Research Article
ATTITUDES TOWARDS SPORTS AND HAPPINESS LEVELS OF SPORTS SCIENCES GRADUATES WORKING OUTSIDE THE SECTOR
Abstract
Graduates of sports sciences acquire knowledge and skills related to the sports sector during their education; however, working in jobs outside the sector after graduation may influence their attitudes towards sports and their life satisfaction. In the literature, the impact of individuals working in fields outside their area of education on their attitudes and happiness levels related to their field has been addressed only to a limited extent. This study aims to examine the relationship between the attitudes of sports sciences graduates towards sports and their happiness levels while working in non-sports-related jobs. The data were collected using a simple random sampling method from a total of 418 university graduates, comprising 256 men and 162 women. Attitudes towards sports and happiness levels were analyzed based on the demographic characteristics of the participants. The "Attitude Towards Sports Scale" was used to determine participants' attitudes towards sports, and the "Happiness Scale" was employed to assess their happiness levels. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software package. Independent samples t-tests were used for comparisons between two groups, while One-Way ANOVA and MANOVA tests were utilized to measure differences in multiple comparisons and between groups. Tukey and LSD test results were used to identify between which groups significant differences occurred as indicated by the ANOVA and MANOVA tests. Based on the findings, the attitudes of sports sciences graduates towards sports were generally positive. In conclusion, it was found that sports sciences graduates maintain their commitment to sports even if they do not work in the sector, but their sports participation habits may vary depending on social and economic conditions. It can be suggested that increasing encouraging practices and access to sports facilities is needed for the individuals participating in the study to sustain their positive attitudes towards sports.
Keywords
Sports Sciences Graduates Attitude Towards Sports Happiness Level Employment Outside The Sector Active Sports Participation
References
- Ayyıldız, E., & Sunay, H. (2021). Bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılım durumlarına göre mutluluk ve duygusal düzenlemede öz-yeterlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.963168
- Balcı, A. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Yöntem, teknik ve ilkeler. (13. Baskı), Ankara: PegemA Yayınları.
- Barriopedro, M., López de Subijana, C., & Muniesa, C. (2018). Insights into life after sport for Spanish Olympians: Gender and career path perspectives. PloS one, 13(12), e0209433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209433.
- Blair, S., Franklin, B., Jakicic, J., & Kibler, W. (2003). New Vision for Health Promotion within Sports Medicine. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 182 - 185. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.2.182.
- Blanchflower, D. G. (2021). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 575-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00797-z
- Costigan, S. A., Lubans, D. R., Lonsdale, C., Sanders, T., & del Pozo Cruz, B. (2019). Associations between physical activity intensity and well-being in adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 125, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.009
- Cummins, R. A. (2000). Personal income and subjective well-being: A review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2), 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010079728426
- Cuñado, J., & de Gracia, F. P. (2012). Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9874-x
- Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57(2), 119–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014411319119
- Diener, E., & Clifton, D. (2002). Life satisfaction and religiosity in broad probability samples. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 206–209.
- Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2011). Does sport make you happy? An analysis of the well-being derived from sports participation. International Review of Applied Economics, 25(3), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2010.511168
- Easterlin, R. A. (2001). Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. The Economic Journal, 111(473), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00646
- Eime, R. M., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., Casey, M. M., Westerbeek, H., & Payne, W. R. (2016). Age profiles of sport participants. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0031-3
- Ertekin, A., & Avunduk, Y. (2021). Ertekin, A. B., & Avunduk, Y. (2021). The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: a study on sports Industry. Journal of Educational Issues, 7(2), 133-145.. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i2.18949.
- Espada, M., Romero-Parra, N., & Bores-García, D. (2023). Gender differences in university students’ levels of physical activity and motivations to engage in physical activity. Education Sciences, 13(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040340
- FitzRoy, F., & Nolan, M. (2020). Education, income and happiness: Panel evidence for the UK. Empirical Economics, 59(2), 695–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1586-5
- Namazi, A. (2022). Gender differences in general health and happiness: a study on Iranian engineering students. PeerJ, 10, e14339. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14339
- Frederick, C. M., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. Journal of Sport Behavior, 16(2), 124-146.
