A Bibliometric Study on “Literacy” in Post-Soviet Countries
Year 2025,
Issue: 64, 235 - 256, 25.04.2025
Bünyamin Ayhan
,
Yavuz Demir
,
Zehra Özkeçeci
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the historical development of literacy debates in 15 post-Soviet countries established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union based on cultural and social developments, and the status and direction of literacy-related studies in the hybrid regimes formed by the unique characteristics and heritage of post-Soviet countries. Moreover, the study also aims to reveal the state of literacy in the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet countries, which are among the benchmark societies of non-Western modernization, as well as the events that took place in this process, and different debates on literacy in these societies within the framework of their state structure, ideological elements, and the underlying reasons. In the study, articles related to the keywords "literacy" and "digital literacy" published in post-Soviet countries were analyzed using the bibliometric method.
References
- Afanas'ev, A. K. (1994). Jurors and jury trials in imperial Russia, 1866-1885. (B. Eklof, & J. Bushnell & L. Zakharova, ed.). Indiana Russia’s Great Reforms 1855-1881 In (p. 214-230). Bllomington: Indiana University Press.
- Akımjan Kyzy, B. (2019). Sovyet sisteminin eğitim alanında meydana getirdiği değişimler (Kırgızistan örneği).
(E. Ünlen, ed.). 100. Yılında Sovyet İhtilali, Gelişimi Ve Bölgesel Etkileri Uluslararası Sempozyumu içinde (s. 213-
230). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
- Ascher, A. (2020). Kısa Rusya tarihi, (Y. Alogan, çev.). İstanbul: Say Yay.
- Atasoy, E. (2009). Rusya kentlerinin tarihsel ve demografik özellikleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat
Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(16), 1-35.
- Ayhan, B. (2017). Digital literacy. (Ayhan, B., ed.). In Digitalization and Society (p. 29–48), Frankfurt am Main:
Peter Lang.
- Ayhan, B. & Baloğlu E. (2018). Toplumsal bellek ve aidiyet: post-Sovyet alfabe tartışmaları. (F. Yaldız, ed.).
Kafkasya Ve Türkistan’da 1938 Sovyet Katliamı Ve Etkileri, Göç, Sürgün Ve Kimlik Sempozyumu içinde (s. 351-
362), Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi Yay.
- Ayhan, B. & Dosbolova G. (2021). Batı dışı modernleşmede matbaa ve okuryazarlık: Rusya, Osmanlı ve İran
imparatorlukları. (A. Kırksekiz, & A. V. Can, vd. ed.). 19. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi içinde
(s. 476-486), Sakarya.
- Brechka, F. T. (1982). Peter the Great: The books he owned. The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 17(1), p. 1-
15.
- Brooks, J. (2019). The firebird and the fox: Russian culture under Tsars and Bolsheviks. England: Cambridge
University Press.
- Çalık, A. G. (2025), Rusya’nın Arktika politikası. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yay.
- Çelebi, E. (2019a). Sovyet Kazakistan’ında eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 5(1),
23-37. doi:10.21551/jhf.540303.
- Çelebi, E. (2019b). Sovyet Türkmenistan’ında eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). International Journal of
Volga - Ural and Turkestan Studies, 1(1), 68-82.
- Çelebi, E. (2020). Stalin Dönemi’nde Özbekistan’da eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). International Journal
of Volga- Ural and Turkestan Studies, 2(4), 254-275.
- Çetinkaya, E. (2012). Dijital bölünme: Yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve yeni eşitsizlikler. (A. Can & H. Aktaş, ed.). New
communication technologies içinde (s. 194-204), Kırgızistan- Türkiye: Manas Üniversitesi.
- Chankseliani, M. & Lovakov, A. & Pislyakov, V. (2021). A big picture: bibliometric study of academic publications
from post-Soviet countries. Scientometrics, 126(10), 8701-8730. doi./10.1007/s11192-021-04124-5.
- Chavarro, D. & Ràfols, I. & Tang, P. (2018). To what extent is inclusion in the Web of Science an indicator of
journal ‘quality’?. Research evaluation, 27(2), 106-118. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvy001.
