COMPARISON OF UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ARCHITECTURES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the upper extremity muscle architecture of individuals with and without intellectual disability by examining them using ultrasonography. The study aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding the muscle architecture of these individuals and to offer suggestions for increasing muscle health through physical activities. Methods: The physical activity level of 27 individuals with intellectual disabilities according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire data was compared with 27 healthy individuals in a similar category. The images of the dominant side upper extremity muscles of both groups were examined by ultrasonography on different days and at the same time zone. In addition to ultrasound measurements, the individuals' hand grip strengths were determined. The images obtained with ultrasound were examined in the publicly available Image J program and the individuals' muscle thickness was determined. Results: It was determined that the hand region dorsal interosseous muscle, forearm ulna circumference muscles, upper arm anterior and posterior muscles and anterior deltoideus muscle thicknesses of individuals with intellectual disability were significantly lower than the individuals without intellectual disability. In addition, the grip strengths of these individuals were significantly lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: It is recommended that individuals with intellectual disabilities participate in programs that include resistance exercises, especially targeting the upper extremity muscle groups, in order to protect themselves from musculoskeletal problems such as sarcopenia and to increase their grip strength. It is thought that sports that support both physical and social participation, such as Boccia, may be beneficial for these individuals. In addition, this study provides unique guidance to trainers, physiotherapists and coaches, as it is one of the first studies in the literature to evaluate muscle architecture with ultrasonography in individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Keywords
Intellectual disability upper extremity muscle architecture ultrasonography muscle thickness grip strength
References
- Abe, T., Counts, B. R., Barnett, B. E., Dankel, S. J., Lee, K., & Loenneke, J. P. (2015). Associations between handgrip strength and ultrasound-measured muscle thickness of the hand and forearm in young men and women. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 41(8), 2125–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.015
- Abe, T., Loenneke, J. P., Thiebaud, R. S., & Fukunaga, T. (2014). Age-related site-specific muscle wasting of upper and lower extremities and trunk in Japanese men and women. Age, 36(3), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-014-9622-9
- Abe, T., Thiebaud, R. S., & Loenneke, J. P. (2016). Age-related change in handgrip strength in men and women: Is muscle quality a contributing factor? Age, 38(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9843-9
- Aoyama, T., & Kohno, Y. (2020). Temporal and quantitative variability in muscle electrical activity decreases as dexterous hand motor skills are learned. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236254
- Audenaert, E. A., De Roo, P. J., Mahieu, P., Cools, A., Baelde, N., D'Herde, K., Verdonk, R. (2009). Deltoid muscle volume estimated from ultrasonography: In vitro validation and correlation with isokinetic abduction strength of the shoulder. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 47, 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-009-0509-4
- Bayındırlı, G. (2022). Hafif zihinsel engelli kadın bireylere uygulanan 8 haftalık hemsball antrenmanlarının uyku, kalp atım hızı ve oksijen satürasyonu seviyesi üzerine etkileri (Unpublished master's thesis). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
- Bishop, K. M., Robinson, L. M., & VanLare, S. (2013). Healthy aging for older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51(1), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20121204-04
- Borji, R., Zghal, F., Zarrouk, N., Sahli, S., & Rebai, H. (2014). Individuals with intellectual disability have lower voluntary muscle activation level. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3574–3581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.038
- Carmeli, E., Imam, B., & Merrick, J. (2012). The relationship of pre-sarcopenia (low muscle mass) and sarcopenia (loss of muscle strength) with functional decline in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55(1), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.08.014
- Cho, C., Shin, W., & Kong, S. (2021). Participation in regular physical activity according to the type of disability, sex, point of disability diagnosis, and ability to walk independently in South Korea. Healthcare, 9(8), 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081079
- Chopp-Hurley, J. N., Wiebenga, E. G., Bulbrook, B. D., Keir, P. J., & Maly, M. R. (2020). Evaluating the relationship between quadriceps muscle quality captured using ultrasound with clinical severity in women with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech, 80, 105165.
- Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., et al. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
- Dağlı, A. C., Öner, S., Öner, Z., & Dağlı, B. Y. (2023). An MRI analysis of the lumbar lordosis angle and lumbar muscle thicknesses in patients with non-specific low back pain. Konuralp Medical Journal, 15(3), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.123456
- Dairo, Y. M., Collett, J., Dawes, H., & Oskrochi, G. (2016). Physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.008
- Dasso, N. A. (2019). How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 54(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12296
- Demirci, N., & Demirci, P. T. (2016). Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocukların kaba ve ince motor becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 47–57.
- DiGirolamo, D. J., Kiel, D. P., & Esser, K. A. (2013). Bone and skeletal muscle: Neighbors with close ties. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 28(7), 1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1889
- Duchowny, K. A., Clarke, P. J., & Peterson, M. D. (2018). Muscle weakness and physical disability in older Americans: Longitudinal findings from the US Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 22(4), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1025-0
- Evans, W. J., Morley, J. E., Argilés, J., Bales, C., Baracos, V., Guttridge, D., & Anker, S. D. (2008). Cachexia: A new definition. Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.009
- Finnoff, J. T., Ray, J., Corrado, G., Kerkhof, D., & Hill, J. (2016). Sports ultrasound: Applications beyond the musculoskeletal system. Sports Health, 8(5), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116645983
- Forssberg, H. (1999). Neural control of human motor development. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9(6), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00028-7
- Gough, M., & Shortland, A. P. (2012). Could muscle deformity in children with spastic cerebral palsy be related to an impairment of muscle growth and altered adaptation? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(6), 495–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04229.x Güvendi, B., & İlhan, E. L. (2017). Effects of adapted physical activity applied on intellectual disability students toward level of emotional adjustment, self-managing and the socialization: Parent and teacher interactive research. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3879. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4812
- Holzbaur, K. R., Murray, W. M., & Delp, S. L. (2005). A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 33, 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-3320-7
- Kiram, Y., Yenes, R., Komaini, A., Ihsan, N., & Mario, D. T. (2023). Effect of weight training and motor skills on muscle strength: A factorial experimental design. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(6), 1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.e216
- Kurtoğlu, A., Çar, B., & Konar, N. (2022). The effect of 8 weeks plyometric exercise on physical and motoric features of mental disabled. Pedagogy, Physical Culture and Sports, 26(4), 228–232.
- Liao, P., Vajdic, C., Trollor, J., & Reppermund, S. (2021). Prevalence and incidence of physical health conditions in people with intellectual disability: A systematic review. PLoS One, 16(8), e0256294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256294
- Lieber, R. L. (2002). Skeletal muscle structure, function, and plasticity (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Linek, P. (2017). The importance of body mass normalization for ultrasound measurement of the transversus abdominis muscle: The effect of age, gender, and sport practice. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 28, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.01.002
- Morimoto, A., Suga, T., Tottori, N., Wachi, M., Misaki, J., Tsuchikane, R., & Isaka, T. (2017). Association between hand muscle thickness and whole-body skeletal muscle mass in healthy adults: A pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(9), 1644–1648. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1644
- Rantanen, T., Volpato, S., Ferrucci, M. L., Heikkinen, E., Fried, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (2003). Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: Exploring the mechanism. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(5), 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51213.x
- Rizzolo, L. J., & Drake, R. L. (2008). Anatomists debate the value of a teaching credential. Anatomical Science Education, 1(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.33
- Schmalzl, J., Fenwick, A., Reichel, T., Schmitz, B., Jordan, M., Meffert, R., et al. (2022). Anterior deltoid muscle tension quantified with shear wave ultrasound elastography correlates with pain level after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 32(2), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-021-03093-w
- Sikdar, S., Wei, Q., & Cortes, N. (2014). Dynamic ultrasound imaging applications to quantify musculoskeletal function. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000023 Stein, T. P., & Wade, C. E. (2005). Metabolic consequences of muscle disuse atrophy. Journal of Nutrition, 135(7), 1824S–1828S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.7.1824S
- Stokey, P. J., Kaur, S., Lee, A., Behrens, K., & Ebraheim, N. (2024). Anatomy and deficiency of the deltoid muscle: A review of literature. Orthopedic Reviews, 16, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.4081/or.2024.8804
- Şekir, U., Yalaki, U. C., & Akova, B. (2022). Rectus femoris muscle thickness and cross-sectional area on ultrasonography may predict isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength: A cross-sectional study. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 57(1), 21–30.
- Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: A basic review. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 6(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/875647939000600105
- Trinidad-Fernández, M., González-Molina, F., Moya-Esteban, A., Roldán-Jiménez, C., González-Sánchez, M., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. (2020). Muscle activity and architecture as a predictor of hand-grip strength. Physiological Measurement, 41(7), 075008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab89d0
- Wen, J., Wang, J., Xu, Q., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Ou, J., & Tong, M. (2020). Hand anthropometry and its relation to grip/pinch strength in children aged 5 to 13 years. Journal of International Medical Research, 48(12), 0300060520970768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620970768
- Williams, S. A., Stott, N. S., Valentine, J., Elliott, C., & Reid, S. L. (2021). Measuring skeletal muscle morphology and architecture with imaging modalities in children with cerebral palsy: A scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 63(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14689
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Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, zihinsel yetersizliği olan ve olmayan bireylerin üst ekstremite kas mimari yapılarının ultrasonografi yöntemiyle incelenerek karşılaştırılması ve değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma, bu bireylerin kas mimarisine dair literatürdeki eksikliği doldurmayı ve fiziksel aktivitelerle kas sağlığını artırmaya yönelik öneriler sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Metod: Zihinsel yetersizliği olan 27 bireyin Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi verilerine göre fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, benzer kategoride yer alan 27 sağlıklı birey ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Her iki grubun dominant taraf üst ekstremite kaslarının görüntüleri, farklı günlerde ve aynı saat diliminde ultrasonografi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Ultrason ölçümlerinin yanı sıra bireylerin el kavrama kuvvetleri tespit edilmiştir. Ultrasonla elde edilen görüntüler kamuya açık yazılımlı İmage J programında incelenerek bireylerin kas kalınlıkları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerin el bölgesi dorsal interosseöz kası, ön kol ulna çevresi kasları, üst kol anterior ve posterior kasları ile anterior deltoideus kas kalınlıklarının, zihinsel yetersizliği olmayan bireylere kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bu bireylerin kavrama kuvvetleri de kontrol grubuna göre belirgin şekilde daha düşüktür. Çözüm: Zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerin, sarkopeni gibi kas iskelet sistemi problemlerinden korunabilmeleri ve kavrama kuvvetlerini artırabilmeleri için özellikle üst ekstremite kas gruplarını hedefleyen direnç egzersizlerini içeren programlara katılmaları önerilmektedir. Boccia gibi hem fiziksel hem de sosyal katılımı destekleyen sporların bu bireyler için faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, zihinsel yetersizliği olan bireylerde ultrasonografi ile kas mimarisinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik literatürdeki ilk çalışmalardan biri olması nedeniyle eğitmenlere, fizyoterapistlere ve antrenörlere özgün bir rehberlik sunmaktadır.