- Gentile, A., Boca, S., & Giammusso, I. (2018). ‘You play like a woman!’ Effects of gender stereotype threat on women’s performance in physical and sport activities: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.013
- Graham, C. (2010). Happiness around the world: The paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549054.001.0001
- Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Pérez-Villalba, M., Bernal-García, A., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. (2018). Comparative Study of Job Satisfaction in Workers with a Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Science. Journal of physical education and sport, 18, 1380. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s3204
- Guddal, M. H., Stensland, S. Ø., Småstuen, M. C., Johnsen, M. B., Zwart, J. A., & Storheim, K. (2019). Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ open, 9(9), e028555. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555.
- Hardin, M., & Greer, J. D. (2009). The influence of gender-role socialization, media use, and sports participation on perceptions of gender-appropriate sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(2), 207–226.
- Hopkins, C. S., Watson, A., & Kanny, S. (2022). Factors Associated with Sport Participation Among Females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063353
- Jama, K., Tynjälä, P., Aarto-Pesonen, L., Malinen, A., & Hämäläinen, R. (2021). To stay or to leave? Career story models of Finnish sports graduates. Sport, Education and Society, 28, 200- 212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1997979.
- Jiang, J. (2022). Influence of college education on happiness: A quasi-experimental study based on higher education expansion in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 903398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903398
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (7th ed.). Ankara: 3A Research Education.
- Kim, S.-Y. (2024). A study on the leisure sports participation behavior of the elderly through comparative analyses by age: Focusing on leisure participation constraints and price sensitivity. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090803
- Korcz, A., & Monyeki, M. A. (2018). Association between sport participation, body composition, physical fitness, and social correlates among adolescents: The PAHL study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122793
- Kroshus, E., Olsen, K., Garrett, K., & McCleery, J. (2021). Socioeconomic Inequities in Youth Participation in Physical Activity and Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136946
- Lera-López, F., Ollo-López, A., & Sánchez-Santos, J. M. (2017). How does physical activity make you feel better? The mediational role of perceived health. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(3), 511-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9473-8
- Liu, M., Shi, B., & Gao, X. (2023). The way to relieve college students’ academic stress: The influence mechanism of sports interest and sports atmosphere. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01819-1
- Mason, P., Curl, A., & Kearns, A. (2016). Domains and levels of physical activity are linked to adult mental health and wellbeing in deprived neighbourhoods: A cross-sectional study. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 11, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2016.07.001
- Nikolaev, B., & Rusakov, P. (2016). Education and happiness: An alternative hypothesis. Applied Economics Letters, 23(12), 827-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1111982
- Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.159
- Özsarı, A., & Çetın, M. Ç. (2022). Spora Yönelik Tutum ve Mutluluk İlişkisi (Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma). SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 36-47.
- Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004485
- Reeves, A. (2012). Social stratification, gender and sport participation. Sociological Research Online, 17(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2598
- Richard, V., Piumatti, G., Pullen, N., Lorthe, E., Guessous, I., Cantoreggi, N., & Stringhini, S. (2023). Socioeconomic inequalities in sport participation: Pattern per sport and time trends – A repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15650-7
- Schlesinger, T., Studer, F., & Nagel, S. (2016). Qualifications and employability in sports professions: The mismatch between education and the labor market. European Journal of Sports Science, 16(4), 342-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.995234
- Seksan, J., & Warintarawej, P. (2024). Factors Affecting the Happiness of Learners in Higher Education. Sustainability, 16(18), 8214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188214
- Seo, T., Kanda, T., & Fujikoshi, Y. (1995). The effects of nonnormality on tests for dimensionality in canonical correlation and MANOVA models. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 52(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmva.1995.1017
- Shapiro, D. R., & Malone, L. A. (2016). Quality of life and psychological affect related to sport participation in children and youth athletes with physical disabilities: A parent and athlete perspective. Disability and health journal, 9(3), 385-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.11.007.