- Cressy, D. (1980). Literacy and the social order: Reading and writing in Tudor and Stuart England: Cambridge
University Press.
- Crisp, S. (1990). Soviet Language Planning since 1917-53. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). In Language planning in the Soviet
Union. (23-45). London: Macmillan.
- Dobrenko, E. (2011). Literary criticism and the transformations of the literary field during the cultural revolution,
1928–1932. (E. Dobrenko & G. Tihanov, ed.). In A history of Russian literary theory and criticism the soviet age
and beyond (p. 43-63), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Dudaitė, J. (2018). Literacy change as a result of the education reform: Comparison among the Post-Soviet
countries. The New Educational Review, 54, 17-28. doi: 10.15804/tner.2018.54.4.01.
- Fedorov, A. & Levitskaya, A. (2015). The framework of media education and media criticism in the
contemporary world: The opinion of international experts. Media Education Research Journal, Comunicar, 45,
107-115. doi:10.3916/C45-2015-11.
- Figes, O. (2011). Karanlıkta fısıldaşanlar Stalin Rusya'sında özel yaşam. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yay.
- Finandhita, A. & Mega, R. U. & Jumansyah, R. & Rafdhi, A. A. & Oktafiani, D. (2022). VOSviewer application
analysis: Computational physical chemistry case study. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 91-101. doi:
10.48317/ımıst.prsm/morjchem-v10i1.31756.
- Fischer, S. R. (2003). A history of reading. London: Reaktion books.
- Frankel, K. K. & Becker, B. L. & Rowe, M. W. & Pearson, P. D. (2016). From “what is reading?” to what is literacy?
Journal of Education, 196(3), 7-17. doi: 10.1177/002205741619600303.
- Franklin, S. (2010a). Printing and social control in Russia 1: Passports. Russian history, 37(3), 208-237. doi:
10.1163/187633110X510428.
- Franklin, S. (2010b). Printing Moscow: Significances of the frontispiece to the 1663 Bible. Slavonic and East
European Review, 88(1), 73-95. doi: 10.2307/20780412.
- Franklin, S. (2011). Printing and social control in Russia 2: Decrees. Russian History, 38(4), 467-492. doi:
10.1163/187633111X594560.
- Franklin, S. (2015). Printing social control in Russia 3: Blank Forms. Russian History, 42(1), 114-135. doi:
10.1163/18763316-04201010.
- Glushchenko, I.V. (2016). The Soviet Educational Project: The Eradication of Adult Illiteracy in the 1920s–1930s,
Russian Social Science Review, 57:5, 378-414, doi: 10.1080/10611428.2016.1229964.
- Goban-Klas, T. & Kolstø, P. (1994). East European mass media: The Soviet role. (I. Odd & A. Westad & S.
Holtsmark & I. B. Neumann, ed.). In The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945–89, (p. 110-136). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
- Goody, J. (1986). The logic of writing and the organization of society. England: Cambridge University Press.
- Goody, J. & Watt, I. (1963). The consequences of literacy. Comparative studies in society and history, 5(3),
304-345.
- Graham, L. R. (1987). Science, philosophy and human behaviour in the Soviet Union. New York: Columbia
University Press.
- Graham, L. R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A short history. England: Cambridge University
Press.
- Gutiérrez-Salcedo, M. & Martínez, M. Á. & Moral-Munoz, J. A. & Herrera-Viedma, E. & Cobo, M. J. (2018). Some bibliometric procedures for analyzing and evaluating research fields. Applied intelligence, 48, 1275-1287. doi:
10.1007/s10489-017-1105-y.
- Hargittai, E. (2005). Survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy. Social Science Computer Review, 23(3),
371-379. doi: 10.1177/089443930527591.
- Hirsch, F. (2018). Empire of nations: Ethnographic knowledge and the making of the Soviet Union. New York:
Cornell University Press.
- Holbrook, J. and Rannikmae, M. (2007). The nature of science education for enhancing scientific literacy.
International Journal of Science Education, 29(11), 1347-1362. doi: 10.1080/09500690601007549.
- Kagarlitsky, B. (2002). Russia under Yeltsin and Putin: Neo-liberal autocracy. London: Pluto Press.