Keywords
Zihinsel yetersizlik üst ekstremite kas mimarisi ultrasonografi kas kalınlığı kavrama kuvveti
References
- Abe, T., Counts, B. R., Barnett, B. E., Dankel, S. J., Lee, K., & Loenneke, J. P. (2015). Associations between handgrip strength and ultrasound-measured muscle thickness of the hand and forearm in young men and women. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 41(8), 2125–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.015
- Abe, T., Loenneke, J. P., Thiebaud, R. S., & Fukunaga, T. (2014). Age-related site-specific muscle wasting of upper and lower extremities and trunk in Japanese men and women. Age, 36(3), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-014-9622-9
- Abe, T., Thiebaud, R. S., & Loenneke, J. P. (2016). Age-related change in handgrip strength in men and women: Is muscle quality a contributing factor? Age, 38(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9843-9
- Aoyama, T., & Kohno, Y. (2020). Temporal and quantitative variability in muscle electrical activity decreases as dexterous hand motor skills are learned. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236254
- Audenaert, E. A., De Roo, P. J., Mahieu, P., Cools, A., Baelde, N., D'Herde, K., Verdonk, R. (2009). Deltoid muscle volume estimated from ultrasonography: In vitro validation and correlation with isokinetic abduction strength of the shoulder. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 47, 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-009-0509-4
- Bayındırlı, G. (2022). Hafif zihinsel engelli kadın bireylere uygulanan 8 haftalık hemsball antrenmanlarının uyku, kalp atım hızı ve oksijen satürasyonu seviyesi üzerine etkileri (Unpublished master's thesis). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
- Bishop, K. M., Robinson, L. M., & VanLare, S. (2013). Healthy aging for older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51(1), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20121204-04
- Borji, R., Zghal, F., Zarrouk, N., Sahli, S., & Rebai, H. (2014). Individuals with intellectual disability have lower voluntary muscle activation level. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3574–3581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.038
- Carmeli, E., Imam, B., & Merrick, J. (2012). The relationship of pre-sarcopenia (low muscle mass) and sarcopenia (loss of muscle strength) with functional decline in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55(1), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.08.014
- Cho, C., Shin, W., & Kong, S. (2021). Participation in regular physical activity according to the type of disability, sex, point of disability diagnosis, and ability to walk independently in South Korea. Healthcare, 9(8), 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081079
- Chopp-Hurley, J. N., Wiebenga, E. G., Bulbrook, B. D., Keir, P. J., & Maly, M. R. (2020). Evaluating the relationship between quadriceps muscle quality captured using ultrasound with clinical severity in women with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech, 80, 105165.
- Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., et al. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
- Dağlı, A. C., Öner, S., Öner, Z., & Dağlı, B. Y. (2023). An MRI analysis of the lumbar lordosis angle and lumbar muscle thicknesses in patients with non-specific low back pain. Konuralp Medical Journal, 15(3), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.123456
- Dairo, Y. M., Collett, J., Dawes, H., & Oskrochi, G. (2016). Physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.008
- Dasso, N. A. (2019). How is exercise different from physical activity? A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 54(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12296
- Demirci, N., & Demirci, P. T. (2016). Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocukların kaba ve ince motor becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 47–57.
- DiGirolamo, D. J., Kiel, D. P., & Esser, K. A. (2013). Bone and skeletal muscle: Neighbors with close ties. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 28(7), 1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1889
- Duchowny, K. A., Clarke, P. J., & Peterson, M. D. (2018). Muscle weakness and physical disability in older Americans: Longitudinal findings from the US Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 22(4), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1025-0
- Evans, W. J., Morley, J. E., Argilés, J., Bales, C., Baracos, V., Guttridge, D., & Anker, S. D. (2008). Cachexia: A new definition. Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.009
- Finnoff, J. T., Ray, J., Corrado, G., Kerkhof, D., & Hill, J. (2016). Sports ultrasound: Applications beyond the musculoskeletal system. Sports Health, 8(5), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116645983
- Forssberg, H. (1999). Neural control of human motor development. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9(6), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00028-7
- Gough, M., & Shortland, A. P. (2012). Could muscle deformity in children with spastic cerebral palsy be related to an impairment of muscle growth and altered adaptation? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(6), 495–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04229.x Güvendi, B., & İlhan, E. L. (2017). Effects of adapted physical activity applied on intellectual disability students toward level of emotional adjustment, self-managing and the socialization: Parent and teacher interactive research. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3879. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4812
- Holzbaur, K. R., Murray, W. M., & Delp, S. L. (2005). A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 33, 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-3320-7
- Kiram, Y., Yenes, R., Komaini, A., Ihsan, N., & Mario, D. T. (2023). Effect of weight training and motor skills on muscle strength: A factorial experimental design. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(6), 1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.e216
- Kurtoğlu, A., Çar, B., & Konar, N. (2022). The effect of 8 weeks plyometric exercise on physical and motoric features of mental disabled. Pedagogy, Physical Culture and Sports, 26(4), 228–232.
