Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample

Year 2025, Volume: 33 Issue: 64, 11 - 41, 26.04.2025

Ahmet Özalp , Emre Şimşir , Burak Doğan

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01

Abstract

International student mobility is gaining importance due to globalisation and the expansion of cultural and academic interactions between countries. Türkiye has drawn considerable attention from international students in recent years, ranking among the top 10 countries globally in terms of the number of international students it hosts. This study examines the challenges faced by international students studying in Türkiye and the socioeconomic push-pull factors that influence their educational choices. The research employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews. International students studying at universities in Eskişehir were selected through snowball sampling, and interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview form. The results revealed that international students encounter challenges such as discrimination, language learning difficulties, and cultural adaptation issues in Türkiye.

Keywords

International Student Mobility Education Socioeconomic Factors Adaptation

References

  • Ahmad, S. & F.R. Buchanan (2016), “Choices of Destination for Transnational Higher Education: ‘Pull’ Factors in an Asia-Pacific Market”, Educational Studies, 42(2), 163-180.
  • Ahrens, J. et al. (2016), “Free Movement? The Onward Migration of EU Citizens Born in Somalia, Iran, and Nigeria”, Population, Space and Place, 22(1), 84-98.
  • Akgül, O. (ed) (2019), Uluslararası Öğrencilik: Entegrasyon, İstihdam ve Politika, İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
  • Aksoy, H.H. et al. (2011), “Eğitimde Nitelik: Eğitim Ekonomisi Kuramlarının Eğitimin Niteliğine Ilişkin Kurgusunun Eleştirel Analizi”, Eğitim Bilim Toplum, 9(33), 60-99.
  • Alberts, H. (2017), “Complex Decision: Factors Determining International Students’ Migrations”, in: M. Van Riemsdijk & Q. Wang (eds), Rethinking International Skilled Migration (36-53), London: Routledge.
  • Almendarez, L. (2013), “Human Capital Theory: Implications for Educational Development in Belize and the Caribbean”, Caribbean Quarterly, 59(3/4), 21-33.
  • Anderson, B. & S. Blinder (2024), Who Counts as a Migrant? Definitions and Their Consequences, <https://Migrationobservatory.Ox.Ac.Uk/Resources/Briefings/Who-Counts-As-A-Migrant-Definitions-And-Their-Consequences/>, 05.05.2024.
  • Arnot, M. & H. Pinson (2015), The Education of Asylum Seeker and Refugee Children: A Study of Lea and School Values, Policies and Practices, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
  • Bahat, İ. & K. Karakütük (2024), “The Quality Issues in Higher Education of Türkiye: Insights from the Experiences of Faculty Members and Students at State Universities”, Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 14(1), 131-150.
  • Balaz, V. & A. Williams (2004), “Been There, Done That’: International Student Migration and Human Capital Transfers from The UK to Slovakia”, Population, Space and Place, 10(3), 217-237.
  • Bank, W. (2023), The Numbers: Understanding Who Moves, Where to, and Why (41-59), World Bank, <https://Doi.Org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1941-4_Ch2>, 05.04.2024.
  • Baş, H, & S. Eti (2020), “Türkiye’de Uluslararası Öğrencilerin İstihdamı: Hukuki Boyut ve Koşullara Dair Bir Araştırma”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(46), 105-132.
  • Becker, G.S. (1992), “Human Capital and the Economy”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85-92.
  • Becker, G.S. (2009), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Beine, M. et al. (2001), “Brain Drain and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275-289.
  • Biernacki, P. & D. Waldorf (1981), “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling”, Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141-163.
  • Bohon, S. et al. (2005), “Educational Barriers for New Latinos in Georgia”, Journal of Latinos and Education, 4(1), 43-58.
  • Böhm, A. et al. (2004), Forecasting International Student Mobility: A UK Perspective, UK: British Council.
  • Braun, V. & V. Clarke (2006), “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, (3), 77-101.
  • Brooks, R. & G. Everett (2009), “Post-Graduation Reflections on the Value of a Degree”, British Educational Research Journal, 35(3), 333-349.
  • Brooks, R. & J. Waters (2011), Student Mobilities, Migration and The Internationalization of Higher Education, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bryla, P. (2018), “International Student Mobility and Subsequent Migration: The Case of Poland”, Studies in Higher Education, 44(8), 1386-1399.
  • Carbajal, M. & J. Calvo (2021), “Factors That Influence Immigration to OECD Member States”, Cuadernos De Trabajo Social, 34(2), 417-430.
  • Carling, J. & K. Schewel (2018), “Revisiting Aspiration and Ability in International Migration”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945-963.
  • Castles, S. (2010), “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1565-1586.
  • Cheung, A. & L. Xu (2014), “To Return or Not to Return: Examining the Return Intentions of Mainland Chinese Students Studying at Elite Universities in The United States”, Studies in Higher Education, 40(9), 1605-1624.
  • Creswell, J.W. & D.L. Miller (2000), “Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry”, Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2003), Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, (Çev. M. Bütün & S.B. Demir), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Cuibus, M.V. & P.W. Walsh (2022), Student Migration to the UK, <https://Migrationobservatory.Ox.Ac.Uk/Resources/Briefings/Student-Migration-To-The-Uk/, 12.05.2024.
  • De Haas, H. (2021), “A Theory of Migration: The Aspirations-Capabilities Framework”, Comparative Migration Studies, 9, 8.
  • De Haas, H. et al. (2020), The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in The Modern World (Sixth Edition), London: Red Globe Press.
  • DiCicco-Bloom, B. & B.F. Crabtree (2006), “The Qualitative Research Interview”, Medical Education, (40), 314-321.
  • Docquier, F. & H. Rapoport (2011), “Globalization, Brain Drain and Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 50(2), 681-730.
  • Doerschler, P. (2006), “Push-Pull Factors and Immigrant Political Integration in Germany”, Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 1100-1116.
  • Dryden-Peterson, S. (2016), “Refugee Education in Countries of First Asylum: Breaking Open the Black Box of Pre-Resettlement Experiences”, Theory and Research in Education, 14(2), 131-148.
