. https://doi.org/l0.1080/l4780887.2020.1769238 google scholar
  • Browning, C. S. (2017). SecuritY and migration: a conceptual exploration. In P. Bourbeau (Ed.) Handbook on Migration and Security (pp. 39-56). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. google scholar
  • Browning, C. S., & McDonald, M. (2013). The future of critical security studies: Ethics and the politics of security. European Journal of International Relations, 19(2), 235-255. google scholar
  • Brubaker, R. (2017). Between nationalism and civilizationism: The European populist moment in comparative perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(8), 1191-1226. google scholar
  • Busch Thor, E. & Eklind, H. (2020, August 23). KD: Mânga utlandsfödda stâr aldrig pâ egna ben. Expressen. Retrieved from https://www.expressen.se/debatt/kd-manga-utlandsfodda-star-aldrig-pa-egna-ben/ google scholar
  • Buzan, B., Waever, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: LYnne Rienne. google scholar
  • BYström, M. & Frohnert, P. (2017). InvanDringens historia - frân folhhemmet' till Dagens Sverige. Kunskapsöversikt 2017:5. Stockholm, Sweden: Delmi. google scholar
  • Çarp, C. (2023, November 24). Regeringen: hârdare krav pâ lampligt beteende. Dagens Nyheter. google scholar
  • Cesari, J. (2009). Securitization of Islam in Europe. In Muslims in the West after 9/11 (pp. 19-37). Routledge. google scholar
  • Coen, A, (2017). Securitization, normalization, and representations of Islam in Senate discourse. Politics and Religion 10(1), 111-136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048316000808 google scholar
  • Crenshaw, K. W. (2013). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In The Public Nature of Private Violence (pp. 93-118). Routledge. google scholar
  • Dagens Nyheter (2017, December 21). Finansministern i stor intervju: FlYktingar kan fâ det battre i andra lander. Dagens Nyheter. google scholar
  • Dagens Nyheter (2018, MaY 4). Löfvens Sverige bygger nya murar. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved from https://www.dn.se/ledare/lofvens-sverige-bygger-nya-murar/ google scholar
  • Dagens Nyheter (2022, March 21). SD kravde totalstopp för flyktingar - nu valkomnas ukrainare. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved from https:// www.dn.se/sverige/sd-kravde-totalstopp-for-flYktingar-nu-valkomnas-ukrainare/ google scholar
  • Deland, N. B. (2023, December 6). Som muslim undrar jag hur lange vi stâr ut i Sverige. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved from https://www.dn.se/debatt/som-muslim-undrar-jag-hur-lange-vi-star-ut-i-sverige/ google scholar
  • Elander, I., Fridolfsson, C., & Gustavsson, E. (2015). Swedish Muslims and secular society: Faith-based engagement and place. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 26(2), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1013324 google scholar
  • Elander, I., Granberg, M., & Montin, S. (2022). Governance and planning in a ‘perfect storm’: Securitising climate change, migration and Covid-19 in Sweden. Progress in Planning, 164, 100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100634 google scholar
  • EgYptson, S. (2023). Global politisk islam? Muslimska brödraskapet & Islamiska förbundet i Sverige (Doctoral dissertation, Lund Univer-sitY, Lund). Retrieved from https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/134386584/Disputationsupplagan_EgYptson_10feb.pdf google scholar
  • Evranos, B. A. (2023). Securitization of Islam in France: EverYdaY lives of French Muslims. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 32(2), 259278. https://doi.org/10.26650/siYasal.2023.32.1249638 google scholar
  • Ferber, A. L. (2019). The White supremacist movement in the United States todaY. In Race and Ethnic Conflict (pp. 346-354). Routledge. google scholar
  • Fernândez, C. (2020). Cosmopolitanism at the crossroads; Swedish immigration policy after the 2015 refugee crisis, İn E. M. Gozdziak, I. Main & B. Suter (Eds.) Europe and the Refugee Response: A Crisis of Values? (pp. 220-235) London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge. google scholar
  • Fridolfsson, C. & Elander, I. (2021). Between securitization and counter-securitization. Church of Sweden opposing the turn of Swedish Government Migration PolicY. Politics, Religion and IdeologY, 22(1), 40-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2021.1877671 google scholar
  • Gozdziak, E. M., & Mârton, P. (2018). Where the wild things are: Fear of Islam and the anti-refugee rhetoric in HungarY and in Poland. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 7(2), 125-151. google scholar