- Karabulut, F. (2009). İktidar ve meşrulaştırma mücadelesinin odağı Orta Asya: Sovyetlerin dil ve eğitim
politikaları. Bilig/Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 50, 65-96.
- Kateryna, A. & Oleksandr, R. & Mariia, T. & Iryna, S. & Evgen, K. & Anastasiia, L. (2020). Digital literacy
development trends in the professional environment. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and
Educational Research, 19(7), 55-79. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.19.7.4.
- Kenez, P. (1985). The birth of the propaganda state: Soviet methods of mass mobilization 1917-1929.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kenez, P. (2006). A history of the Soviet Union from the beginning to the end. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
- Khalid, A. (1994). Printing, publishing, and reform in Tsarist Central Asia. International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 26(2), 187-200. doi: 10.1017/S0020743800060207.
- Kirkwood, M. (1990). Language planning: some methodological preliminaries. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). In Language
planning in the Soviet Union. (1-22). London: Macmillan.
- Klepikov, S. A. (1971). Russian block books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Papers of the
Bibliographical Society of America, 65(3), 213-224.
- Koltay, T. (2011). The media and the literacies: Media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy. Media,
Culture & Society, 33(2), 211-221. doi: 10.1177/0163443710393382.
- Kotz, D. & Weir, F. (2007). Russia's path from Gorbachev to Putin: The demise of the Soviet system and the new
Russia. New York: Routledge.
- Kreindler, I. T. (1990). Soviet Language Planning since 1953. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). Language planning in the Soviet
Union In. (46-53). London: Macmillan.
- Kreitem, H. & Ragnedda, M. & Muschert, G. W. (2020). Digital inequalities in European post-Soviet states. (S.
Davydov, ed.). In Internet in Russia: A Study of the Runet and Its Impact on Social Life. (p. 3-15), Heidelberg:
Springer.
- Laitin, D. D. (1996). Language and nationalism in the Post-Soviet Republics. Post-Soviet Affairs, 12(1), 4-24.
doi:10.1080/1060586X.1996.10641412.
- Lane, D. (2002). Soviet society under perestroika. New York: Routledge.
- Lewis, G. E. (1979). A comparative study of language contact: the influence of demographic factors in wales
and the Soviet Union. (W. C. Mccormack & S. A. Wurm, ed.). In Language and society anthropological issues.
(p. 331-358), Great Britain: Mouton Publishers.
- Liebowitz, R. D. (1986). Education and literacy data in Russian and Soviet censuses. (R. S. Clem, ed.). In
Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuses (p. 155-170), Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Lovell S. (2000). The Russian reading revolution print culture in the Soviet and Post-Soviet eras. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
- Luttwak, E. (1983). The grand strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Marker, G. (1982). Russia and the “printing revolution”: Notes and observations. Slavic Review, 41(2), 266-283.
doi: 10.2307/2496343.
- Mironov, B. N. (1991). The Development of literacy in Russia and the USSR from the tenth to the twentieth
centuries. History of Education Quarterly, 31(2), 229-252. doi: 10.2307/368437.
- Nazpary, J. (2003). Sovyet sonrası karmaşa: Kazakistan’da şiddet ve mülksüzleşme. (S. Somuncuoğlu, çev.).
İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
- Nerse, S. (2020). Dijital eğitimde eşitsizlikler: Kırsal-kentsel ayrımlar ve sosyoekonomik farklılaşmalar. İstanbul:
İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 413-444. doi: 10.12658/M0548.
- Ong, W. J. (2013). Sözlü ve yazılı kültür: Sözün teknolojileşmesi. (S. Postacıoğlu Banon, çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
- Oyewola, D. O. & Dada, E. G. (2022). Exploring machine learning: a scientometrics approach using bibliometrix
and VOSviewer. SN Applied Sciences, 4(5), 143-161. doi: 10.1007/s42452-022-05027-7.
- Pangrazio, L. & Godhe, A. L. & Ledesma, A. G. L. (2020). What is digital literacy? A comparative review of
publications across three language contexts. E-learning and Digital Media, 17(6), 442-459. doi:
10.1177/2042753020946291.