  • Dustmann, C. & T. Frattini (2014), “The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK”, The Economic Journal, 124(580), 593-643.
  • Eder, J. et al. (2010), “Exploring Factors Influencing Student Study Abroad Destination Choice”, Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10(3), 232-250.
  • Erudera (2024), Germany International Student Statistics 2024, <https://erudera.com/statistics/germany/germany-international-student-statistics>, 12.05.2024.
  • Fakunle, O. (2021), “Developing A Framework for International Students’ Rationales for Studying Abroad, Beyond Economic Factors”, Policy Futures in Education, 19(6), 671-690.
  • Fidler, S.D. et al. (2023), “The Impact of Political Factors on International Student Mobility”, British Educational Research Journal, 49(2), 352-369.
  • Findlay, A. (2011), “An Assessment of Supply and Demand-Side Theorizations of International Student Mobility”, International Migration, 49(2), 162-190.
  • Findlay, A. et al. (2011), “World Class? An Investigation of Globalisation, Difference and International Student Mobility”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 118-131.
  • Gallup (2018), More Than 750 Million Worldwide Would Migrate If They Could, <https://News.Gallup.Com/Poll/245255/750-Million-Worldwide-Migrate.Aspx>, 05.05.2024.
  • Geiger, M. & A. Pécoud (2013), “Migration, Development and the Migration and Development Nexus”, Population, Space and Place, 19(4), 369-374.
  • Gonzalez, C. et al. (2011), “The Determinants of International Student Mobility Flows: An Empirical Study on the Erasmus Program”, Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 62(4), 413-430.
  • Gönültaş, M. et al. (2023), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Uyum Problemleri ve Bu Problemlerle Baş Etme Stratejileri: Bir Durum Çalışması”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 60-69.
  • Hari, A. et al. (2023), “A Transnational Lens into International Student Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Global Networks, (23), 14-30.
  • Ibrahim, H. et al. (2019), “Should I Stay, or Should I Go Now? The Impact of ‘Pull’ Factors on Physician Decisions to Remain in A Destination Country”, The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(4), 1909-1920.
  • İçen, M. et al. (2022), “The First Stop of Transit Migrant Students on the Road to Europe and America: The Turkish Education System”, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1029555.
  • Jeffery, L. & J. Murison (2011), “The Temporal, Social, Spatial, and Legal Dimensions of Return and Onward Migration”, Population, Space and Place, 17(2), 131-139.
  • Kajsa, H.A. (2019), “Student Migration Aspirations and Mobility in the Global Knowledge Society: The Case of Ghana”, Journal of International Mobility, 7(1), 23-43.
  • Kennedy-Shaffer, L. et al. (2021), “Snowball Sampling Study Design for Serosurveys Early in Disease Outbreaks”, American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(9), 1918-1927.
  • Kethüda, Ö. (2015), “Türkiye’deki Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 5(3), 147-161.
  • Khadria, B. (2009), “Adversary Analysis and the Quest for Global Development: Optimizing the Dynamic Conflict of Interest in Transnational Migration”, Social Analysis, 53(3), 106-122.
  • Khalid, B. & M. Urbański (2021), “Approaches to Understanding Migration: A Multi-Country Analysis of the Push and Pull Migration Trend”, Economics and Sociology, 14, 20-21.
  • Kim, Y. (2010), “The Pilot Study in Qualitative Inquiry”, Qualitative Social Work, 9(2), 190-206.
  • King, R. & G. Sondhi (2017), “International Student Migration: A Comparison of UK And Indian Students’ Motivations for Studying Abroad”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(2), 176-191.
  • King, R. & P. Raghuram (2013), “International Student Migration: Mapping the Field and New Research Agendas”, Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127-137.
  • King, R. (2002), “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography, 8(2), 89-106.
  • Knight, J. (2004), “Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales”, Journal of Studies in International Education, 8, 5-31.
  • Kondakci, Y. (2011), “Student Mobility Reviewed: Attraction and Satisfaction of International Students in Türkiye”, Higher Education, 62(5), 573-592.
  • Kuckartz, U. (2014), Qualitative Text Analysis: A Guide to Methods, Practice; Using Software, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Kyei, J.R.K.O. (2021), “I Have to Further My Studies Abroad”: Student Migration in Ghana”, Social Inclusion, 9(1), 299-307.
  • Levent, F. & Ö. Karaevli (2014), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Eğitimine Yönelik Politikalar ve Türkiye İçin Öneriler”, Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(38), 97-118.
  • Lincoln, Y. & G.G. Egon (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Lipura, S.J. & F.L. Collins (2020), “Towards an Integrative Understanding of Contemporary Educational Mobilities: A Critical Agenda for International Student Mobilities Research”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(3), 343-359.
  • Llull, J. (2014), “The Effect of Immigration on Wages: Exploiting Exogenous Variation at the National Level”, Working Papers, Article 783.
  • Lomer, S. (2018), “UK Policy Discourses and International Student Mobility: The Deterrence and Subjectification of International Students”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3: Special Issue: International Student Migration and Mobility Policies: Theoretical and Empirical Insights), 308-324.
  • Mason, J. (2002), Qualitative Researching, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Mazzarol, T. & G. Soutar (2002), “Push-Pull” Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice”, International Journal of Educational Management, 16(1), 82-90.
  • Merriam, S.B. & E.J. Tisdell (2016), Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S.B. (2009), Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation, California: Jossey-Bass.
  • Metin, B. & İ. Sevinç (2024), “Bir Kamu Diplomasi Aracı Olarak Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği”, Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 387-408.
  • Metin, F. (2022), Yükseköğretimde Uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye’nin Rekabet Gücünün Analizi, Ankara: Pegem Yay.
  • Murphy-Lejeune, E. (2002), Student Mobility and Narrative in Europe: The New Strangers, London: Routledge.
  • Naidoo, V. (2007), “Research on the Flow of International Students to UK Universities: Determinants and Implications”, Journal of Research in International Education, 6(3), 287-307.