- Sleap, M., & Reed, H. (2006). Views of sport science graduates regarding work skills developed at university. Teaching in Higher Education, 11, 47- 61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510500400123.
- Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2009). The paradox of declining female happiness. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 1(2), 190-225. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.1.2.190
- Tan, S., Sullah, M., & Choong, L. (2014). The impact of work environment on physical activity and well-being. Asian Journal of Sports Science, 9(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-107-7_63
- Turhan, F. H., İnce, U., Aydogmus, M., & Yalçın, İ. (2021). Spor yöneticiliği bölümü öğrencilerinin spora yönelik tutumları. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 19-32.
- Waterworth, S., Costello, R., Pryer, B., Lewis, T., & Kerr, C. (2022). Sports therapists’ perceptions and experiences of graduate employment. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2021.0148
- Wilcox, B., & Wang, W. (2022). Who Is Happiest? Married Mothers and Fathers, Per the Latest General Social Survey. Institute for Family Studies.
- Yang, H. J., & Jung, S. C. (2024). Comparative analysis of stroke, marital intimacy, marital satisfaction, and divorce intention according to the type of participation in marital leisure sports activities. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090757
- Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2020). A systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9976-0
- Zhao, L., Zhang, K., Gao, Y., Jia, Z., & Han, S. (2022). The relationship between gender, marital status and depression among Chinese middle-aged and older people: Mediation by subjective well-being and moderation by degree of digitization. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 923597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923597
- Zweig, J. S. (2015). Are women happier than men? Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 373-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9521-8
Year 2025,
Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 49 - 64, 30.06.2025
Abstract
Spor bilimleri mezunları, eğitimleri süresince spor sektörüyle ilgili bilgi ve beceriler kazanırken, mezuniyet sonrası sektörel farklılıklara dayalı işlerde çalışmaları, spora yönelik tutumlarını ve yaşam memnuniyetlerini etkileyebilmektedir. Literatürde, bireylerin eğitim alanları dışında farklı sektörlerde çalışma durumlarının, ilgili alanlara karşı tutum ve mutluluk düzeyleri üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi olduğu sınırlı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, spor bilimleri fakültesi mezunlarının spor sektörü dışındaki işlerde çalışırken spora karşı tutumları ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada veriler basit seçkisiz örneklem yöntemine göre toplanarak 256 erkek ile 162 kadın olmak üzere toplamda üniversite mezunu 418 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine göre spora yönelik tutumlar ve mutluluk düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Katılımcıların spora yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek için ‘’Spora Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği’’ ve mutluluk düzeylerini belirlemek için ‘’Mutluluk Ölçeği’’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS paket programıyla yapılmıştır. İkili grupların karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız gruplar t testi, çoklu karşılaştırmalarda ve gruplar arasındaki farklılıkları ölçmek içinde One -Way Anova ve Manova testleri kullanılmıştır. Anova ve Manova testleri sonucunda bulunan anlamlı farklılığın hangi gruplar arasında olduğunu belirlemek için Tukey ve LSD test sonuçlarından faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, Spor bilimleri mezunlarının spora yönelik tutumları genel olarak olumlu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, spor bilimleri mezunlarının sektörde çalışmasalar dahi spora olan bağlılıklarını koruduklarını, ancak spor yapma alışkanlıklarının sosyal ve ekonomik koşullara bağlı olarak farklılık gösterebildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin sporla ilgili olumlu tutumlarını sürdürebilmeleri için daha fazla teşvik edici uygulamalara ve spor tesislerine erişimlerinin artırılmasına ihtiyaç olduğu söylenebilir.