- Pavlenko, A. (2009). Language conflict in post-Soviet linguistic landscapes. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 17(1-
2), 247-274. doi: 10.1353/jsl.0.0025.
- Pavlenko, A. (2013). Multilingualism in Post‐Soviet successor states. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(4),
262-271. doi: 10.1111/lnc3.12024.
- Polizzi, G. (2020). Digital literacy and the national curriculum for England: Learning from how the experts
engage with and evaluate online content. Computers & Education, 152,103859. doi:
10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103859.
- Prostov, E. V. (1931). Origins of Russian printing. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 1(3), 255–
277. doi: 10.1086/612949.
- Rodrigues, S. P., Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. & Jansen, F. W. (2014). Mapping patient safety: a large-scale
literature review using bibliometric visualisation techniques. BMJ Open, 4(3), e004468, 1-8. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004468.
- Rutkevich, M. N. (2008). The dynamics of the level of education of the population of Russia in the twentieth
century. Russian Education & Society, 50(4), 6-25. doi: 10.2753/RES1060-9393500401.
- Sanders, B. (1995). "A" is for ox: The collapse of literacy and the rise of violence in an electronic age. New York:
Vintage.
- Saunders, D. (2010). The political and social order. (W. Leatherbarrow & D. Offord, ed.). In A history of Russian
thought (p. 17-43), New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sievers, E. (2003). The post-Soviet decline of Central Asia: Sustainable development and comprehensive
capital. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon
- Smirnova, O. (2020). Digital inequalities in CIS countries: Updated approach to the analysis of situation.
(Ragnedda M. & Gladkova A., ed.). In Digital Inequalities in the Global South (p. 159-17). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-32706-4_8.
- Sokolyszyn, A. (1959). Sweipolt Fiol: The first Slavic printer of Cyrillic characters. American Slavic and East
European Review, 18(1), 88-94. doi: 10.2307/3001048.
- Sönmez, D. & Hastürk. G. (2020). Türkiye’de fen eğitimi alanında doktora düzeyinde yapılan tez çalışmalarının
bibliyografik analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(5), 3174-3194. doi:
10.15869/itobiad.736128.
- Steinberg, M. D. (1990). Culture and class in a Russian industry: the printers of St. Petersburg, 1860-1905.
Journal of Social History, 23(3), 513-533. doi: 10.1353/jsh/23.3.513.
- Szrajber, T. (1992). Orlowski and the Beginnings of Russian Lithography. Print Quarterly, 9(4), 371-379.
- Taşkıran, A. (2017). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede dijital bölünme. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 3(4), 108-124.
- Tlostanova, M. (2018). What does it mean to be Post-Soviet?: Decolonial art from the ruins of the Soviet
empire. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. & van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2009). Using the internet: Skills related problems in users’ online
behaviour. Interacting with Computers, 21(5), 393–402. doi: 10.1016/j.intcom.2009.06.005.
- Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. & Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2014). Digital skills, unlocking the information society. New York:
Palgrave MacMillan.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2011). Text mining and visualization using VOSviewer. arXiv, 1109.2058.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2013a). VOSviewer manual. Leiden: Univeristeit Leiden
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2014a). CitNetExplorer: A new software tool for analyzing and visualizing citation
networks. Journal of Informetrics, 8(4), 802-823. doi: 10.1016/j.joi.2014.07.006.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2014b). Visualizing bibliometric networks. (Ying Ding & Ronald Rousseau, ed.). In
Measuring scholarly impact: Methods and Practice (p. 285-320), Heidelberg: Springer.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2017). Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and
VOSviewer. Scientometrics, 111, 1053-1070. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-017-2300-7.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. & van Raan, A. F. & Klautz, R. J. & Peul, W. C. (2013b). Citation analysis may severely
underestimate the impact of clinical research as compared to basic research. PloS one, 8(4), e62395. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0062395.
- Vartanova, E. (2002). Digital divide and the changing political/media environment of post-socialist Europe.
Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 64(5), 449-465. do: 10.1177/17480485020640050501.
- Visser, M., Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2021). Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus,
Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic. Quantitative Science Studies, 2(1), 20-41. doi:
10.1162/qss_a_00112.
