The Development of Health Systems and Policies in Türkiye and Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study (1960-2020)
Abstract
This study sought to compare the health system in Saudi Arabia and Turkey from 1960 to 2020. A comparative approach was used, using historical data, such as demographic information, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, urban and rural population, as well as the number of health professionals and the number of individuals per health professional. The budget of the Ministry of Health was also reviewed. From the state budget, gross domestic product, the number of hospitals and beds, and their distribution between the private and public sectors in each country. The study reached a number of conclusions, including that Turkey and Saudi Arabia have made major changes in health care to make it better and more accessible over the past 60 years. The way health care is paid for differs, as Turkey has a universal system and Saudi Arabia uses public and private insurance. Access to health care services has become easier now in both countries, but there are still problems in obtaining affordable and available treatment. Improving the quality of health care and maintaining patient safety are important focuses in both countries. They are investing in new infrastructure and technology. and health care systems in Turkey and Saudi Arabia have their own unique characteristics. They face challenges in providing high-quality, affordable health care.
Keywords
Health system health policies Türkiye Saudi Arabia health indicators health service health service quality COMPARATIVE STUDY
References
- Aktaş, Püren, (2019). “Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmeti Sunucularının Kapıtutuculuk İşlevi ve Bu İşlevin Sağlık Sistemi Üzerindeki Etkileri” Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(4): 879-892.
- Al Khashan H., F. Abogazalah, S. Alomary, M. Nahhas, A. Alwadey, B. Al-Khudhair, F. Alamri, N. Aleisa, N. Mahmoud, and M. Hassanein, (2021). “Primary Healthcare Reform in Saudi Arabia: Progress, Challenges and Prospects.” East Mediterranean Health Journal, 27(10): 1016-1026.
- Albejaidi, Fahd Mohammed, (2010). “Healthcare system in Saudi Arabia: An analysis of structure, total quality management and future challenges.” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 2(2): 794-818.
- Alhazmi, Fahad, (2021). “A Critical Review of Healthcare Human Resource Development: A Saudization perspective.” Health, 13(12): 1496-1510.
- Alkadi, Sarah Hamad, (2016). “The Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia and its Challenges: The Case of Diabetes Care Pathway.” Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries, 10 (1): 1–29.
- Almalki, M., G. Fitzgerald, and M. Clark, (2011). “Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An overview.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(10), 784-793.
- Almutairi K.M. and M. Moussa, (2014), “Systematic Review of Quality of Care in Saudi Arabia. A Forecast of a High Quality Healthcare.” Saudi Medical Journal, 35(8): 802–809.
- Alsulame, K., M. Khalifa, and M. Househ, (2015). “eHealth in Saudi Arabia: Current Trends, Challenges and Recommendations.” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 213: 233–236.
- Atasever, Mehmet, (2018). Türkiye’de Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Finansmanı ve Sağlık Harcamalarının Gelişimi, Ankara. Atasever, M., and H. Bağcı, (2020). Türkiye Sağlık Sistemi. Akademisyen Kitabevi. Avanzas P., I. Pascual, and C. Moris, (2017). “The Great Challenge of the Public Health System in Spain.” Journal of Thoracic Disease, 9(Suppl 6): 430. Ceylan, Begüm, (2017). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kullanıcı Katkılarının İlaç Tüketimine Etkisi: Hastalar ve Eczaneler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme,” Master’s Thesis, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta.
- Frenk, J., & Moon, S. (2013). Governance challenges in global health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(10), 936-942.
- Jabbour, S., R. Giacaman, M. Khawaja, I. Nuwayhid, and R. Yamout (2012). Public health in the Arab world. Cambridge University Press.
- Omar M. Al-Nozha MD,(2024), Key aspects of the Saudi healthcare system reform and the potential impact on the main stakeholders: A qualitative study, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 19(3):598-610.
- Reed, S., A. Göpfert, S. Wood, D. Allwood, and W. Warburton, (2019). Building Healthier Communities: The Role of the NHS as an Anchor Institution. The Health Foundation. London.