  • Neuman, W.L. (2022), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri, (ed. E. Akkaş; çev. Ö. Akkaya), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Nghia, T.L.H. (2019), “Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions: The Case of Vietnamese Students”, Journal of International Students, 9(3), 731.
  • OECD (2011), Education at a Glance 2011, <https://Doi.Org/10.1787/Eag-2011-En>, 10.05.2024.
  • OECD (2023), International Migration Outlook 2023, <https://Doi.org/10.1787/B0f40584-En>, 10.05.2024.
  • Özsoy, S. & S. Bilgi (2016), “Multicultural Education Perspective in Türkiye: Possibilities and Dilemmas”, in: J. Lo Bianco & A. Bal (eds) Learning from Difference: Comparative Accounts of Multicultural Education, (147-169), Multilingual Education, vol 16. Springer, Cham.
  • Parkins, N.C. (2010), “Push and Pull Factors of Migration”, American Review of Political Economy, 8(2), <https://doi.org/10.38024/arpe.119>.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & H.A. Patrinos (2018), “Returns to Investment in Education: A Decennial Review of the Global Literature”, Education Economics, 26(5), 445-458.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & M. Woodhall (1997), Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choice, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Qiang, Z. (2003), “Internationalization of Higher Education: Towards a Conceptual Framework”, Policy Futures in Education, 1(2), 248-270.
  • Raghuram, P. (2013), “Theorizing the Spaces of Student Migration”, Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 138-154.
  • Rasamoelison, J. et al. (2021), “International Student-Migrant Flows and Growth Low and Middle-Income Countries: Brain Gain or Brain Drain?”, Applied Economics, 53(34), 3913-3930.
  • Ratha, D. et al. (2022), “Remittances Brave Global Headwinds: Special Focus: Climate Migration”, Migration and Development Brief 37, KNOMAD-World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Schultz, T.W. (1961), “Investment in Human Capital”, The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Skeldon, R. (2012), “Migration Transitions Revisited: Their Continued Relevance for the Development of Migration Theory”, Population, Space and Place, 18(2), 154-166.
  • Statista (2024), International Students in The U.S. 2023, <https://www.Statista.Com/Statistics/237681/International-Students-In-The-Us/>, 10.04.2024.
  • Şener, B. et al. (2024), Eğitimde Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (35. bs), Ankara: Pegem Yay.
  • Tarc, P. (2019), “Internationalization of Education as an Emerging Field? A Framing of International Education for Cross-Domain Analyses”, Policy Futures in Education, 17(3), 674-760.
  • Todaro, M.P. & L. Maruszko (1987), “Illegal Migration and US Immigration Reform: A Conceptual Framework”, Population and Development Review, 13(1), 101-114.
  • Topal, F. & S. Tauscher (2020), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Akademik ve Sosyal Yaşamlarında Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar Üzerine İnceleme”, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1), 309-344.
  • Tremblay, K. (2005), “Academic Mobility and Immigration”, Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(3), 196-228.
  • UNESCO (2018), Global Education Monitoring Report, 2019: Migration, Displacement and Education: Building Bridges, Not Walls, <https://Unesdoc.Unesco.Org/Ark:/48223/Pf0000265866>, 05.05.2024.
  • UNESCO (2023), Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students, <https://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow>, 25.09.2024.
  • Urbański, M. (2022), “Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration”, Economies, 10(1), 21.
  • Van Mol, C. & C. Timmerman (2014), “Should I Stay or Should I Go? An Analysis of the Determinants of Intra-European Student Mobility”, Population, Space and Place, 20(5), 465-479.
  • Weber, T. & C. Van Mol (2023), “The Student Migration Transition: An Empirical Investigation into the Nexus Between Development and International Student Migration”, Comparative Migration Studies, 11, 5.
  • Wilkins, S. et al. (2013), “The Decision-Making and Changing Behavioural Dynamics of Potential Higher Education Students: The Impacts of Increasing Tuition Fees in England”, Educational Studies, 39(2), 125-141.
  • Xu, W. & K. Zammit (2020), “Applying Thematic Analysis to Education: A Hybrid Approach to Interpreting Data in Practitioner Research”, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19.
  • Yalçinkaya, M. & H. Beşirli (2022), “Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği ve Bu Hareketliliğin Yükseköğretimin Uluslararasılaşma Sürecindeki Rolü”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XIX(74), 363-382.
  • Yeh, C. & M. Inose (2002), “Difficulties and Coping Strategies of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Immigrant Students”, Adolescence, 37(145), 69-82.
  • Yıldırım, S. et al. (2021), “Rethinking Mobility of International University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic”, Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 15(1), 98-113.
  • Yilmazel, G. & D. Atay (2022), “Challenges of Migrant Students in Turkish Higher Education”, Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 17(2), 132-145.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2023), Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Nedeniyle Ukrayna’daki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Eğitim Gören Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Vatandaşı Öğrenciler ile Yabancı Uyruklu Öğrencilerin Ülkemizdeki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarına Yatay Geçişleri ve Özel Öğrencilik İşlemleri, <https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ogrenci/ukraynada-egitim-goren-TC-vatandasi-ogrencilerin-yatay-gecis-ve-ozel-ogrencilik-islemleri.aspx>, 20.09.2024.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2023), Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Uyruklarına Göre Sayıları, <https://Istatistik.Yok.Gov.Tr/, 20.05.2024.
  • Zanabazar, A. et al. (2021), “The push and pull factors affecting the migration of Mongolians to the Republic of South Korea”, SHS Web of Conferences, 90(01023), EDP Sciences.
  • Zelinsky, W. (1971), “The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition”, Geographical Review, 61(2), 219-249.
  • Zhou, J. (2015), “International Students’ Motivation to Pursue and Complete PhD in the U.S”, Higher Education, 69(5), 719-733.
  • Ziguras, C. & S. Law (2005), “Recruiting International Students as Skilled Migrants: The Global ‘Skills Race’ as viewed from Australia and Malaysia”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 59-76.

Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği: Eskişehir Örnekleminde Sosyoekonomik Faktörler ve Karşılaşılan Problemler

Year 2025, Volume: 33 Issue: 64, 11 - 41, 26.04.2025

Ahmet Özalp , Emre Şimşir , Burak Doğan

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01

Abstract

Uluslararası öğrenci hareketleri, küreselleşmenin etkiyle giderek önem kazanmakta ve ülkeler arasındaki kültürel ve akademik etkileşimi arttırmaktadır. Son dönemlerde uluslararası öğrencilerin dikkatini çeken Türkiye, barındırdığı uluslararası öğrenci sayısıyla dünyada ilk 10’a girmeyi başarmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de eğitim gören uluslararası öğrencilerin karşılaştıkları sorunları ve eğitim tercihlerini şekillendiren sosyo-ekonomik itici-çekici faktörleri incelemektir. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniğiyle yapılmıştır. Eskişehir’deki üniversitelerde öğrenim gören uluslararası öğrenciler, kartopu örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş ve görüşmeler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, uluslararası öğrencilerin Türkiye’de ayrımcılık, dil öğrenme zorlukları ve kültürel adaptasyon gibi sorunlarla karşılaştıkları belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketlilik Eğitim Sosyoekonomik Faktörler Adaptasyon