Post-Sovyet Ülkelerde Okuryazarlık Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Çalışma
Year 2025,
Issue: 64, 235 - 256, 25.04.2025
Bünyamin Ayhan
,
Yavuz Demir
,
Zehra Özkeçeci
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the historical development of literacy debates in 15 post-Soviet countries established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union based on cultural and social developments, and the status and direction of literacy-related studies in the hybrid regimes formed by the unique characteristics and heritage of post-Soviet countries. Moreover, the study also aims to reveal the state of literacy in the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet countries, which are among the benchmark societies of non-Western modernization, as well as the events that took place in this process, and different debates on literacy in these societies within the framework of their state structure, ideological elements, and the underlying reasons. In the study, articles related to the keywords "literacy" and "digital literacy" published in post-Soviet countries were analyzed using the bibliometric method.
Supporting Institution
Yok
References
- Afanas'ev, A. K. (1994). Jurors and jury trials in imperial Russia, 1866-1885. (B. Eklof, & J. Bushnell & L. Zakharova, ed.). Indiana Russia’s Great Reforms 1855-1881 In (p. 214-230). Bllomington: Indiana University Press.
- Akımjan Kyzy, B. (2019). Sovyet sisteminin eğitim alanında meydana getirdiği değişimler (Kırgızistan örneği).
(E. Ünlen, ed.). 100. Yılında Sovyet İhtilali, Gelişimi Ve Bölgesel Etkileri Uluslararası Sempozyumu içinde (s. 213-
230). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
- Ascher, A. (2020). Kısa Rusya tarihi, (Y. Alogan, çev.). İstanbul: Say Yay.
- Atasoy, E. (2009). Rusya kentlerinin tarihsel ve demografik özellikleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat
Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(16), 1-35.
- Ayhan, B. (2017). Digital literacy. (Ayhan, B., ed.). In Digitalization and Society (p. 29–48), Frankfurt am Main:
Peter Lang.
- Ayhan, B. & Baloğlu E. (2018). Toplumsal bellek ve aidiyet: post-Sovyet alfabe tartışmaları. (F. Yaldız, ed.).
Kafkasya Ve Türkistan’da 1938 Sovyet Katliamı Ve Etkileri, Göç, Sürgün Ve Kimlik Sempozyumu içinde (s. 351-
362), Kastamonu: Kastamonu Üniversitesi Yay.
- Ayhan, B. & Dosbolova G. (2021). Batı dışı modernleşmede matbaa ve okuryazarlık: Rusya, Osmanlı ve İran
imparatorlukları. (A. Kırksekiz, & A. V. Can, vd. ed.). 19. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi içinde
(s. 476-486), Sakarya.
- Brechka, F. T. (1982). Peter the Great: The books he owned. The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 17(1), p. 1-
15.
- Brooks, J. (2019). The firebird and the fox: Russian culture under Tsars and Bolsheviks. England: Cambridge
University Press.
- Çalık, A. G. (2025), Rusya’nın Arktika politikası. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yay.
- Çelebi, E. (2019a). Sovyet Kazakistan’ında eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 5(1),
23-37. doi:10.21551/jhf.540303.
- Çelebi, E. (2019b). Sovyet Türkmenistan’ında eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). International Journal of
Volga - Ural and Turkestan Studies, 1(1), 68-82.
- Çelebi, E. (2020). Stalin Dönemi’nde Özbekistan’da eğitimin genel durumu (1930-1940). International Journal
of Volga- Ural and Turkestan Studies, 2(4), 254-275.
- Çetinkaya, E. (2012). Dijital bölünme: Yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve yeni eşitsizlikler. (A. Can & H. Aktaş, ed.). New
communication technologies içinde (s. 194-204), Kırgızistan- Türkiye: Manas Üniversitesi.
- Chankseliani, M. & Lovakov, A. & Pislyakov, V. (2021). A big picture: bibliometric study of academic publications
from post-Soviet countries. Scientometrics, 126(10), 8701-8730. doi./10.1007/s11192-021-04124-5.
- Chavarro, D. & Ràfols, I. & Tang, P. (2018). To what extent is inclusion in the Web of Science an indicator of
journal ‘quality’?. Research evaluation, 27(2), 106-118. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvy001.