Keywords
Spor bilimleri mezunları Spora yönelik tutum Mutluluk düzeyi Sektör dışı istihdam Aktif spor yapma
References
- Ayyıldız, E., & Sunay, H. (2021). Bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılım durumlarına göre mutluluk ve duygusal düzenlemede öz-yeterlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.963168
- Balcı, A. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Yöntem, teknik ve ilkeler. (13. Baskı), Ankara: PegemA Yayınları.
- Barriopedro, M., López de Subijana, C., & Muniesa, C. (2018). Insights into life after sport for Spanish Olympians: Gender and career path perspectives. PloS one, 13(12), e0209433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209433.
- Blair, S., Franklin, B., Jakicic, J., & Kibler, W. (2003). New Vision for Health Promotion within Sports Medicine. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 182 - 185. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.2.182.
- Blanchflower, D. G. (2021). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 575-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00797-z
- Costigan, S. A., Lubans, D. R., Lonsdale, C., Sanders, T., & del Pozo Cruz, B. (2019). Associations between physical activity intensity and well-being in adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 125, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.009
- Cummins, R. A. (2000). Personal income and subjective well-being: A review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2), 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010079728426
- Cuñado, J., & de Gracia, F. P. (2012). Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9874-x
- Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57(2), 119–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014411319119
- Diener, E., & Clifton, D. (2002). Life satisfaction and religiosity in broad probability samples. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 206–209.
- Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2011). Does sport make you happy? An analysis of the well-being derived from sports participation. International Review of Applied Economics, 25(3), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2010.511168
- Easterlin, R. A. (2001). Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. The Economic Journal, 111(473), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00646
- Eime, R. M., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., Casey, M. M., Westerbeek, H., & Payne, W. R. (2016). Age profiles of sport participants. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0031-3
- Ertekin, A., & Avunduk, Y. (2021). Ertekin, A. B., & Avunduk, Y. (2021). The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: a study on sports Industry. Journal of Educational Issues, 7(2), 133-145.. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i2.18949.
- Espada, M., Romero-Parra, N., & Bores-García, D. (2023). Gender differences in university students’ levels of physical activity and motivations to engage in physical activity. Education Sciences, 13(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040340
- FitzRoy, F., & Nolan, M. (2020). Education, income and happiness: Panel evidence for the UK. Empirical Economics, 59(2), 695–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1586-5
- Namazi, A. (2022). Gender differences in general health and happiness: a study on Iranian engineering students. PeerJ, 10, e14339. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14339
- Frederick, C. M., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. Journal of Sport Behavior, 16(2), 124-146.
- Gentile, A., Boca, S., & Giammusso, I. (2018). ‘You play like a woman!’ Effects of gender stereotype threat on women’s performance in physical and sport activities: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.013
- Graham, C. (2010). Happiness around the world: The paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549054.001.0001
- Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Pérez-Villalba, M., Bernal-García, A., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. (2018). Comparative Study of Job Satisfaction in Workers with a Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Science. Journal of physical education and sport, 18, 1380. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s3204
- Guddal, M. H., Stensland, S. Ø., Småstuen, M. C., Johnsen, M. B., Zwart, J. A., & Storheim, K. (2019). Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ open, 9(9), e028555. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555.
- Hardin, M., & Greer, J. D. (2009). The influence of gender-role socialization, media use, and sports participation on perceptions of gender-appropriate sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(2), 207–226.
- Hopkins, C. S., Watson, A., & Kanny, S. (2022). Factors Associated with Sport Participation Among Females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063353
- Jama, K., Tynjälä, P., Aarto-Pesonen, L., Malinen, A., & Hämäläinen, R. (2021). To stay or to leave? Career story models of Finnish sports graduates. Sport, Education and Society, 28, 200- 212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1997979.
- Jiang, J. (2022). Influence of college education on happiness: A quasi-experimental study based on higher education expansion in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 903398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903398
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (7th ed.). Ankara: 3A Research Education.