Supporting Institution

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Fonu

References

  • Ahmad, S. & F.R. Buchanan (2016), “Choices of Destination for Transnational Higher Education: ‘Pull’ Factors in an Asia-Pacific Market”, Educational Studies, 42(2), 163-180.
  • Ahrens, J. et al. (2016), “Free Movement? The Onward Migration of EU Citizens Born in Somalia, Iran, and Nigeria”, Population, Space and Place, 22(1), 84-98.
  • Akgül, O. (ed) (2019), Uluslararası Öğrencilik: Entegrasyon, İstihdam ve Politika, İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
  • Aksoy, H.H. et al. (2011), “Eğitimde Nitelik: Eğitim Ekonomisi Kuramlarının Eğitimin Niteliğine Ilişkin Kurgusunun Eleştirel Analizi”, Eğitim Bilim Toplum, 9(33), 60-99.
  • Alberts, H. (2017), “Complex Decision: Factors Determining International Students’ Migrations”, in: M. Van Riemsdijk & Q. Wang (eds), Rethinking International Skilled Migration (36-53), London: Routledge.
  • Almendarez, L. (2013), “Human Capital Theory: Implications for Educational Development in Belize and the Caribbean”, Caribbean Quarterly, 59(3/4), 21-33.
  • Anderson, B. & S. Blinder (2024), Who Counts as a Migrant? Definitions and Their Consequences, <https://Migrationobservatory.Ox.Ac.Uk/Resources/Briefings/Who-Counts-As-A-Migrant-Definitions-And-Their-Consequences/>, 05.05.2024.
  • Arnot, M. & H. Pinson (2015), The Education of Asylum Seeker and Refugee Children: A Study of Lea and School Values, Policies and Practices, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
  • Bahat, İ. & K. Karakütük (2024), “The Quality Issues in Higher Education of Türkiye: Insights from the Experiences of Faculty Members and Students at State Universities”, Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 14(1), 131-150.
  • Balaz, V. & A. Williams (2004), “Been There, Done That’: International Student Migration and Human Capital Transfers from The UK to Slovakia”, Population, Space and Place, 10(3), 217-237.
  • Bank, W. (2023), The Numbers: Understanding Who Moves, Where to, and Why (41-59), World Bank, <https://Doi.Org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1941-4_Ch2>, 05.04.2024.
  • Baş, H, & S. Eti (2020), “Türkiye’de Uluslararası Öğrencilerin İstihdamı: Hukuki Boyut ve Koşullara Dair Bir Araştırma”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(46), 105-132.
  • Becker, G.S. (1992), “Human Capital and the Economy”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 136(1), 85-92.
  • Becker, G.S. (2009), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Beine, M. et al. (2001), “Brain Drain and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275-289.
  • Biernacki, P. & D. Waldorf (1981), “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling”, Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141-163.
  • Bohon, S. et al. (2005), “Educational Barriers for New Latinos in Georgia”, Journal of Latinos and Education, 4(1), 43-58.
  • Böhm, A. et al. (2004), Forecasting International Student Mobility: A UK Perspective, UK: British Council.
  • Braun, V. & V. Clarke (2006), “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, (3), 77-101.
  • Brooks, R. & G. Everett (2009), “Post-Graduation Reflections on the Value of a Degree”, British Educational Research Journal, 35(3), 333-349.
  • Brooks, R. & J. Waters (2011), Student Mobilities, Migration and The Internationalization of Higher Education, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bryla, P. (2018), “International Student Mobility and Subsequent Migration: The Case of Poland”, Studies in Higher Education, 44(8), 1386-1399.
  • Carbajal, M. & J. Calvo (2021), “Factors That Influence Immigration to OECD Member States”, Cuadernos De Trabajo Social, 34(2), 417-430.
  • Carling, J. & K. Schewel (2018), “Revisiting Aspiration and Ability in International Migration”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945-963.
  • Castles, S. (2010), “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1565-1586.
  • Cheung, A. & L. Xu (2014), “To Return or Not to Return: Examining the Return Intentions of Mainland Chinese Students Studying at Elite Universities in The United States”, Studies in Higher Education, 40(9), 1605-1624.
  • Creswell, J.W. & D.L. Miller (2000), “Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry”, Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2003), Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, (Çev. M. Bütün & S.B. Demir), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Cuibus, M.V. & P.W. Walsh (2022), Student Migration to the UK, <https://Migrationobservatory.Ox.Ac.Uk/Resources/Briefings/Student-Migration-To-The-Uk/, 12.05.2024.
  • De Haas, H. (2021), “A Theory of Migration: The Aspirations-Capabilities Framework”, Comparative Migration Studies, 9, 8.
  • De Haas, H. et al. (2020), The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in The Modern World (Sixth Edition), London: Red Globe Press.
  • DiCicco-Bloom, B. & B.F. Crabtree (2006), “The Qualitative Research Interview”, Medical Education, (40), 314-321.
  • Docquier, F. & H. Rapoport (2011), “Globalization, Brain Drain and Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 50(2), 681-730.
  • Doerschler, P. (2006), “Push-Pull Factors and Immigrant Political Integration in Germany”, Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 1100-1116.
  • Dryden-Peterson, S. (2016), “Refugee Education in Countries of First Asylum: Breaking Open the Black Box of Pre-Resettlement Experiences”, Theory and Research in Education, 14(2), 131-148.
  • Dustmann, C. & T. Frattini (2014), “The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK”, The Economic Journal, 124(580), 593-643.
  • Eder, J. et al. (2010), “Exploring Factors Influencing Student Study Abroad Destination Choice”, Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10(3), 232-250.
  • Erudera (2024), Germany International Student Statistics 2024, <https://erudera.com/statistics/germany/germany-international-student-statistics>, 12.05.2024.
  • Fakunle, O. (2021), “Developing A Framework for International Students’ Rationales for Studying Abroad, Beyond Economic Factors”, Policy Futures in Education, 19(6), 671-690.
  • Fidler, S.D. et al. (2023), “The Impact of Political Factors on International Student Mobility”, British Educational Research Journal, 49(2), 352-369.