- Cressy, D. (1980). Literacy and the social order: Reading and writing in Tudor and Stuart England: Cambridge
University Press.
- Crisp, S. (1990). Soviet Language Planning since 1917-53. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). In Language planning in the Soviet
Union. (23-45). London: Macmillan.
- Dobrenko, E. (2011). Literary criticism and the transformations of the literary field during the cultural revolution,
1928–1932. (E. Dobrenko & G. Tihanov, ed.). In A history of Russian literary theory and criticism the soviet age
and beyond (p. 43-63), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Dudaitė, J. (2018). Literacy change as a result of the education reform: Comparison among the Post-Soviet
countries. The New Educational Review, 54, 17-28. doi: 10.15804/tner.2018.54.4.01.
- Fedorov, A. & Levitskaya, A. (2015). The framework of media education and media criticism in the
contemporary world: The opinion of international experts. Media Education Research Journal, Comunicar, 45,
107-115. doi:10.3916/C45-2015-11.
- Figes, O. (2011). Karanlıkta fısıldaşanlar Stalin Rusya'sında özel yaşam. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yay.
- Finandhita, A. & Mega, R. U. & Jumansyah, R. & Rafdhi, A. A. & Oktafiani, D. (2022). VOSviewer application
analysis: Computational physical chemistry case study. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 91-101. doi:
10.48317/ımıst.prsm/morjchem-v10i1.31756.
- Fischer, S. R. (2003). A history of reading. London: Reaktion books.
- Frankel, K. K. & Becker, B. L. & Rowe, M. W. & Pearson, P. D. (2016). From “what is reading?” to what is literacy?
Journal of Education, 196(3), 7-17. doi: 10.1177/002205741619600303.
- Franklin, S. (2010a). Printing and social control in Russia 1: Passports. Russian history, 37(3), 208-237. doi:
10.1163/187633110X510428.
- Franklin, S. (2010b). Printing Moscow: Significances of the frontispiece to the 1663 Bible. Slavonic and East
European Review, 88(1), 73-95. doi: 10.2307/20780412.
- Franklin, S. (2011). Printing and social control in Russia 2: Decrees. Russian History, 38(4), 467-492. doi:
10.1163/187633111X594560.
- Franklin, S. (2015). Printing social control in Russia 3: Blank Forms. Russian History, 42(1), 114-135. doi:
10.1163/18763316-04201010.
- Glushchenko, I.V. (2016). The Soviet Educational Project: The Eradication of Adult Illiteracy in the 1920s–1930s,
Russian Social Science Review, 57:5, 378-414, doi: 10.1080/10611428.2016.1229964.
- Goban-Klas, T. & Kolstø, P. (1994). East European mass media: The Soviet role. (I. Odd & A. Westad & S.
Holtsmark & I. B. Neumann, ed.). In The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945–89, (p. 110-136). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
- Goody, J. (1986). The logic of writing and the organization of society. England: Cambridge University Press.
- Goody, J. & Watt, I. (1963). The consequences of literacy. Comparative studies in society and history, 5(3),
304-345.
- Graham, L. R. (1987). Science, philosophy and human behaviour in the Soviet Union. New York: Columbia
University Press.
- Graham, L. R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A short history. England: Cambridge University
Press.
- Gutiérrez-Salcedo, M. & Martínez, M. Á. & Moral-Munoz, J. A. & Herrera-Viedma, E. & Cobo, M. J. (2018). Some bibliometric procedures for analyzing and evaluating research fields. Applied intelligence, 48, 1275-1287. doi:
10.1007/s10489-017-1105-y.
- Hargittai, E. (2005). Survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy. Social Science Computer Review, 23(3),
371-379. doi: 10.1177/089443930527591.
- Hirsch, F. (2018). Empire of nations: Ethnographic knowledge and the making of the Soviet Union. New York:
Cornell University Press.
- Holbrook, J. and Rannikmae, M. (2007). The nature of science education for enhancing scientific literacy.
International Journal of Science Education, 29(11), 1347-1362. doi: 10.1080/09500690601007549.
- Kagarlitsky, B. (2002). Russia under Yeltsin and Putin: Neo-liberal autocracy. London: Pluto Press.