- Liao, P., Vajdic, C., Trollor, J., & Reppermund, S. (2021). Prevalence and incidence of physical health conditions in people with intellectual disability: A systematic review. PLoS One, 16(8), e0256294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256294
- Lieber, R. L. (2002). Skeletal muscle structure, function, and plasticity (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Linek, P. (2017). The importance of body mass normalization for ultrasound measurement of the transversus abdominis muscle: The effect of age, gender, and sport practice. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 28, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.01.002
- Morimoto, A., Suga, T., Tottori, N., Wachi, M., Misaki, J., Tsuchikane, R., & Isaka, T. (2017). Association between hand muscle thickness and whole-body skeletal muscle mass in healthy adults: A pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(9), 1644–1648. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1644
- Rantanen, T., Volpato, S., Ferrucci, M. L., Heikkinen, E., Fried, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (2003). Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: Exploring the mechanism. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(5), 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51213.x
- Rizzolo, L. J., & Drake, R. L. (2008). Anatomists debate the value of a teaching credential. Anatomical Science Education, 1(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.33
- Schmalzl, J., Fenwick, A., Reichel, T., Schmitz, B., Jordan, M., Meffert, R., et al. (2022). Anterior deltoid muscle tension quantified with shear wave ultrasound elastography correlates with pain level after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 32(2), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-021-03093-w
- Sikdar, S., Wei, Q., & Cortes, N. (2014). Dynamic ultrasound imaging applications to quantify musculoskeletal function. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000023 Stein, T. P., & Wade, C. E. (2005). Metabolic consequences of muscle disuse atrophy. Journal of Nutrition, 135(7), 1824S–1828S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.7.1824S
- Stokey, P. J., Kaur, S., Lee, A., Behrens, K., & Ebraheim, N. (2024). Anatomy and deficiency of the deltoid muscle: A review of literature. Orthopedic Reviews, 16, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.4081/or.2024.8804
- Şekir, U., Yalaki, U. C., & Akova, B. (2022). Rectus femoris muscle thickness and cross-sectional area on ultrasonography may predict isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength: A cross-sectional study. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 57(1), 21–30.
- Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: A basic review. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 6(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/875647939000600105
- Trinidad-Fernández, M., González-Molina, F., Moya-Esteban, A., Roldán-Jiménez, C., González-Sánchez, M., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. (2020). Muscle activity and architecture as a predictor of hand-grip strength. Physiological Measurement, 41(7), 075008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab89d0
- Wen, J., Wang, J., Xu, Q., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Ou, J., & Tong, M. (2020). Hand anthropometry and its relation to grip/pinch strength in children aged 5 to 13 years. Journal of International Medical Research, 48(12), 0300060520970768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620970768
- Williams, S. A., Stott, N. S., Valentine, J., Elliott, C., & Reid, S. L. (2021). Measuring skeletal muscle morphology and architecture with imaging modalities in children with cerebral palsy: A scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 63(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14689
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Medicine, Physical Training, Sports and Physical Activity For Disabled, Biomechanics in Sports Science |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 24, 2025 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 26, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | June 23, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 23 Issue: 2 |