- Kim, S.-Y. (2024). A study on the leisure sports participation behavior of the elderly through comparative analyses by age: Focusing on leisure participation constraints and price sensitivity. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090803
- Korcz, A., & Monyeki, M. A. (2018). Association between sport participation, body composition, physical fitness, and social correlates among adolescents: The PAHL study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122793
- Kroshus, E., Olsen, K., Garrett, K., & McCleery, J. (2021). Socioeconomic Inequities in Youth Participation in Physical Activity and Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136946
- Lera-López, F., Ollo-López, A., & Sánchez-Santos, J. M. (2017). How does physical activity make you feel better? The mediational role of perceived health. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(3), 511-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9473-8
- Liu, M., Shi, B., & Gao, X. (2023). The way to relieve college students’ academic stress: The influence mechanism of sports interest and sports atmosphere. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01819-1
- Mason, P., Curl, A., & Kearns, A. (2016). Domains and levels of physical activity are linked to adult mental health and wellbeing in deprived neighbourhoods: A cross-sectional study. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 11, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2016.07.001
- Nikolaev, B., & Rusakov, P. (2016). Education and happiness: An alternative hypothesis. Applied Economics Letters, 23(12), 827-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1111982
- Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.159
- Özsarı, A., & Çetın, M. Ç. (2022). Spora Yönelik Tutum ve Mutluluk İlişkisi (Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma). SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 36-47.
- Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004485
- Reeves, A. (2012). Social stratification, gender and sport participation. Sociological Research Online, 17(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2598
- Richard, V., Piumatti, G., Pullen, N., Lorthe, E., Guessous, I., Cantoreggi, N., & Stringhini, S. (2023). Socioeconomic inequalities in sport participation: Pattern per sport and time trends – A repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15650-7
- Schlesinger, T., Studer, F., & Nagel, S. (2016). Qualifications and employability in sports professions: The mismatch between education and the labor market. European Journal of Sports Science, 16(4), 342-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.995234
- Seksan, J., & Warintarawej, P. (2024). Factors Affecting the Happiness of Learners in Higher Education. Sustainability, 16(18), 8214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188214
- Seo, T., Kanda, T., & Fujikoshi, Y. (1995). The effects of nonnormality on tests for dimensionality in canonical correlation and MANOVA models. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 52(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmva.1995.1017
- Shapiro, D. R., & Malone, L. A. (2016). Quality of life and psychological affect related to sport participation in children and youth athletes with physical disabilities: A parent and athlete perspective. Disability and health journal, 9(3), 385-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.11.007.
- Sleap, M., & Reed, H. (2006). Views of sport science graduates regarding work skills developed at university. Teaching in Higher Education, 11, 47- 61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510500400123.
- Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2009). The paradox of declining female happiness. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 1(2), 190-225. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.1.2.190
- Tan, S., Sullah, M., & Choong, L. (2014). The impact of work environment on physical activity and well-being. Asian Journal of Sports Science, 9(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-107-7_63
- Turhan, F. H., İnce, U., Aydogmus, M., & Yalçın, İ. (2021). Spor yöneticiliği bölümü öğrencilerinin spora yönelik tutumları. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 19-32.
- Waterworth, S., Costello, R., Pryer, B., Lewis, T., & Kerr, C. (2022). Sports therapists’ perceptions and experiences of graduate employment. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2021.0148
- Wilcox, B., & Wang, W. (2022). Who Is Happiest? Married Mothers and Fathers, Per the Latest General Social Survey. Institute for Family Studies.
- Yang, H. J., & Jung, S. C. (2024). Comparative analysis of stroke, marital intimacy, marital satisfaction, and divorce intention according to the type of participation in marital leisure sports activities. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090757
- Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2020). A systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9976-0
- Zhao, L., Zhang, K., Gao, Y., Jia, Z., & Han, S. (2022). The relationship between gender, marital status and depression among Chinese middle-aged and older people: Mediation by subjective well-being and moderation by degree of digitization. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 923597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923597
- Zweig, J. S. (2015). Are women happier than men? Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 373-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9521-8
There are 53 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Science and Exercise (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 24, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 13, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | June 21, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 23 Issue: 2 |
Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Non-Derivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).