- Karabulut, F. (2009). İktidar ve meşrulaştırma mücadelesinin odağı Orta Asya: Sovyetlerin dil ve eğitim
politikaları. Bilig/Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 50, 65-96.
- Kateryna, A. & Oleksandr, R. & Mariia, T. & Iryna, S. & Evgen, K. & Anastasiia, L. (2020). Digital literacy
development trends in the professional environment. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and
Educational Research, 19(7), 55-79. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.19.7.4.
- Kenez, P. (1985). The birth of the propaganda state: Soviet methods of mass mobilization 1917-1929.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kenez, P. (2006). A history of the Soviet Union from the beginning to the end. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
- Khalid, A. (1994). Printing, publishing, and reform in Tsarist Central Asia. International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 26(2), 187-200. doi: 10.1017/S0020743800060207.
- Kirkwood, M. (1990). Language planning: some methodological preliminaries. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). In Language
planning in the Soviet Union. (1-22). London: Macmillan.
- Klepikov, S. A. (1971). Russian block books of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Papers of the
Bibliographical Society of America, 65(3), 213-224.
- Koltay, T. (2011). The media and the literacies: Media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy. Media,
Culture & Society, 33(2), 211-221. doi: 10.1177/0163443710393382.
- Kotz, D. & Weir, F. (2007). Russia's path from Gorbachev to Putin: The demise of the Soviet system and the new
Russia. New York: Routledge.
- Kreindler, I. T. (1990). Soviet Language Planning since 1953. (M. Kirkwood, ed.). Language planning in the Soviet
Union In. (46-53). London: Macmillan.
- Kreitem, H. & Ragnedda, M. & Muschert, G. W. (2020). Digital inequalities in European post-Soviet states. (S.
Davydov, ed.). In Internet in Russia: A Study of the Runet and Its Impact on Social Life. (p. 3-15), Heidelberg:
Springer.
- Laitin, D. D. (1996). Language and nationalism in the Post-Soviet Republics. Post-Soviet Affairs, 12(1), 4-24.
doi:10.1080/1060586X.1996.10641412.
- Lane, D. (2002). Soviet society under perestroika. New York: Routledge.
- Lewis, G. E. (1979). A comparative study of language contact: the influence of demographic factors in wales
and the Soviet Union. (W. C. Mccormack & S. A. Wurm, ed.). In Language and society anthropological issues.
(p. 331-358), Great Britain: Mouton Publishers.
- Liebowitz, R. D. (1986). Education and literacy data in Russian and Soviet censuses. (R. S. Clem, ed.). In
Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuses (p. 155-170), Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Lovell S. (2000). The Russian reading revolution print culture in the Soviet and Post-Soviet eras. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
- Luttwak, E. (1983). The grand strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Marker, G. (1982). Russia and the “printing revolution”: Notes and observations. Slavic Review, 41(2), 266-283.
doi: 10.2307/2496343.
- Mironov, B. N. (1991). The Development of literacy in Russia and the USSR from the tenth to the twentieth
centuries. History of Education Quarterly, 31(2), 229-252. doi: 10.2307/368437.
- Nazpary, J. (2003). Sovyet sonrası karmaşa: Kazakistan’da şiddet ve mülksüzleşme. (S. Somuncuoğlu, çev.).
İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
- Nerse, S. (2020). Dijital eğitimde eşitsizlikler: Kırsal-kentsel ayrımlar ve sosyoekonomik farklılaşmalar. İstanbul:
İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 413-444. doi: 10.12658/M0548.
- Ong, W. J. (2013). Sözlü ve yazılı kültür: Sözün teknolojileşmesi. (S. Postacıoğlu Banon, çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yay.
- Oyewola, D. O. & Dada, E. G. (2022). Exploring machine learning: a scientometrics approach using bibliometrix
and VOSviewer. SN Applied Sciences, 4(5), 143-161. doi: 10.1007/s42452-022-05027-7.
- Pangrazio, L. & Godhe, A. L. & Ledesma, A. G. L. (2020). What is digital literacy? A comparative review of
publications across three language contexts. E-learning and Digital Media, 17(6), 442-459. doi:
10.1177/2042753020946291.