- Şahin, Dilek, (2017). “Sağlık Göstergeleri Bakımından Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Arasındaki Yeri: İstatistiksel Bir Analiz.” ÇAKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2): 55-77.
- Şantaş, Gülcan, (2020). “İç Göç, Sağlık Hizmetleri Kullanımı ve Sağlık Statüsüne İlişkin Kavramsal Bir İnceleme.” ACU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1): 1-7.
- Tatar, M., S. Mollahaliloğlu, B. Şahin, S. Aydın, A. Maresso, and C. Hernández-Quevedo, (2011). “Turkey: Health system review.” Health Systems in Transition, 13(6): 1-186.
- Ulusoy H., and J. C. Aydın, (2021). “Birleşik Krallık Sağlık Sistemi”, D. Tengilimoğlu, and Z. Öztürk (eds.), Karşılaştırmalı Sağlık Sistemi (257-264). Ankara: Nobel.
- Vincent, C., and A. Staines, (2019). “Enhancing the Quality and Safety of Swiss Healthcare.” Bern: Federal Office of Public Health.
SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİ VE POLİTİKALARININ GELİŞİMİ TÜRKİYE VE SUUDİ ARABİSTAN'DA KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA (1960-2020)
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Suudi Arabistan ve Türkiye'nin sağlık sistemlerini 1960'tan 2020'ye kadar karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Tarihsel veriler kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir; bu veriler arasında demografik bilgiler, yaşam beklentisi, bebek ölüm oranı, kentsel ve kırsal nüfus, sağlık profesyonellerinin sayısı ve her sağlık profesyoneline düşen birey sayısı yer almaktadır. Sağlık Bakanlığı'nın bütçesi de incelenmiştir. Devlet bütçesi, gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla, hastane ve yatak sayısı ile her iki ülkedeki özel ve kamu sektörleri arasındaki dağılımları da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, Türkiye ve Suudi Arabistan'ın son 60 yılda sağlık hizmetlerini daha iyi ve daha erişilebilir hale getirmek için önemli değişiklikler yaptığını ortaya koymuştur. Sağlık hizmetlerinin ödeme şekli farklılık göstermektedir; Türkiye evrensel bir sisteme sahipken, Suudi Arabistan kamu ve özel sigorta kullanmaktadır. Her iki ülkede de sağlık hizmetlerine erişim artık daha kolay hale gelmiş olsa da, uygun fiyatlı ve ulaşılabilir tedavi alma konusunda hâlâ sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Sağlık hizmetlerinin kalitesini artırmak ve hasta güvenliğini sağlamak, her iki ülkede de önemli odak noktalarıdır. Yeni altyapı ve teknolojiye yatırım yapmaktadırlar. Türkiye ve Suudi Arabistan'daki sağlık hizmeti sistemleri kendilerine özgü özelliklere sahiptir. Yüksek kaliteli, uygun fiyatlı sağlık hizmeti sunma konusunda zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadırlar.
Keywords
SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİ SAĞLIK POLİTİKALARI TÜRKİYE SUUDİ ARABİSTAN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA sağlık göstergeleri sağlık hizmeti sağlık hizmeti kalitesi
Ethical Statement
The research presented in this manuscript adheres to the highest ethical standards. All data collection and analysis procedures were conducted by relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. We confirm that the research presented in this manuscript is original and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for publication.
Supporting Institution
IŞIK UNIVERSITY
Thanks
There are many people who have helped me make my years in graduate school more valuable. First, I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Yeşim Pınar Soykut Sarıca, my main professor and thesis advisor. The opportunity to work with her over the years has been intellectually rewarding and rewarding. She has contributed greatly to the development of this research, starting from the early stages of my thesis work. I would also like to thank my thesis committee Assist. Prof. Dr. Aslı Tuncay Çelikel and Assist. Prof. Dr. Kemal Özkan Yılmazand and everyone who has helped me and provided me with useful advice throughout my studies. Many thanks to all the university and department staff, who patiently answered my questions and tries to solve all the problems which i faced. Thanks also to my esteemed family, colleagues, and friends who have stood by me and helped me at every stage of my life until I reached the success I wanted.