  • Government Offices of Sweden. https://www.government.se/tx/2079 [MinistrY of Justice] (2020). Report on migration policY submitted. https://www.government.se/press-releases/2020/09/report-on-migration-policY-submitted/ Accessed 2020-09-17. google scholar
  • Greussing, E. & Boomgaarden, H. G., (2017). Shifting the refugee narrative? An automated frame analysis of Europe’s 2015 Refugee Crisis, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1749-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1282813 google scholar
  • Hagelund, A. (2020). After the refugee crisis: Public discourse and policY change in Denmark, NorwaY and Sweden. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(13), 1-17. Retrieved from https://comparativemigrationstudies.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8 google scholar
  • Hellström, A., & Nilsson, T. (2010). ‘We Are the Good Guys’ Ideological positioning of the nationalist party Sverigedemokraterna in contemporary Swedish politics. Ethnicities, 10(l), 55-76. https://doi.org/l0.1177/l468796809354214 google scholar
  • Herrington, J. (2021). Understanding Islamist terrorism in Europe: Drugs, Jihad, and the Pursuit of Martyrdom. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Holmqvist, A. (2016, April 20) Aida Hadzialic: ‘Helt oacceptabelt’. Aftonbladet. google scholar
  • Huysmans, J. (2006). The Politics of Insecurity. Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • İbrahim, N. (2016, April 20) En sorg att MP fâr bli tillhâll för islamister. Aftonbladet. google scholar
  • Johansson, J., & Darvishpour, M. (2020). At Odds with feminism? Muslim masculinities in the Swedish “no handshake” debate in news-papers. İn R.LuYt & K. Starck (Eds.) Masculine power and gender equality: Masculinities as change agents (pp. 99-118). Springer google scholar
  • Johansson, J., & Dashti, J. (2024). Femonationalism in the civic-integration work conducted bY a Swedish NGO with men’s groups. Norma, 19(4), 230-245. google scholar
  • KaYa, A., & Tecmen, A. (2021). Europe versus İslam?: Right-wing populist discourse and the construction of a civilizational identitY. İn A Quarter Century of the “Clash of Civilizations” (pp. 49-64). Routledge. google scholar
  • Kimmel, M. (2017). Angry White Men. American Masculinity at the End of an Era. Hachette UK. google scholar
  • Kinnvall, C., & Nesbitt-Larking, P. (2011). The Political Psychology of Globalization: Muslims in the West. Oxford, UK: Oxford UniversitY Press. google scholar
  • Knutson, M. (2023, November 23). Hârd och oförsonlig Âkesson skarper tonen Ytterligare. Dagens Nyheter. google scholar
  • Kristersson, U. (2020, November 24). Den politiska islamismen hör inte hemma i Sverige. Dagens Nyheter. google scholar
  • Larsson, G. (2014). Islam och muslimer i Sverige: en kunskapsöversikt. Namnden för statligt stöd till trossamfund. google scholar
  • Maira, S. (2009). ‘Good’ and ‘bad’ Muslim citizens: feminists, terrorists, and US Orientalisms. Feminist Studies, 35(3), 631-656. google scholar
  • Mamdani, M. (2002). Good Muslim, bad Muslim: A political perspective on culture and terrorism. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 766-775. google scholar
  • Migrationsverket (2024). Fler asYlsökande i Europa men fortsatt minskning i Sverige. Retrieved from https://www.migrationsv erket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Pressrum/NYhetsarkiv/NYhetsarkiv-2024/2024-02-05-Fler-asYlsokande-i-Europa---men-fortsatt-minskning-i-Sverige.html google scholar
  • Mutua, A. D. (2012). MultidimensionalitY is to masculinities what intersectonalitY is to feminism. Nev. LJ, 13, 341. Retrieved from https:// scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1464&context=nlj google scholar
  • Norocel, O. C., Saresma, T., Lahdesmaki, T., & Ruotsalainen, M. (2020). Discursive constructions of white Nordic masculinities in right-wing populist media. Men and Masculinities, 23(3-4), 425-446. google scholar
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Joakim Johansson 0000-0003-1205-2521

İngemar Elander 0000-0002-7737-5850

Publication Date April 11, 2025
Submission Date February 23, 2024
Acceptance Date October 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Johansson, J., & Elander, İ. (2025). Misrepresenting Muslims? Critical Perspectives on Migration Policy Change in Sweden 2015-2023. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 34(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2025.34.1441240
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