  • Findlay, A. (2011), “An Assessment of Supply and Demand-Side Theorizations of International Student Mobility”, International Migration, 49(2), 162-190.
  • Findlay, A. et al. (2011), “World Class? An Investigation of Globalisation, Difference and International Student Mobility”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 118-131.
  • Gallup (2018), More Than 750 Million Worldwide Would Migrate If They Could, <https://News.Gallup.Com/Poll/245255/750-Million-Worldwide-Migrate.Aspx>, 05.05.2024.
  • Geiger, M. & A. Pécoud (2013), “Migration, Development and the Migration and Development Nexus”, Population, Space and Place, 19(4), 369-374.
  • Gonzalez, C. et al. (2011), “The Determinants of International Student Mobility Flows: An Empirical Study on the Erasmus Program”, Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 62(4), 413-430.
  • Gönültaş, M. et al. (2023), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Uyum Problemleri ve Bu Problemlerle Baş Etme Stratejileri: Bir Durum Çalışması”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 60-69.
  • Hari, A. et al. (2023), “A Transnational Lens into International Student Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Global Networks, (23), 14-30.
  • Ibrahim, H. et al. (2019), “Should I Stay, or Should I Go Now? The Impact of ‘Pull’ Factors on Physician Decisions to Remain in A Destination Country”, The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(4), 1909-1920.
  • İçen, M. et al. (2022), “The First Stop of Transit Migrant Students on the Road to Europe and America: The Turkish Education System”, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1029555.
  • Jeffery, L. & J. Murison (2011), “The Temporal, Social, Spatial, and Legal Dimensions of Return and Onward Migration”, Population, Space and Place, 17(2), 131-139.
  • Kajsa, H.A. (2019), “Student Migration Aspirations and Mobility in the Global Knowledge Society: The Case of Ghana”, Journal of International Mobility, 7(1), 23-43.
  • Kennedy-Shaffer, L. et al. (2021), “Snowball Sampling Study Design for Serosurveys Early in Disease Outbreaks”, American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(9), 1918-1927.
  • Kethüda, Ö. (2015), “Türkiye’deki Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 5(3), 147-161.
  • Khadria, B. (2009), “Adversary Analysis and the Quest for Global Development: Optimizing the Dynamic Conflict of Interest in Transnational Migration”, Social Analysis, 53(3), 106-122.
  • Khalid, B. & M. Urbański (2021), “Approaches to Understanding Migration: A Multi-Country Analysis of the Push and Pull Migration Trend”, Economics and Sociology, 14, 20-21.
  • Kim, Y. (2010), “The Pilot Study in Qualitative Inquiry”, Qualitative Social Work, 9(2), 190-206.
  • King, R. & G. Sondhi (2017), “International Student Migration: A Comparison of UK And Indian Students’ Motivations for Studying Abroad”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(2), 176-191.
  • King, R. & P. Raghuram (2013), “International Student Migration: Mapping the Field and New Research Agendas”, Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127-137.
  • King, R. (2002), “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography, 8(2), 89-106.
  • Knight, J. (2004), “Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales”, Journal of Studies in International Education, 8, 5-31.
  • Kondakci, Y. (2011), “Student Mobility Reviewed: Attraction and Satisfaction of International Students in Türkiye”, Higher Education, 62(5), 573-592.
  • Kuckartz, U. (2014), Qualitative Text Analysis: A Guide to Methods, Practice; Using Software, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Kyei, J.R.K.O. (2021), “I Have to Further My Studies Abroad”: Student Migration in Ghana”, Social Inclusion, 9(1), 299-307.
  • Levent, F. & Ö. Karaevli (2014), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Eğitimine Yönelik Politikalar ve Türkiye İçin Öneriler”, Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(38), 97-118.
  • Lincoln, Y. & G.G. Egon (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Lipura, S.J. & F.L. Collins (2020), “Towards an Integrative Understanding of Contemporary Educational Mobilities: A Critical Agenda for International Student Mobilities Research”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(3), 343-359.
  • Llull, J. (2014), “The Effect of Immigration on Wages: Exploiting Exogenous Variation at the National Level”, Working Papers, Article 783.
  • Lomer, S. (2018), “UK Policy Discourses and International Student Mobility: The Deterrence and Subjectification of International Students”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3: Special Issue: International Student Migration and Mobility Policies: Theoretical and Empirical Insights), 308-324.
  • Mason, J. (2002), Qualitative Researching, UK: Sage Publications.
  • Mazzarol, T. & G. Soutar (2002), “Push-Pull” Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice”, International Journal of Educational Management, 16(1), 82-90.
  • Merriam, S.B. & E.J. Tisdell (2016), Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Merriam, S.B. (2009), Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation, California: Jossey-Bass.
  • Metin, B. & İ. Sevinç (2024), “Bir Kamu Diplomasi Aracı Olarak Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği”, Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 387-408.
  • Metin, F. (2022), Yükseköğretimde Uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye’nin Rekabet Gücünün Analizi, Ankara: Pegem Yay.
  • Murphy-Lejeune, E. (2002), Student Mobility and Narrative in Europe: The New Strangers, London: Routledge.
  • Naidoo, V. (2007), “Research on the Flow of International Students to UK Universities: Determinants and Implications”, Journal of Research in International Education, 6(3), 287-307.
  • Neuman, W.L. (2022), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri, (ed. E. Akkaş; çev. Ö. Akkaya), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Nghia, T.L.H. (2019), “Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions: The Case of Vietnamese Students”, Journal of International Students, 9(3), 731.
  • OECD (2011), Education at a Glance 2011, <https://Doi.Org/10.1787/Eag-2011-En>, 10.05.2024.
  • OECD (2023), International Migration Outlook 2023, <https://Doi.org/10.1787/B0f40584-En>, 10.05.2024.