- Pavlenko, A. (2009). Language conflict in post-Soviet linguistic landscapes. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 17(1-
2), 247-274. doi: 10.1353/jsl.0.0025.
- Pavlenko, A. (2013). Multilingualism in Post‐Soviet successor states. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(4),
262-271. doi: 10.1111/lnc3.12024.
- Polizzi, G. (2020). Digital literacy and the national curriculum for England: Learning from how the experts
engage with and evaluate online content. Computers & Education, 152,103859. doi:
10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103859.
- Prostov, E. V. (1931). Origins of Russian printing. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 1(3), 255–
277. doi: 10.1086/612949.
- Rodrigues, S. P., Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. & Jansen, F. W. (2014). Mapping patient safety: a large-scale
literature review using bibliometric visualisation techniques. BMJ Open, 4(3), e004468, 1-8. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004468.
- Rutkevich, M. N. (2008). The dynamics of the level of education of the population of Russia in the twentieth
century. Russian Education & Society, 50(4), 6-25. doi: 10.2753/RES1060-9393500401.
- Sanders, B. (1995). "A" is for ox: The collapse of literacy and the rise of violence in an electronic age. New York:
Vintage.
- Saunders, D. (2010). The political and social order. (W. Leatherbarrow & D. Offord, ed.). In A history of Russian
thought (p. 17-43), New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sievers, E. (2003). The post-Soviet decline of Central Asia: Sustainable development and comprehensive
capital. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon
- Smirnova, O. (2020). Digital inequalities in CIS countries: Updated approach to the analysis of situation.
(Ragnedda M. & Gladkova A., ed.). In Digital Inequalities in the Global South (p. 159-17). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-32706-4_8.
- Sokolyszyn, A. (1959). Sweipolt Fiol: The first Slavic printer of Cyrillic characters. American Slavic and East
European Review, 18(1), 88-94. doi: 10.2307/3001048.
- Sönmez, D. & Hastürk. G. (2020). Türkiye’de fen eğitimi alanında doktora düzeyinde yapılan tez çalışmalarının
bibliyografik analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(5), 3174-3194. doi:
10.15869/itobiad.736128.
- Steinberg, M. D. (1990). Culture and class in a Russian industry: the printers of St. Petersburg, 1860-1905.
Journal of Social History, 23(3), 513-533. doi: 10.1353/jsh/23.3.513.
- Szrajber, T. (1992). Orlowski and the Beginnings of Russian Lithography. Print Quarterly, 9(4), 371-379.
- Taşkıran, A. (2017). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede dijital bölünme. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 3(4), 108-124.
- Tlostanova, M. (2018). What does it mean to be Post-Soviet?: Decolonial art from the ruins of the Soviet
empire. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. & van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2009). Using the internet: Skills related problems in users’ online
behaviour. Interacting with Computers, 21(5), 393–402. doi: 10.1016/j.intcom.2009.06.005.
- Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. & Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2014). Digital skills, unlocking the information society. New York:
Palgrave MacMillan.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2011). Text mining and visualization using VOSviewer. arXiv, 1109.2058.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2013a). VOSviewer manual. Leiden: Univeristeit Leiden
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2014a). CitNetExplorer: A new software tool for analyzing and visualizing citation
networks. Journal of Informetrics, 8(4), 802-823. doi: 10.1016/j.joi.2014.07.006.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2014b). Visualizing bibliometric networks. (Ying Ding & Ronald Rousseau, ed.). In
Measuring scholarly impact: Methods and Practice (p. 285-320), Heidelberg: Springer.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2017). Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and
VOSviewer. Scientometrics, 111, 1053-1070. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-017-2300-7.
- Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. & van Raan, A. F. & Klautz, R. J. & Peul, W. C. (2013b). Citation analysis may severely
underestimate the impact of clinical research as compared to basic research. PloS one, 8(4), e62395. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0062395.
- Vartanova, E. (2002). Digital divide and the changing political/media environment of post-socialist Europe.
Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 64(5), 449-465. do: 10.1177/17480485020640050501.
- Visser, M., Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. (2021). Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus,
Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic. Quantitative Science Studies, 2(1), 20-41. doi:
10.1162/qss_a_00112.