References
- Aktaş, Püren, (2019). “Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmeti Sunucularının Kapıtutuculuk İşlevi ve Bu İşlevin Sağlık Sistemi Üzerindeki Etkileri” Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(4): 879-892.
- Al Khashan H., F. Abogazalah, S. Alomary, M. Nahhas, A. Alwadey, B. Al-Khudhair, F. Alamri, N. Aleisa, N. Mahmoud, and M. Hassanein, (2021). “Primary Healthcare Reform in Saudi Arabia: Progress, Challenges and Prospects.” East Mediterranean Health Journal, 27(10): 1016-1026.
- Albejaidi, Fahd Mohammed, (2010). “Healthcare system in Saudi Arabia: An analysis of structure, total quality management and future challenges.” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 2(2): 794-818.
- Alhazmi, Fahad, (2021). “A Critical Review of Healthcare Human Resource Development: A Saudization perspective.” Health, 13(12): 1496-1510.
- Alkadi, Sarah Hamad, (2016). “The Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia and its Challenges: The Case of Diabetes Care Pathway.” Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries, 10 (1): 1–29.
- Almalki, M., G. Fitzgerald, and M. Clark, (2011). “Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An overview.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(10), 784-793.
- Almutairi K.M. and M. Moussa, (2014), “Systematic Review of Quality of Care in Saudi Arabia. A Forecast of a High Quality Healthcare.” Saudi Medical Journal, 35(8): 802–809.
- Alsulame, K., M. Khalifa, and M. Househ, (2015). “eHealth in Saudi Arabia: Current Trends, Challenges and Recommendations.” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 213: 233–236.
- Atasever, Mehmet, (2018). Türkiye’de Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Finansmanı ve Sağlık Harcamalarının Gelişimi, Ankara. Atasever, M., and H. Bağcı, (2020). Türkiye Sağlık Sistemi. Akademisyen Kitabevi. Avanzas P., I. Pascual, and C. Moris, (2017). “The Great Challenge of the Public Health System in Spain.” Journal of Thoracic Disease, 9(Suppl 6): 430. Ceylan, Begüm, (2017). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kullanıcı Katkılarının İlaç Tüketimine Etkisi: Hastalar ve Eczaneler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme,” Master’s Thesis, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta.
- Frenk, J., & Moon, S. (2013). Governance challenges in global health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(10), 936-942.
- Jabbour, S., R. Giacaman, M. Khawaja, I. Nuwayhid, and R. Yamout (2012). Public health in the Arab world. Cambridge University Press.
- Omar M. Al-Nozha MD,(2024), Key aspects of the Saudi healthcare system reform and the potential impact on the main stakeholders: A qualitative study, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 19(3):598-610.
- Reed, S., A. Göpfert, S. Wood, D. Allwood, and W. Warburton, (2019). Building Healthier Communities: The Role of the NHS as an Anchor Institution. The Health Foundation. London.
- Şahin, Dilek, (2017). “Sağlık Göstergeleri Bakımından Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Arasındaki Yeri: İstatistiksel Bir Analiz.” ÇAKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2): 55-77.
- Şantaş, Gülcan, (2020). “İç Göç, Sağlık Hizmetleri Kullanımı ve Sağlık Statüsüne İlişkin Kavramsal Bir İnceleme.” ACU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1): 1-7.
- Tatar, M., S. Mollahaliloğlu, B. Şahin, S. Aydın, A. Maresso, and C. Hernández-Quevedo, (2011). “Turkey: Health system review.” Health Systems in Transition, 13(6): 1-186.
- Ulusoy H., and J. C. Aydın, (2021). “Birleşik Krallık Sağlık Sistemi”, D. Tengilimoğlu, and Z. Öztürk (eds.), Karşılaştırmalı Sağlık Sistemi (257-264). Ankara: Nobel.
- Vincent, C., and A. Staines, (2019). “Enhancing the Quality and Safety of Swiss Healthcare.” Bern: Federal Office of Public Health.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Business Administration |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | August 22, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | October 17, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