  • Özsoy, S. & S. Bilgi (2016), “Multicultural Education Perspective in Türkiye: Possibilities and Dilemmas”, in: J. Lo Bianco & A. Bal (eds) Learning from Difference: Comparative Accounts of Multicultural Education, (147-169), Multilingual Education, vol 16. Springer, Cham.
  • Parkins, N.C. (2010), “Push and Pull Factors of Migration”, American Review of Political Economy, 8(2), <https://doi.org/10.38024/arpe.119>.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & H.A. Patrinos (2018), “Returns to Investment in Education: A Decennial Review of the Global Literature”, Education Economics, 26(5), 445-458.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & M. Woodhall (1997), Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choice, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Qiang, Z. (2003), “Internationalization of Higher Education: Towards a Conceptual Framework”, Policy Futures in Education, 1(2), 248-270.
  • Raghuram, P. (2013), “Theorizing the Spaces of Student Migration”, Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 138-154.
  • Rasamoelison, J. et al. (2021), “International Student-Migrant Flows and Growth Low and Middle-Income Countries: Brain Gain or Brain Drain?”, Applied Economics, 53(34), 3913-3930.
  • Ratha, D. et al. (2022), “Remittances Brave Global Headwinds: Special Focus: Climate Migration”, Migration and Development Brief 37, KNOMAD-World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Schultz, T.W. (1961), “Investment in Human Capital”, The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Skeldon, R. (2012), “Migration Transitions Revisited: Their Continued Relevance for the Development of Migration Theory”, Population, Space and Place, 18(2), 154-166.
  • Statista (2024), International Students in The U.S. 2023, <https://www.Statista.Com/Statistics/237681/International-Students-In-The-Us/>, 10.04.2024.
  • Şener, B. et al. (2024), Eğitimde Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (35. bs), Ankara: Pegem Yay.
  • Tarc, P. (2019), “Internationalization of Education as an Emerging Field? A Framing of International Education for Cross-Domain Analyses”, Policy Futures in Education, 17(3), 674-760.
  • Todaro, M.P. & L. Maruszko (1987), “Illegal Migration and US Immigration Reform: A Conceptual Framework”, Population and Development Review, 13(1), 101-114.
  • Topal, F. & S. Tauscher (2020), “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Akademik ve Sosyal Yaşamlarında Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar Üzerine İnceleme”, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1), 309-344.
  • Tremblay, K. (2005), “Academic Mobility and Immigration”, Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(3), 196-228.
  • UNESCO (2018), Global Education Monitoring Report, 2019: Migration, Displacement and Education: Building Bridges, Not Walls, <https://Unesdoc.Unesco.Org/Ark:/48223/Pf0000265866>, 05.05.2024.
  • UNESCO (2023), Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students, <https://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow>, 25.09.2024.
  • Urbański, M. (2022), “Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration”, Economies, 10(1), 21.
  • Van Mol, C. & C. Timmerman (2014), “Should I Stay or Should I Go? An Analysis of the Determinants of Intra-European Student Mobility”, Population, Space and Place, 20(5), 465-479.
  • Weber, T. & C. Van Mol (2023), “The Student Migration Transition: An Empirical Investigation into the Nexus Between Development and International Student Migration”, Comparative Migration Studies, 11, 5.
  • Wilkins, S. et al. (2013), “The Decision-Making and Changing Behavioural Dynamics of Potential Higher Education Students: The Impacts of Increasing Tuition Fees in England”, Educational Studies, 39(2), 125-141.
  • Xu, W. & K. Zammit (2020), “Applying Thematic Analysis to Education: A Hybrid Approach to Interpreting Data in Practitioner Research”, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19.
  • Yalçinkaya, M. & H. Beşirli (2022), “Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliği ve Bu Hareketliliğin Yükseköğretimin Uluslararasılaşma Sürecindeki Rolü”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XIX(74), 363-382.
  • Yeh, C. & M. Inose (2002), “Difficulties and Coping Strategies of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Immigrant Students”, Adolescence, 37(145), 69-82.
  • Yıldırım, S. et al. (2021), “Rethinking Mobility of International University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic”, Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 15(1), 98-113.
  • Yilmazel, G. & D. Atay (2022), “Challenges of Migrant Students in Turkish Higher Education”, Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 17(2), 132-145.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2023), Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Nedeniyle Ukrayna’daki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Eğitim Gören Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Vatandaşı Öğrenciler ile Yabancı Uyruklu Öğrencilerin Ülkemizdeki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarına Yatay Geçişleri ve Özel Öğrencilik İşlemleri, <https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ogrenci/ukraynada-egitim-goren-TC-vatandasi-ogrencilerin-yatay-gecis-ve-ozel-ogrencilik-islemleri.aspx>, 20.09.2024.
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu (2023), Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Uyruklarına Göre Sayıları, <https://Istatistik.Yok.Gov.Tr/, 20.05.2024.
  • Zanabazar, A. et al. (2021), “The push and pull factors affecting the migration of Mongolians to the Republic of South Korea”, SHS Web of Conferences, 90(01023), EDP Sciences.
  • Zelinsky, W. (1971), “The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition”, Geographical Review, 61(2), 219-249.
  • Zhou, J. (2015), “International Students’ Motivation to Pursue and Complete PhD in the U.S”, Higher Education, 69(5), 719-733.
  • Ziguras, C. & S. Law (2005), “Recruiting International Students as Skilled Migrants: The Global ‘Skills Race’ as viewed from Australia and Malaysia”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 59-76.
There are 113 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Özalp 0000-0003-3134-3084

Emre Şimşir 0000-0001-9734-6689

Burak Doğan 0000-0003-1099-1509

Early Pub Date April 14, 2025
Publication Date April 26, 2025
Submission Date June 23, 2024
Acceptance Date February 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 33 Issue: 64

Cite

APA Özalp, A., Şimşir, E., & Doğan, B. (2025). International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample. Sosyoekonomi, 33(64), 11-41. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01
AMA Özalp A, Şimşir E, Doğan B. International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample. Sosyoekonomi. April 2025;33(64):11-41. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01
Chicago Özalp, Ahmet, Emre Şimşir, and Burak Doğan. “International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample”. Sosyoekonomi 33, no. 64 (April 2025): 11-41. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01.
EndNote Özalp A, Şimşir E, Doğan B (April 1, 2025) International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample. Sosyoekonomi 33 64 11–41.
IEEE A. Özalp, E. Şimşir, and B. Doğan, “International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 33, no. 64, pp. 11–41, 2025, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01.
ISNAD Özalp, Ahmet et al. “International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample”. Sosyoekonomi 33/64 (April 2025), 11-41. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01.
JAMA Özalp A, Şimşir E, Doğan B. International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample. Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33:11–41.
MLA Özalp, Ahmet et al. “International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 33, no. 64, 2025, pp. 11-41, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.02.01.
Vancouver Özalp A, Şimşir E, Doğan B. International Student Mobility: Socioeconomic Factors and Encountered Problems in the Eskişehir Sample. Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33(64):11-4.
 Download Cover Image